From 7b0ebed033777cd8bdb8e3668e5c49cfe1b69c5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: KOBAYASHI Shuji <shuujii@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Apr 2019 19:17:00 +0900
Subject: Use `mrb_immediate_p()` in `mrb_obj_freeze()` and `mrb_obj_frozen()`

---
 src/kernel.c | 44 ++++++--------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/kernel.c')

diff --git a/src/kernel.c b/src/kernel.c
index 7890e3dac..d9a1d36ce 100644
--- a/src/kernel.c
+++ b/src/kernel.c
@@ -434,24 +434,11 @@ mrb_obj_extend_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 static mrb_value
 mrb_obj_freeze(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 {
-  struct RBasic *b;
-
-  switch (mrb_type(self)) {
-    case MRB_TT_FALSE:
-    case MRB_TT_TRUE:
-    case MRB_TT_FIXNUM:
-    case MRB_TT_SYMBOL:
-#ifndef MRB_WITHOUT_FLOAT
-    case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
-#endif
-      return self;
-    default:
-      break;
-  }
-
-  b = mrb_basic_ptr(self);
-  if (!MRB_FROZEN_P(b)) {
-    MRB_SET_FROZEN_FLAG(b);
+  if (!mrb_immediate_p(self)) {
+    struct RBasic *b = mrb_basic_ptr(self);
+    if (!MRB_FROZEN_P(b)) {
+      MRB_SET_FROZEN_FLAG(b);
+    }
   }
   return self;
 }
@@ -459,26 +446,7 @@ mrb_obj_freeze(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 static mrb_value
 mrb_obj_frozen(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 {
-  struct RBasic *b;
-
-  switch (mrb_type(self)) {
-    case MRB_TT_FALSE:
-    case MRB_TT_TRUE:
-    case MRB_TT_FIXNUM:
-    case MRB_TT_SYMBOL:
-#ifndef MRB_WITHOUT_FLOAT
-    case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
-#endif
-      return mrb_true_value();
-    default:
-      break;
-  }
-
-  b = mrb_basic_ptr(self);
-  if (!MRB_FROZEN_P(b)) {
-    return mrb_false_value();
-  }
-  return mrb_true_value();
+  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_immediate_p(self) || MRB_FROZEN_P(mrb_basic_ptr(self)));
 }
 
 /* 15.3.1.3.15 */
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 8fa3995a1a02e9014ce01351e0260bec20ceefd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: KOBAYASHI Shuji <shuujii@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2019 19:48:40 +0900
Subject: Singleton class of frozen object should be frozen

Before this patch:

  p (class << Object.new.freeze; self end).frozen?                #=> false
  sc = class << (o=Object.new); self end; o.freeze; p sc.frozen?  #=> false

After this patch / Ruby:

  p (class << Object.new.freeze; self end).frozen?                #=> true
  sc = class << (o=Object.new); self end; o.freeze; p sc.frozen?  #=> true
---
 mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/test/metaprog.rb | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 src/class.c                             |  1 +
 src/kernel.c                            |  1 +
 test/t/class.rb                         |  7 +++++++
 4 files changed, 25 insertions(+)

(limited to 'src/kernel.c')

diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/test/metaprog.rb b/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/test/metaprog.rb
index 0abeb90a6..3aa1d8732 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/test/metaprog.rb
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/test/metaprog.rb
@@ -122,6 +122,22 @@ assert('Kernel#define_singleton_method') do
   assert_equal :singleton_method_ok, o.test_method
 end
 
+assert('Kernel#singleton_class') do
+  o1 = Object.new
+  assert_same(o1.singleton_class, class << o1; self end)
+
+  o2 = Object.new
+  sc2 = class << o2; self end
+  assert_same(o2.singleton_class, sc2)
+
+  o3 = Object.new
+  sc3 = o3.singleton_class
+  o3.freeze
+  assert_predicate(sc3, :frozen?)
+
+  assert_predicate(Object.new.freeze.singleton_class, :frozen?)
+end
+
 def labeled_module(name, &block)
   Module.new do
     (class <<self; self end).class_eval do
diff --git a/src/class.c b/src/class.c
index d6efdbdc4..254f5b005 100644
--- a/src/class.c
+++ b/src/class.c
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ prepare_singleton_class(mrb_state *mrb, struct RBasic *o)
   mrb_field_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)o, (struct RBasic*)sc);
   mrb_field_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)sc, (struct RBasic*)o);
   mrb_obj_iv_set(mrb, (struct RObject*)sc, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "__attached__"), mrb_obj_value(o));
+  sc->flags |= o->flags & MRB_FL_OBJ_IS_FROZEN;
 }
 
 static mrb_value
diff --git a/src/kernel.c b/src/kernel.c
index d9a1d36ce..45bca7558 100644
--- a/src/kernel.c
+++ b/src/kernel.c
@@ -438,6 +438,7 @@ mrb_obj_freeze(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
     struct RBasic *b = mrb_basic_ptr(self);
     if (!MRB_FROZEN_P(b)) {
       MRB_SET_FROZEN_FLAG(b);
+      if (b->c->tt == MRB_TT_SCLASS) MRB_SET_FROZEN_FLAG(b->c);
     }
   }
   return self;
diff --git a/test/t/class.rb b/test/t/class.rb
index 0c95677fc..e2839111c 100644
--- a/test/t/class.rb
+++ b/test/t/class.rb
@@ -356,6 +356,13 @@ assert('singleton tests') do
       end
     end
   end if Object.const_defined?(:Float)
+
+  o = Object.new
+  sc = class << o; self end
+  o.freeze
+  assert_predicate(sc, :frozen?)
+
+  assert_predicate(class << Object.new.freeze; self end, :frozen?)
 end
 
 assert('clone Class') do
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 6fb5979d29217386425044b8170acb7a9363ce0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: KOBAYASHI Shuji <shuujii@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 May 2019 20:57:54 +0900
Subject: Move `Kernel#equal? to `BasicObject`

---
 src/class.c  | 1 +
 src/kernel.c | 1 -
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'src/kernel.c')

diff --git a/src/class.c b/src/class.c
index 4cc60ab67..6ceaa0cfa 100644
--- a/src/class.c
+++ b/src/class.c
@@ -2154,6 +2154,7 @@ mrb_init_class(mrb_state *mrb)
   mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "!=",                      mrb_obj_not_equal_m,      MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
   mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "__id__",                  mrb_obj_id_m,             MRB_ARGS_NONE()); /* 15.3.1.3.4  */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "__send__",                mrb_f_send,               MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.3.1.3.5  */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "equal?",                  mrb_obj_equal_m,          MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.3.1.3.11 */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "instance_eval",           mrb_obj_instance_eval,    MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.3.1.3.18 */
 
   mrb_define_class_method(mrb, cls, "new",               mrb_class_new_class,      MRB_ARGS_OPT(1));
diff --git a/src/kernel.c b/src/kernel.c
index 45bca7558..349e71cb8 100644
--- a/src/kernel.c
+++ b/src/kernel.c
@@ -780,7 +780,6 @@ mrb_init_kernel(mrb_state *mrb)
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "clone",                      mrb_obj_clone,                   MRB_ARGS_NONE());    /* 15.3.1.3.8  */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "dup",                        mrb_obj_dup,                     MRB_ARGS_NONE());    /* 15.3.1.3.9  */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "eql?",                       mrb_obj_equal_m,                 MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));    /* 15.3.1.3.10 */
-  mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "equal?",                     mrb_obj_equal_m,                 MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));    /* 15.3.1.3.11 */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "extend",                     mrb_obj_extend_m,                MRB_ARGS_ANY());     /* 15.3.1.3.13 */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "freeze",                     mrb_obj_freeze,                  MRB_ARGS_NONE());
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "frozen?",                    mrb_obj_frozen,                  MRB_ARGS_NONE());
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 4b83fe8b04f61e62d851648c0fe95e8e575181d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: KOBAYASHI Shuji <shuujii@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2019 22:02:43 +0900
Subject: Remove `Kernel#global_variables` from core

This method is defined in `mruby-metaprog` gem.
---
 mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/src/metaprog.c   |  2 +-
 mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/test/metaprog.rb | 12 ++++++++++++
 src/kernel.c                            |  1 -
 test/t/kernel.rb                        | 15 ---------------
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/kernel.c')

diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/src/metaprog.c b/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/src/metaprog.c
index e57d10d8d..43d27f4dc 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/src/metaprog.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/src/metaprog.c
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ mrb_mruby_metaprog_gem_init(mrb_state* mrb)
   struct RClass *krn = mrb->kernel_module;
   struct RClass *mod = mrb->module_class;
 
-  mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "global_variables", mrb_f_global_variables, MRB_ARGS_NONE()); /* 15.3.1.2.4 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "global_variables", mrb_f_global_variables, MRB_ARGS_NONE()); /* 15.3.1.3.14 (15.3.1.2.4) */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "local_variables", mrb_local_variables, MRB_ARGS_NONE()); /* 15.3.1.3.28 */
 
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "singleton_class", mrb_singleton_class, MRB_ARGS_NONE());
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/test/metaprog.rb b/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/test/metaprog.rb
index 3aa1d8732..329580abc 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/test/metaprog.rb
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/test/metaprog.rb
@@ -99,6 +99,18 @@ assert('Kernel#singleton_methods', '15.3.1.3.45') do
   assert_equal singleton_methods.class, Array
 end
 
+assert('Kernel.global_variables', '15.3.1.2.4') do
+  assert_equal Array, Kernel.global_variables.class
+end
+
+assert('Kernel#global_variables', '15.3.1.3.14') do
+  variables = global_variables
+  assert_equal Array, variables.class
+  1.upto(9) do |i|
+    assert_equal variables.include?(:"$#{i}"), true
+  end
+end
+
 assert('Kernel.local_variables', '15.3.1.2.7') do
   a, b = 0, 1
   a += b
diff --git a/src/kernel.c b/src/kernel.c
index 349e71cb8..a3c2d2ec6 100644
--- a/src/kernel.c
+++ b/src/kernel.c
@@ -783,7 +783,6 @@ mrb_init_kernel(mrb_state *mrb)
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "extend",                     mrb_obj_extend_m,                MRB_ARGS_ANY());     /* 15.3.1.3.13 */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "freeze",                     mrb_obj_freeze,                  MRB_ARGS_NONE());
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "frozen?",                    mrb_obj_frozen,                  MRB_ARGS_NONE());
-  mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "global_variables",           mrb_f_global_variables,          MRB_ARGS_NONE());    /* 15.3.1.3.14 */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "hash",                       mrb_obj_hash,                    MRB_ARGS_NONE());    /* 15.3.1.3.15 */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "initialize_copy",            mrb_obj_init_copy,               MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));    /* 15.3.1.3.16 */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "inspect",                    mrb_obj_inspect,                 MRB_ARGS_NONE());    /* 15.3.1.3.17 */
diff --git a/test/t/kernel.rb b/test/t/kernel.rb
index bf7dbe94c..7f6e6c58d 100644
--- a/test/t/kernel.rb
+++ b/test/t/kernel.rb
@@ -31,10 +31,6 @@ end
 
 # Kernel.eval is provided by the mruby-gem mrbgem. '15.3.1.2.3'
 
-assert('Kernel.global_variables', '15.3.1.2.4') do
-  assert_equal Array, Kernel.global_variables.class
-end
-
 assert('Kernel.iterator?', '15.3.1.2.5') do
   assert_false Kernel.iterator?
 end
@@ -266,10 +262,6 @@ assert('Kernel#frozen?') do
   assert_true 0.0.frozen?
 end
 
-assert('Kernel#global_variables', '15.3.1.3.14') do
-  assert_equal Array, global_variables.class
-end
-
 assert('Kernel#hash', '15.3.1.3.15') do
   assert_equal hash, hash
 end
@@ -488,13 +480,6 @@ assert('Kernel#respond_to_missing?') do
   assert_false Test4RespondToMissing.new.respond_to?(:no_method)
 end
 
-assert('Kernel#global_variables') do
-  variables = global_variables
-  1.upto(9) do |i|
-    assert_equal variables.include?(:"$#{i}"), true
-  end
-end
-
 assert('stack extend') do
   def recurse(count, stop)
     return count if count > stop
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 7675fcb5d3e8e19964b46df7c1547e27f4a2bbde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: KOBAYASHI Shuji <shuujii@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Jul 2019 22:39:48 +0900
Subject: Fix `Module#dup` to frozen module

Before this patch:

  $ bin/mruby -e 'p Module.new.freeze.dup.frozen?'  #=> true

After this patch (same as Ruby):

  $ bin/mruby -e 'p Module.new.freeze.dup.frozen?'  #=> false
---
 src/class.c      |  9 +++++++++
 src/kernel.c     |  1 -
 test/t/module.rb | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'src/kernel.c')

diff --git a/src/class.c b/src/class.c
index 2961284f5..65d21ad4f 100644
--- a/src/class.c
+++ b/src/class.c
@@ -2077,6 +2077,14 @@ mrb_mod_eqq(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
   return mrb_bool_value(eqq);
 }
 
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_dup(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value mod = mrb_obj_clone(mrb, self);
+  MRB_UNSET_FROZEN_FLAG(mrb_obj_ptr(mod));
+  return mod;
+}
+
 static mrb_value
 mrb_mod_module_function(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
 {
@@ -2207,6 +2215,7 @@ mrb_init_class(mrb_state *mrb)
   mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "method_defined?",         mrb_mod_method_defined,   MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.34 */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "define_method",           mod_define_method,        MRB_ARGS_ARG(1,1));
   mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "===",                     mrb_mod_eqq,              MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.7 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "dup",                     mrb_mod_dup,              MRB_ARGS_NONE());
 
   mrb_undef_method(mrb, cls, "append_features");
   mrb_undef_method(mrb, cls, "extend_object");
diff --git a/src/kernel.c b/src/kernel.c
index a3c2d2ec6..f223be9fc 100644
--- a/src/kernel.c
+++ b/src/kernel.c
@@ -805,5 +805,4 @@ mrb_init_kernel(mrb_state *mrb)
   mrb_define_method(mrb, krn, "__to_str",                   mrb_to_str,                      MRB_ARGS_NONE()); /* internal */
 
   mrb_include_module(mrb, mrb->object_class, mrb->kernel_module);
-  mrb_define_alias(mrb, mrb->module_class, "dup", "clone"); /* XXX */
 }
diff --git a/test/t/module.rb b/test/t/module.rb
index 7f869bf1f..0155ec190 100644
--- a/test/t/module.rb
+++ b/test/t/module.rb
@@ -400,6 +400,29 @@ end
 
 # Not ISO specified
 
+assert('Module#dup') do
+  module TestModuleDup
+    @@cvar = :cvar
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :cattr
+      def cmeth; :cmeth end
+    end
+    def cvar; @@cvar end
+    def imeth; :imeth end
+    self.cattr = :cattr
+  end
+
+  m = TestModuleDup.dup
+  o = Object.include(m).new
+  assert_equal(:cattr, m.cattr)
+  assert_equal(:cmeth, m.cmeth)
+  assert_equal(:cvar, o.cvar)
+  assert_equal(:imeth, o.imeth)
+  assert_match("#<Module:0x*>", m.to_s)
+  assert_not_predicate(m, :frozen?)
+  assert_not_predicate(TestModuleDup.freeze.dup, :frozen?)
+end
+
 assert('Module#define_method') do
   c = Class.new {
     define_method(:m1) { :ok }
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 334afb167c0a1fa478a53c3844f37c0f1fd866dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: KOBAYASHI Shuji <shuujii@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Aug 2019 12:41:15 +0900
Subject: Use new specifiers/modifiers of `mrb_vfromat()`

The binary sizes (gems are only `mruby-bin-mruby`) are reduced slightly in
my environment than before the introduction of new specifiers/modifiers
(5116789a) with this change.

  ------------+-------------------+-------------------+--------
   BINARY     | BEFORE (5116789a) |   AFTER (This PR) |  RATIO
  ------------+-------------------+-------------------+--------
   mruby      |      593416 bytes |      593208 bytes | -0.04%
   libmruby.a |      769048 bytes |      767264 bytes | -0.23%
  ------------+-------------------+-------------------+--------

BTW, I accidentally changed `tasks/toolchains/visualcpp.rake` at #4613,
so I put it back.
---
 mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/codegen.c |  2 +-
 mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/parse.y   |  2 +-
 mrbgems/mruby-complex/src/complex.c   |  4 +--
 mrbgems/mruby-eval/src/eval.c         | 14 ++++-----
 mrbgems/mruby-io/src/file.c           |  6 ++--
 mrbgems/mruby-io/src/io.c             | 20 +++++--------
 mrbgems/mruby-io/test/mruby_io_test.c |  6 ++--
 mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c | 13 ++++----
 mrbgems/mruby-math/src/math.c         |  3 +-
 mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/src/metaprog.c | 11 +++----
 mrbgems/mruby-method/src/method.c     | 12 ++------
 mrbgems/mruby-pack/src/pack.c         | 13 ++++----
 mrbgems/mruby-socket/src/socket.c     |  8 ++---
 mrbgems/mruby-sprintf/src/sprintf.c   | 36 +++++++++++-----------
 mrbgems/mruby-string-ext/src/string.c | 11 ++++---
 mrbgems/mruby-struct/src/struct.c     | 28 ++++++++----------
 mrbgems/mruby-time/src/time.c         |  4 +--
 src/array.c                           | 10 +++----
 src/backtrace.c                       |  4 +--
 src/class.c                           | 56 +++++++++++++++--------------------
 src/error.c                           | 11 ++++---
 src/etc.c                             | 12 ++++----
 src/gc.c                              |  2 +-
 src/kernel.c                          |  8 ++---
 src/numeric.c                         |  8 ++---
 src/object.c                          | 37 ++++++-----------------
 src/proc.c                            |  4 +--
 src/range.c                           |  2 +-
 src/string.c                          | 20 ++++++-------
 src/variable.c                        |  5 ++--
 src/vm.c                              | 14 ++++-----
 tasks/toolchains/visualcpp.rake       |  2 +-
 32 files changed, 163 insertions(+), 225 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/kernel.c')

diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/codegen.c b/mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/codegen.c
index ed8fc3150..5cade970c 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/codegen.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/codegen.c
@@ -2373,7 +2373,7 @@ codegen(codegen_scope *s, node *tree, int val)
       mrb_value str;
       int sym;
 
-      str = mrb_format(mrb, "$%S", mrb_fixnum_value(nint(tree)));
+      str = mrb_format(mrb, "$%d", nint(tree));
       sym = new_sym(s, mrb_intern_str(mrb, str));
       genop_2(s, OP_GETGV, cursp(), sym);
       push();
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/parse.y b/mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/parse.y
index f6d543c5d..3a55c8e70 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/parse.y
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/parse.y
@@ -3831,7 +3831,7 @@ backref_error(parser_state *p, node *n)
     yyerror_c(p, "can't set variable $", (char)intn(n->cdr));
   }
   else {
-    mrb_bug(p->mrb, "Internal error in backref_error() : n=>car == %S", mrb_fixnum_value(c));
+    mrb_bug(p->mrb, "Internal error in backref_error() : n=>car == %d", c);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-complex/src/complex.c b/mrbgems/mruby-complex/src/complex.c
index aa2afc2ce..a87b95dea 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-complex/src/complex.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-complex/src/complex.c
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ complex_to_f(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   struct mrb_complex *p = complex_ptr(mrb, self);
 
   if (p->imaginary != 0) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "can't convert %S into Float", self);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "can't convert %v into Float", self);
   }
 
   return mrb_float_value(mrb, p->real);
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ complex_to_i(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   struct mrb_complex *p = complex_ptr(mrb, self);
 
   if (p->imaginary != 0) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "can't convert %S into Float", self);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "can't convert %v into Float", self);
   }
   return mrb_int_value(mrb, p->real);
 }
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-eval/src/eval.c b/mrbgems/mruby-eval/src/eval.c
index 30534aaec..e8f1d3e95 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-eval/src/eval.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-eval/src/eval.c
@@ -254,15 +254,15 @@ create_proc_from_string(mrb_state *mrb, char *s, mrb_int len, mrb_value binding,
     mrb_value str;
 
     if (file) {
-      str = mrb_format(mrb, " file %S line %S: %S",
-                       mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, file),
-                       mrb_fixnum_value(p->error_buffer[0].lineno),
-                       mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, p->error_buffer[0].message));
+      str = mrb_format(mrb, "file %s line %d: %s",
+                       file,
+                       p->error_buffer[0].lineno,
+                       p->error_buffer[0].message);
     }
     else {
-      str = mrb_format(mrb, " line %S: %S",
-                       mrb_fixnum_value(p->error_buffer[0].lineno),
-                       mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, p->error_buffer[0].message));
+      str = mrb_format(mrb, "line %d: %s",
+                       p->error_buffer[0].lineno,
+                       p->error_buffer[0].message);
     }
     mrb_parser_free(p);
     mrbc_context_free(mrb, cxt);
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-io/src/file.c b/mrbgems/mruby-io/src/file.c
index 243f634b4..5e6c849f0 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-io/src/file.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-io/src/file.c
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ mrb_file_s_rename(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 #endif
     mrb_locale_free(src);
     mrb_locale_free(dst);
-    mrb_sys_fail(mrb, RSTRING_PTR(mrb_format(mrb, "(%S, %S)", from, to)));
+    mrb_sys_fail(mrb, RSTRING_PTR(mrb_format(mrb, "(%v, %v)", from, to)));
   }
   mrb_locale_free(src);
   mrb_locale_free(dst);
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ mrb_file__gethome(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value klass)
     }
     home = pwd->pw_dir;
     if (!mrb_file_is_absolute_path(home)) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "non-absolute home of ~%S", username);
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "non-absolute home of ~%v", username);
     }
   }
   home = mrb_locale_from_utf8(home, -1);
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ mrb_file_s_symlink(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value klass)
   if (symlink(src, dst) == -1) {
     mrb_locale_free(src);
     mrb_locale_free(dst);
-    mrb_sys_fail(mrb, mrb_str_to_cstr(mrb, mrb_format(mrb, "(%S, %S)", from, to)));
+    mrb_sys_fail(mrb, RSTRING_PTR(mrb_format(mrb, "(%v, %v)", from, to)));
   }
   mrb_locale_free(src);
   mrb_locale_free(dst);
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-io/src/io.c b/mrbgems/mruby-io/src/io.c
index 99441f16b..a0b6c6780 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-io/src/io.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-io/src/io.c
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ mrb_io_modestr_to_flags(mrb_state *mrb, const char *mode)
       flags |= FMODE_WRITABLE | FMODE_APPEND | FMODE_CREATE;
       break;
     default:
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "illegal access mode %S", mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, mode));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "illegal access mode %s", mode);
   }
 
   while (*m) {
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ mrb_io_modestr_to_flags(mrb_state *mrb, const char *mode)
       case ':':
         /* XXX: PASSTHROUGH*/
       default:
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "illegal access mode %S", mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, mode));
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "illegal access mode %s", mode);
     }
   }
 
@@ -191,8 +191,7 @@ mrb_fd_cloexec(mrb_state *mrb, int fd)
 
   flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD);
   if (flags == -1) {
-    mrb_bug(mrb, "mrb_fd_cloexec: fcntl(%S, F_GETFD) failed: %S",
-      mrb_fixnum_value(fd), mrb_fixnum_value(errno));
+    mrb_bug(mrb, "mrb_fd_cloexec: fcntl(%d, F_GETFD) failed: %d", fd, errno);
   }
   if (fd <= 2) {
     flags2 = flags & ~FD_CLOEXEC; /* Clear CLOEXEC for standard file descriptors: 0, 1, 2. */
@@ -202,8 +201,7 @@ mrb_fd_cloexec(mrb_state *mrb, int fd)
   }
   if (flags != flags2) {
     if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, flags2) == -1) {
-      mrb_bug(mrb, "mrb_fd_cloexec: fcntl(%S, F_SETFD, %S) failed: %S",
-        mrb_fixnum_value(fd), mrb_fixnum_value(flags2), mrb_fixnum_value(errno));
+      mrb_bug(mrb, "mrb_fd_cloexec: fcntl(%d, F_SETFD, %d) failed: %d", fd, flags2, errno);
     }
   }
 #endif
@@ -381,7 +379,7 @@ mrb_io_s_popen(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value klass)
       CloseHandle(ifd[1]);
       CloseHandle(ofd[0]);
       CloseHandle(ofd[1]);
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_IO_ERROR, "command not found: %S", cmd);
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_IO_ERROR, "command not found: %v", cmd);
     }
     CloseHandle(pi.hThread);
     CloseHandle(ifd[0]);
@@ -494,7 +492,7 @@ mrb_io_s_popen(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value klass)
           close(fd);
         }
         mrb_proc_exec(pname);
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_IO_ERROR, "command not found: %S", cmd);
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_IO_ERROR, "command not found: %v", cmd);
         _exit(127);
       }
       result = mrb_nil_value();
@@ -783,9 +781,7 @@ reopen:
       }
     }
 
-    emsg = mrb_format(mrb, "open %S", mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, pathname));
-    mrb_str_modify(mrb, mrb_str_ptr(emsg));
-    mrb_sys_fail(mrb, RSTRING_PTR(emsg));
+    mrb_sys_fail(mrb, RSTRING_PTR(mrb_format(mrb, "open %s", pathname)));
   }
   mrb_locale_free(fname);
 
@@ -1068,7 +1064,7 @@ mrb_io_s_select(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value klass)
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "*", &argv, &argc);
 
   if (argc < 1 || argc > 4) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "wrong number of arguments (%S for 1..4)", mrb_fixnum_value(argc));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "wrong number of arguments (%i for 1..4)", argc);
   }
 
   timeout = mrb_nil_value();
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-io/test/mruby_io_test.c b/mrbgems/mruby-io/test/mruby_io_test.c
index 3312d6c7e..2c8a75fc9 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-io/test/mruby_io_test.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-io/test/mruby_io_test.c
@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ mrb_io_test_io_setup(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   sun0.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
   snprintf(sun0.sun_path, sizeof(sun0.sun_path), "%s", socketname);
   if (bind(fd3, (struct sockaddr *)&sun0, sizeof(sun0)) == -1) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "can't bind AF_UNIX socket to %S: %S",
-               mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, sun0.sun_path),
-               mrb_fixnum_value(errno));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "can't bind AF_UNIX socket to %s: %d",
+               sun0.sun_path,
+               errno);
   }
   close(fd3);
 #endif
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c b/mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c
index 8e7e03c56..376751e10 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c
@@ -31,22 +31,21 @@ mrb_f_caller(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
         }
       }
       else {
-        v = mrb_to_int(mrb, v);
-        lev = mrb_fixnum(v);
+        lev = mrb_int(mrb, v);
         if (lev < 0) {
-          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative level (%S)", v);
+          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative level (%v)", v);
         }
         n = bt_len - lev;
       }
       break;
     case 2:
-      lev = mrb_fixnum(mrb_to_int(mrb, v));
-      n = mrb_fixnum(mrb_to_int(mrb, length));
+      lev = mrb_int(mrb, v);
+      n = mrb_int(mrb, length);
       if (lev < 0) {
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative level (%S)", v);
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative level (%v)", v);
       }
       if (n < 0) {
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative size (%S)", length);
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative size (%v)", length);
       }
       break;
     default:
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-math/src/math.c b/mrbgems/mruby-math/src/math.c
index c6d4ca414..88b33771b 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-math/src/math.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-math/src/math.c
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ domain_error(mrb_state *mrb, const char *func)
 {
   struct RClass *math = mrb_module_get(mrb, "Math");
   struct RClass *domainerror = mrb_class_get_under(mrb, math, "DomainError");
-  mrb_value str = mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, func);
-  mrb_raisef(mrb, domainerror, "Numerical argument is out of domain - %S", str);
+  mrb_raisef(mrb, domainerror, "Numerical argument is out of domain - %s", func);
 }
 
 /* math functions not provided by Microsoft Visual C++ 2012 or older */
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/src/metaprog.c b/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/src/metaprog.c
index 62daa5227..97f53051f 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/src/metaprog.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-metaprog/src/metaprog.c
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ check_cv_name_sym(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym id)
   mrb_int len;
   const char *name = mrb_sym2name_len(mrb, id, &len);
   if (!cv_name_p(mrb, name, len)) {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "'%S' is not allowed as a class variable name", mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "'%n' is not allowed as a class variable name", id);
   }
 }
 
@@ -454,12 +454,10 @@ mrb_mod_remove_cvar(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
   if (!mrb_undef_p(val)) return val;
 
   if (mrb_cv_defined(mrb, mod, id)) {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "cannot remove %S for %S",
-                   mrb_sym2str(mrb, id), mod);
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "cannot remove %n for %v", id, mod);
   }
 
-  mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "class variable %S not defined for %S",
-                 mrb_sym2str(mrb, id), mod);
+  mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "class variable %n not defined for %v", id, mod);
 
  /* not reached */
  return mrb_nil_value();
@@ -622,8 +620,7 @@ remove_method(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym mid)
     }
   }
 
-  mrb_name_error(mrb, mid, "method '%S' not defined in %S",
-                 mrb_sym2str(mrb, mid), mod);
+  mrb_name_error(mrb, mid, "method '%n' not defined in %v", mid, mod);
 }
 
 /* 15.2.2.4.41 */
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-method/src/method.c b/mrbgems/mruby-method/src/method.c
index d94db1cb2..b5050368d 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-method/src/method.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-method/src/method.c
@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ unbound_method_bind(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
         if (mrb_type(owner) == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
           mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "singleton method called for a different object");
         } else {
-          const char *s = mrb_class_name(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(owner));
-          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "bind argument must be an instance of %S", mrb_str_new_static(mrb, s, strlen(s)));
+          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "bind argument must be an instance of %v", owner);
         }
   }
   me = method_object_alloc(mrb, mrb_class_get(mrb, "Method"));
@@ -289,7 +288,6 @@ static void
 mrb_search_method_owner(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_value obj, mrb_sym name, struct RClass **owner, struct RProc **proc, mrb_bool unbound)
 {
   mrb_value ret;
-  const char *s;
 
   *owner = c;
   *proc = method_search_vm(mrb, owner, name);
@@ -313,13 +311,7 @@ mrb_search_method_owner(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_value obj, mrb_sym
   return;
 
 name_error:
-  s = mrb_class_name(mrb, c);
-  mrb_raisef(
-    mrb, E_NAME_ERROR,
-    "undefined method '%S' for class '%S'",
-    mrb_sym2str(mrb, name),
-    mrb_str_new_static(mrb, s, strlen(s))
-  );
+  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_NAME_ERROR, "undefined method '%n' for class '%C'", name, c);
 }
 
 static mrb_value
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-pack/src/pack.c b/mrbgems/mruby-pack/src/pack.c
index 9f091194b..159ba09ac 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-pack/src/pack.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-pack/src/pack.c
@@ -529,8 +529,8 @@ utf8_to_uv(mrb_state *mrb, const char *p, long *lenp)
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "malformed UTF-8 character");
   }
   if (n > *lenp) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "malformed UTF-8 character (expected %S bytes, given %S bytes)",
-               mrb_fixnum_value(n), mrb_fixnum_value(*lenp));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "malformed UTF-8 character (expected %d bytes, given %d bytes)",
+               n, *lenp);
   }
   *lenp = n--;
   if (n != 0) {
@@ -976,7 +976,7 @@ alias:
       case 4: t = 'L'; goto alias;
       case 8: t = 'Q'; goto alias;
       default:
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "mruby-pack does not support sizeof(int) == %S", mrb_fixnum_value(sizeof(int)));
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "mruby-pack does not support sizeof(int) == %d", (int)sizeof(int));
     }
     break;
   case 'i':
@@ -985,7 +985,7 @@ alias:
       case 4: t = 'l'; goto alias;
       case 8: t = 'q'; goto alias;
       default:
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "mruby-pack does not support sizeof(int) == %S", mrb_fixnum_value(sizeof(int)));
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "mruby-pack does not support sizeof(int) == %d", (int)sizeof(int));
     }
     break;
   case 'L':
@@ -1086,8 +1086,7 @@ alias:
       count = -1;
     } else if (ch == '_' || ch == '!' || ch == '<' || ch == '>') {
       if (strchr("sSiIlLqQ", (int)t) == NULL) {
-        char ch_str = (char)ch;
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "'%S' allowed only after types sSiIlLqQ", mrb_str_new(mrb, &ch_str, 1));
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "'%c' allowed only after types sSiIlLqQ", ch);
       }
       if (ch == '_' || ch == '!') {
         flags |= PACK_FLAG_s;
@@ -1156,7 +1155,7 @@ mrb_pack_pack(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary)
 #endif
       else if (type == PACK_TYPE_STRING) {
         if (!mrb_string_p(o)) {
-          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't convert %S into String", mrb_class_path(mrb, mrb_obj_class(mrb, o)));
+          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't convert %T into String", o);
         }
       }
 
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-socket/src/socket.c b/mrbgems/mruby-socket/src/socket.c
index 9b06274dc..eaca27779 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-socket/src/socket.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-socket/src/socket.c
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ mrb_addrinfo_getaddrinfo(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value klass)
 
   error = getaddrinfo(hostname, servname, &hints, &res0);
   if (error) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_SOCKET_ERROR, "getaddrinfo: %S", mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, gai_strerror(error)));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_SOCKET_ERROR, "getaddrinfo: %s", gai_strerror(error));
   }
   mrb_cv_set(mrb, klass, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "_lastai"), mrb_cptr_value(mrb, res0));
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ mrb_addrinfo_getnameinfo(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   }
   error = getnameinfo((struct sockaddr *)RSTRING_PTR(sastr), (socklen_t)RSTRING_LEN(sastr), RSTRING_PTR(host), NI_MAXHOST, RSTRING_PTR(serv), NI_MAXSERV, (int)flags);
   if (error) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_SOCKET_ERROR, "getnameinfo: %S", mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, gai_strerror(error)));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_SOCKET_ERROR, "getnameinfo: %s", gai_strerror(error));
   }
   ary = mrb_ary_new_capa(mrb, 2);
   mrb_str_resize(mrb, host, strlen(RSTRING_PTR(host)));
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ mrb_basicsocket_setsockopt(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
     optname = mrb_fixnum(mrb_funcall(mrb, so, "optname", 0));
     optval = mrb_funcall(mrb, so, "data", 0);
   } else {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "wrong number of arguments (%S for 3)", mrb_fixnum_value(argc));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "wrong number of arguments (%i for 3)", argc);
   }
 
   s = socket_fd(mrb, self);
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ mrb_socket_sockaddr_un(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value klass)
 
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "S", &path);
   if ((size_t)RSTRING_LEN(path) > sizeof(sunp->sun_path) - 1) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "too long unix socket path (max: %S bytes)", mrb_fixnum_value(sizeof(sunp->sun_path) - 1));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "too long unix socket path (max: %d bytes)", (int)sizeof(sunp->sun_path) - 1);
   }
   s = mrb_str_buf_new(mrb, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));
   sunp = (struct sockaddr_un *)RSTRING_PTR(s);
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-sprintf/src/sprintf.c b/mrbgems/mruby-sprintf/src/sprintf.c
index 985ffe276..c8d51962e 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-sprintf/src/sprintf.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-sprintf/src/sprintf.c
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ mrb_fix2binstr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, int base)
   char d;
 
   if (base != 2) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid radix %S", mrb_fixnum_value(base));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid radix %d", base);
   }
   if (val == 0) {
     return mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "0");
@@ -144,10 +144,10 @@ check_next_arg(mrb_state *mrb, int posarg, int nextarg)
 {
   switch (posarg) {
   case -1:
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "unnumbered(%S) mixed with numbered", mrb_fixnum_value(nextarg));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "unnumbered(%d) mixed with numbered", nextarg);
     break;
   case -2:
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "unnumbered(%S) mixed with named", mrb_fixnum_value(nextarg));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "unnumbered(%d) mixed with named", nextarg);
     break;
   default:
     break;
@@ -158,26 +158,26 @@ static void
 check_pos_arg(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int posarg, mrb_int n)
 {
   if (posarg > 0) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "numbered(%S) after unnumbered(%S)",
-               mrb_fixnum_value(n), mrb_fixnum_value(posarg));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "numbered(%i) after unnumbered(%i)",
+               n, posarg);
   }
   if (posarg == -2) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "numbered(%S) after named", mrb_fixnum_value(n));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "numbered(%i) after named", n);
   }
   if (n < 1) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid index - %S$", mrb_fixnum_value(n));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid index - %i$", n);
   }
 }
 
 static void
-check_name_arg(mrb_state *mrb, int posarg, const char *name, mrb_int len)
+check_name_arg(mrb_state *mrb, int posarg, const char *name, size_t len)
 {
   if (posarg > 0) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "named%S after unnumbered(%S)",
-               mrb_str_new(mrb, (name), (len)), mrb_fixnum_value(posarg));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "named%l after unnumbered(%d)",
+               name, len, posarg);
   }
   if (posarg == -1) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "named%S after numbered", mrb_str_new(mrb, (name), (len)));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "named%l after numbered", name, len);
   }
 }
 
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ mrb_str_format(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int argc, const mrb_value *argv, mrb_value fm
 retry:
     switch (*p) {
       default:
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "malformed format string - \\%%S", mrb_str_new(mrb, p, 1));
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "malformed format string - %%%c", *p);
         break;
 
       case ' ':
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ retry:
         GETNUM(n, width);
         if (*p == '$') {
           if (!mrb_undef_p(nextvalue)) {
-            mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "value given twice - %S$", mrb_fixnum_value(n));
+            mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "value given twice - %i$", n);
           }
           nextvalue = GETPOSARG(n);
           p++;
@@ -639,14 +639,14 @@ retry:
         for (; p < end && *p != term; )
           p++;
         if (id) {
-          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "name%S after <%S>",
-                     mrb_str_new(mrb, start, p - start + 1), mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "name%l after <%n>",
+                     start, p - start + 1, id);
         }
         symname = mrb_str_new(mrb, start + 1, p - start - 1);
         id = mrb_intern_str(mrb, symname);
-        nextvalue = GETNAMEARG(mrb_symbol_value(id), start, (mrb_int)(p - start + 1));
+        nextvalue = GETNAMEARG(mrb_symbol_value(id), start, p - start + 1);
         if (mrb_undef_p(nextvalue)) {
-          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_KEY_ERROR, "key%S not found", mrb_str_new(mrb, start, p - start + 1));
+          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_KEY_ERROR, "key%l not found", start, p - start + 1);
         }
         if (term == '}') goto format_s;
         p++;
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@ retry:
   if (posarg >= 0 && nextarg < argc) {
     const char *mesg = "too many arguments for format string";
     if (mrb_test(ruby_debug)) mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, mesg);
-    if (mrb_test(ruby_verbose)) mrb_warn(mrb, "%S", mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, mesg));
+    if (mrb_test(ruby_verbose)) mrb_warn(mrb, "%s", mesg);
   }
 #endif
   mrb_str_resize(mrb, result, blen);
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-string-ext/src/string.c b/mrbgems/mruby-string-ext/src/string.c
index 80b277444..a946140dd 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-string-ext/src/string.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-string-ext/src/string.c
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ int_chr_binary(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
   mrb_value str;
 
   if (cp < 0 || 0xff < cp) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "%S out of char range", num);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "%v out of char range", num);
   }
   c = (char)cp;
   str = mrb_str_new(mrb, &c, 1);
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ int_chr_utf8(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
   uint32_t ascii_flag = 0;
 
   if (cp < 0 || 0x10FFFF < cp) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "%S out of char range", num);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "%v out of char range", num);
   }
   if (cp < 0x80) {
     utf8[0] = (char)cp;
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ mrb_str_setbyte(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str)
 
   len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
   if (pos < -len || len <= pos)
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "index %S out of string", mrb_fixnum_value(pos));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "index %i out of string", pos);
   if (pos < 0)
     pos += len;
 
@@ -583,8 +583,7 @@ str_tr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str, mrb_value p1, mrb_value p2, mrb_bool squee
           continue;
         }
         if (c > 0x80) {
-          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "character (%S) out of range",
-                     mrb_fixnum_value((mrb_int)c));
+          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "character (%i) out of range", c);
         }
 	lastch = c;
 	s[i] = (char)c;
@@ -956,7 +955,7 @@ mrb_int_chr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
   }
 #endif
   else {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "unknown encoding name - %S", enc);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "unknown encoding name - %v", enc);
   }
   /* not reached */
   return mrb_nil_value();
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-struct/src/struct.c b/mrbgems/mruby-struct/src/struct.c
index e04fe13ad..ebe711ed3 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-struct/src/struct.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-struct/src/struct.c
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ struct_members(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value s)
     }
     else {
       mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR,
-                 "struct size differs (%S required %S given)",
-                 mrb_fixnum_value(RARRAY_LEN(members)), mrb_fixnum_value(RSTRUCT_LEN(s)));
+                 "struct size differs (%i required %i given)",
+                 RARRAY_LEN(members), RSTRUCT_LEN(s));
     }
   }
   return members;
@@ -205,10 +205,10 @@ make_struct(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value name, mrb_value members, struct RClass *kl
     mrb_to_str(mrb, name);
     id = mrb_obj_to_sym(mrb, name);
     if (!mrb_const_name_p(mrb, RSTRING_PTR(name), RSTRING_LEN(name))) {
-      mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "identifier %S needs to be constant", name);
+      mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "identifier %v needs to be constant", name);
     }
     if (mrb_const_defined_at(mrb, mrb_obj_value(klass), id)) {
-      mrb_warn(mrb, "redefining constant Struct::%S", name);
+      mrb_warn(mrb, "redefining constant Struct::%v", name);
       mrb_const_remove(mrb, mrb_obj_value(klass), id);
     }
     c = mrb_define_class_under(mrb, klass, RSTRING_PTR(name), klass);
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ struct_aref_sym(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, mrb_sym id)
       return ptr[i];
     }
   }
-  mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "no member '%S' in struct", mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+  mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "no member '%n' in struct", id);
   return mrb_nil_value();       /* not reached */
 }
 
@@ -399,12 +399,10 @@ struct_aref_int(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value s, mrb_int i)
 
   if (idx < 0)
     mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR,
-               "offset %S too small for struct(size:%S)",
-               mrb_fixnum_value(i), mrb_fixnum_value(RSTRUCT_LEN(s)));
+               "offset %i too small for struct(size:%i)", i, RSTRUCT_LEN(s));
   if (RSTRUCT_LEN(s) <= idx)
     mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR,
-               "offset %S too large for struct(size:%S)",
-               mrb_fixnum_value(i), mrb_fixnum_value(RSTRUCT_LEN(s)));
+               "offset %i too large for struct(size:%i)", i, RSTRUCT_LEN(s));
   return RSTRUCT_PTR(s)[idx];
 }
 
@@ -437,7 +435,7 @@ mrb_struct_aref(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value s)
     mrb_value sym = mrb_check_intern_str(mrb, idx);
 
     if (mrb_nil_p(sym)) {
-      mrb_name_error(mrb, mrb_intern_str(mrb, idx), "no member '%S' in struct", idx);
+      mrb_name_error(mrb, mrb_intern_str(mrb, idx), "no member '%v' in struct", idx);
     }
     idx = sym;
   }
@@ -465,7 +463,7 @@ mrb_struct_aset_sym(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value s, mrb_sym id, mrb_value val)
       return val;
     }
   }
-  mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "no member '%S' in struct", mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+  mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "no member '%n' in struct", id);
   return val;                   /* not reach */
 }
 
@@ -504,7 +502,7 @@ mrb_struct_aset(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value s)
     mrb_value sym = mrb_check_intern_str(mrb, idx);
 
     if (mrb_nil_p(sym)) {
-      mrb_name_error(mrb, mrb_intern_str(mrb, idx), "no member '%S' in struct", idx);
+      mrb_name_error(mrb, mrb_intern_str(mrb, idx), "no member '%v' in struct", idx);
     }
     idx = sym;
   }
@@ -516,13 +514,11 @@ mrb_struct_aset(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value s)
   if (i < 0) i = RSTRUCT_LEN(s) + i;
   if (i < 0) {
     mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR,
-               "offset %S too small for struct(size:%S)",
-               mrb_fixnum_value(i), mrb_fixnum_value(RSTRUCT_LEN(s)));
+               "offset %i too small for struct(size:%i)", i, RSTRUCT_LEN(s));
   }
   if (RSTRUCT_LEN(s) <= i) {
     mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR,
-               "offset %S too large for struct(size:%S)",
-               mrb_fixnum_value(i), mrb_fixnum_value(RSTRUCT_LEN(s)));
+               "offset %i too large for struct(size:%i)", i, RSTRUCT_LEN(s));
   }
   mrb_struct_modify(mrb, s);
   return RSTRUCT_PTR(s)[i] = val;
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-time/src/time.c b/mrbgems/mruby-time/src/time.c
index 16461095c..9b0549bea 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-time/src/time.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-time/src/time.c
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ mrb_to_time_t(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, time_t *usec)
   return t;
 
 out_of_range:
-  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "%S out of Time range", obj);
+  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "%v out of Time range", obj);
 
   /* not reached */
   if (usec) { *usec = 0; }
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ time_update_datetime(mrb_state *mrb, struct mrb_time *self, int dealloc)
     mrb_sec sec = (mrb_sec)t;
 
     if (dealloc) mrb_free(mrb, self);
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "%S out of Time range", mrb_sec_value(mrb, sec));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "%v out of Time range", mrb_sec_value(mrb, sec));
     /* not reached */
     return NULL;
   }
diff --git a/src/array.c b/src/array.c
index 8cf813743..06c23dcd3 100644
--- a/src/array.c
+++ b/src/array.c
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ mrb_ary_set(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_int n, mrb_value val)
   if (n < 0) {
     n += len;
     if (n < 0) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "index %S out of array", mrb_fixnum_value(n - len));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "index %i out of array", n - len);
     }
   }
   if (len <= n) {
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ mrb_ary_splice(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_int head, mrb_int len, mrb_val
   ary_modify(mrb, a);
 
   /* len check */
-  if (len < 0) mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "negative length (%S)", mrb_fixnum_value(len));
+  if (len < 0) mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "negative length (%i)", len);
 
   /* range check */
   if (head < 0) {
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ mrb_ary_splice(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_int head, mrb_int len, mrb_val
   }
   if (head >= alen) {
     if (head > ARY_MAX_SIZE - argc) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "index %S too big", mrb_fixnum_value(head));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "index %i too big", head);
     }
     len = head + argc;
     if (len > ARY_CAPA(a)) {
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ mrb_ary_splice(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_int head, mrb_int len, mrb_val
     mrb_int newlen;
 
     if (alen - len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - argc) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "index %S too big", mrb_fixnum_value(alen + argc - len));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "index %i too big", alen + argc - len);
     }
     newlen = alen + argc - len;
     if (newlen > ARY_CAPA(a)) {
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ mrb_ary_aset(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
       mrb_ary_splice(mrb, self, i, len, v2);
       break;
     case MRB_RANGE_OUT:
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "%S out of range", v1);
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "%v out of range", v1);
       break;
     }
     return v2;
diff --git a/src/backtrace.c b/src/backtrace.c
index 991a67d00..c9a223e07 100644
--- a/src/backtrace.c
+++ b/src/backtrace.c
@@ -246,9 +246,7 @@ mrb_unpack_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value backtrace)
     mrb_value btline;
 
     if (entry->filename == NULL) continue;
-    btline = mrb_format(mrb, "%S:%S",
-                              mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, entry->filename),
-                              mrb_fixnum_value(entry->lineno));
+    btline = mrb_format(mrb, "%s:%d", entry->filename, entry->lineno);
     if (entry->method_id != 0) {
       mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, btline, ":in ");
       mrb_str_cat_cstr(mrb, btline, mrb_sym2name(mrb, entry->method_id));
diff --git a/src/class.c b/src/class.c
index 65d21ad4f..ff55de0e6 100644
--- a/src/class.c
+++ b/src/class.c
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ static void
 check_if_class_or_module(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 {
   if (!class_ptr_p(obj)) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not a class/module", mrb_inspect(mrb, obj));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%!v is not a class/module", obj);
   }
 }
 
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ mrb_vm_define_module(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value outer, mrb_sym id)
     mrb_value old = mrb_const_get(mrb, outer, id);
 
     if (mrb_type(old) != MRB_TT_MODULE) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not a module", mrb_inspect(mrb, old));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%!v is not a module", old);
     }
     return mrb_class_ptr(old);
   }
@@ -248,9 +248,8 @@ define_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym name, struct RClass *super, struct RClass *
     c = class_from_sym(mrb, outer, name);
     MRB_CLASS_ORIGIN(c);
     if (super && mrb_class_real(c->super) != super) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass mismatch for Class %S (%S not %S)",
-                 mrb_sym2str(mrb, name),
-                 mrb_obj_value(c->super), mrb_obj_value(super));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass mismatch for Class %n (%C not %C)",
+                 name, c->super, super);
     }
     return c;
   }
@@ -265,7 +264,7 @@ MRB_API struct RClass*
 mrb_define_class_id(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym name, struct RClass *super)
 {
   if (!super) {
-    mrb_warn(mrb, "no super class for '%S', Object assumed", mrb_sym2str(mrb, name));
+    mrb_warn(mrb, "no super class for '%n', Object assumed", name);
   }
   return define_class(mrb, name, super, mrb->object_class);
 }
@@ -313,8 +312,7 @@ mrb_vm_define_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value outer, mrb_value super, mrb_sym id
 
   if (!mrb_nil_p(super)) {
     if (mrb_type(super) != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass must be a Class (%S given)",
-                 mrb_inspect(mrb, super));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass must be a Class (%!v given)", super);
     }
     s = mrb_class_ptr(super);
   }
@@ -326,13 +324,13 @@ mrb_vm_define_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value outer, mrb_value super, mrb_sym id
     mrb_value old = mrb_const_get(mrb, outer, id);
 
     if (mrb_type(old) != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not a class", mrb_inspect(mrb, old));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%!v is not a class", old);
     }
     c = mrb_class_ptr(old);
     if (s) {
       /* check super class */
       if (mrb_class_real(c->super) != s) {
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass mismatch for class %S", old);
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass mismatch for class %v", old);
       }
     }
     return c;
@@ -431,8 +429,7 @@ mrb_define_class_under(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *outer, const char *name, s
 
 #if 0
   if (!super) {
-    mrb_warn(mrb, "no super class for '%S::%S', Object assumed",
-             mrb_obj_value(outer), mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+    mrb_warn(mrb, "no super class for '%C::%n', Object assumed", outer, id);
   }
 #endif
   c = define_class(mrb, id, super, outer);
@@ -489,8 +486,7 @@ mrb_notimplement(mrb_state *mrb)
   mrb_callinfo *ci = mrb->c->ci;
 
   if (ci->mid) {
-    mrb_value str = mrb_sym2str(mrb, ci->mid);
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_NOTIMP_ERROR, "%S() function is unimplemented on this machine", str);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_NOTIMP_ERROR, "%n() function is unimplemented on this machine", ci->mid);
   }
 }
 
@@ -505,7 +501,7 @@ mrb_notimplement_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 
 #define CHECK_TYPE(mrb, val, t, c) do { \
   if (mrb_type(val) != (t)) {\
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "expected %S", mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, c));\
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "expected %l", c, sizeof(c "")-1);\
   }\
 } while (0)
 
@@ -669,7 +665,7 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
 
           ss = ARGV[arg_i++];
           if (!class_ptr_p(ss)) {
-            mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not class/module", ss);
+            mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%v is not class/module", ss);
           }
           *p = ss;
           i++;
@@ -816,7 +812,7 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
           ss = ARGV[arg_i];
           if (mrb_type(ss) != MRB_TT_ISTRUCT)
           {
-            mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not inline struct", ss);
+            mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%v is not inline struct", ss);
           }
           *p = mrb_istruct_ptr(ss);
           arg_i++;
@@ -964,7 +960,7 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
       }
       break;
     default:
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid argument specifier %S", mrb_str_new(mrb, &c, 1));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid argument specifier %c", c);
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -1357,8 +1353,7 @@ mrb_method_search(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass* c, mrb_sym mid)
     if (mrb_string_p(inspect) && RSTRING_LEN(inspect) > 64) {
       inspect = mrb_any_to_s(mrb, mrb_obj_value(c));
     }
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, mid, "undefined method '%S' for class %S",
-               mrb_sym2str(mrb, mid), inspect);
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, mid, "undefined method '%n' for class %v", mid, inspect);
   }
   return m;
 }
@@ -1479,7 +1474,7 @@ mrb_instance_alloc(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value cv)
 
   if (ttype == 0) ttype = MRB_TT_OBJECT;
   if (ttype <= MRB_TT_CPTR) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't create instance of %S", cv);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't create instance of %v", cv);
   }
   o = (struct RObject*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, ttype, c);
   return mrb_obj_value(o);
@@ -1706,7 +1701,7 @@ static void
 mrb_check_inheritable(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *super)
 {
   if (super->tt != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass must be a Class (%S given)", mrb_obj_value(super));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass must be a Class (%C given)", super);
   }
   if (super->tt == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't make subclass of singleton class");
@@ -1835,7 +1830,7 @@ void
 mrb_undef_method_id(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym a)
 {
   if (!mrb_obj_respond_to(mrb, c, a)) {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, a, "undefined method '%S' for class '%S'", mrb_sym2str(mrb, a), mrb_obj_value(c));
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, a, "undefined method '%n' for class '%C'", a, c);
   }
   else {
     mrb_method_t m;
@@ -1878,7 +1873,7 @@ check_const_name_sym(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym id)
   mrb_int len;
   const char *name = mrb_sym2name_len(mrb, id, &len);
   if (!mrb_const_name_p(mrb, name, len)) {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "wrong constant name %S", mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "wrong constant name %n", id);
   }
 }
 
@@ -1935,7 +1930,7 @@ mrb_mod_const_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
     else {
       off = end + 2;
       if (off == len) {         /* trailing "::" */
-        mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "wrong constant name '%S'", path);
+        mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "wrong constant name '%v'", path);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1965,7 +1960,7 @@ mrb_mod_remove_const(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
   check_const_name_sym(mrb, id);
   val = mrb_iv_remove(mrb, mod, id);
   if (mrb_undef_p(val)) {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "constant %S not defined", mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "constant %n not defined", id);
   }
   return val;
 }
@@ -1978,13 +1973,10 @@ mrb_mod_const_missing(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "n", &sym);
 
   if (mrb_class_real(mrb_class_ptr(mod)) != mrb->object_class) {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "uninitialized constant %S::%S",
-                   mod,
-                   mrb_sym2str(mrb, sym));
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "uninitialized constant %v::%n", mod, sym);
   }
   else {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "uninitialized constant %S",
-                   mrb_sym2str(mrb, sym));
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "uninitialized constant %n", sym);
   }
   /* not reached */
   return mrb_nil_value();
@@ -2045,7 +2037,7 @@ mod_define_method(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
       /* ignored */
       break;
     default:
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "wrong argument type %S (expected Proc)", mrb_obj_value(mrb_obj_class(mrb, proc)));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "wrong argument type %T (expected Proc)", proc);
       break;
   }
   if (mrb_nil_p(blk)) {
diff --git a/src/error.c b/src/error.c
index 0ca7f5917..664da3fd6 100644
--- a/src/error.c
+++ b/src/error.c
@@ -151,14 +151,14 @@ exc_inspect(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value exc)
   str = mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, cname);
   if (mrb_string_p(file) && mrb_fixnum_p(line)) {
     if (append_mesg) {
-      str = mrb_format(mrb, "%S:%S: %S (%S)", file, line, mesg, str);
+      str = mrb_format(mrb, "%v:%v: %v (%v)", file, line, mesg, str);
     }
     else {
-      str = mrb_format(mrb, "%S:%S: %S", file, line, str);
+      str = mrb_format(mrb, "%v:%v: %v", file, line, str);
     }
   }
   else if (append_mesg) {
-    str = mrb_format(mrb, "%S: %S", str, mesg);
+    str = mrb_format(mrb, "%v: %v", str, mesg);
   }
   return str;
 }
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ exception_call:
 
       break;
     default:
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "wrong number of arguments (%S for 0..3)", mrb_fixnum_value(argc));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "wrong number of arguments (%i for 0..3)", argc);
       break;
   }
   if (argc > 0) {
@@ -576,8 +576,7 @@ mrb_no_method_error(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym id, mrb_value args, char const* fmt,
 MRB_API mrb_noreturn void
 mrb_frozen_error(mrb_state *mrb, void *frozen_obj)
 {
-  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_FROZEN_ERROR, "can't modify frozen %S",
-             mrb_obj_value(mrb_class(mrb, mrb_obj_value(frozen_obj))));
+  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_FROZEN_ERROR, "can't modify frozen %t", mrb_obj_value(frozen_obj));
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/src/etc.c b/src/etc.c
index 18d2839d9..bf6586748 100644
--- a/src/etc.c
+++ b/src/etc.c
@@ -31,14 +31,12 @@ mrb_data_check_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, const mrb_data_type *type)
     const mrb_data_type *t2 = DATA_TYPE(obj);
 
     if (t2) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "wrong argument type %S (expected %S)",
-                 mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, t2->struct_name), mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, type->struct_name));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "wrong argument type %s (expected %s)",
+                 t2->struct_name, type->struct_name);
     }
     else {
-      struct RClass *c = mrb_class(mrb, obj);
-
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "uninitialized %S (expected %S)",
-                 mrb_obj_value(c), mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, type->struct_name));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "uninitialized %t (expected %s)",
+                 obj, type->struct_name);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ mrb_obj_to_sym(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value name)
 {
   if (mrb_symbol_p(name)) return mrb_symbol(name);
   if (mrb_string_p(name)) return mrb_intern_str(mrb, name);
-  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not a symbol nor a string", mrb_inspect(mrb, name));
+  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%!v is not a symbol nor a string", name);
   return 0;  /* not reached */
 }
 
diff --git a/src/gc.c b/src/gc.c
index b05d929a1..a7a67ebfa 100644
--- a/src/gc.c
+++ b/src/gc.c
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ mrb_obj_alloc(mrb_state *mrb, enum mrb_vtype ttype, struct RClass *cls)
         ttype != MRB_TT_ICLASS &&
         ttype != MRB_TT_ENV &&
         ttype != tt) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "allocation failure of %S", mrb_obj_value(cls));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "allocation failure of %C", cls);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/kernel.c b/src/kernel.c
index f223be9fc..f0935a2f8 100644
--- a/src/kernel.c
+++ b/src/kernel.c
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ mrb_obj_clone(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   mrb_value clone;
 
   if (mrb_immediate_p(self)) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't clone %S", self);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't clone %v", self);
   }
   if (mrb_type(self) == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't clone singleton class");
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ mrb_obj_dup(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
   mrb_value dup;
 
   if (mrb_immediate_p(obj)) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't dup %S", obj);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't dup %v", obj);
   }
   if (mrb_type(obj) == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't dup singleton class");
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ mrb_obj_remove_instance_variable(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   mrb_iv_name_sym_check(mrb, sym);
   val = mrb_iv_remove(mrb, self, sym);
   if (mrb_undef_p(val)) {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "instance variable %S not defined", mrb_sym2str(mrb, sym));
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "instance variable %n not defined", sym);
   }
   return val;
 }
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ mrb_obj_remove_instance_variable(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 void
 mrb_method_missing(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym name, mrb_value self, mrb_value args)
 {
-  mrb_no_method_error(mrb, name, args, "undefined method '%S'", mrb_sym2str(mrb, name));
+  mrb_no_method_error(mrb, name, args, "undefined method '%n'", name);
 }
 
 /* 15.3.1.3.30 */
diff --git a/src/numeric.c b/src/numeric.c
index b143b2f67..f96498106 100644
--- a/src/numeric.c
+++ b/src/numeric.c
@@ -1257,7 +1257,7 @@ mrb_flo_to_fixnum(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
       z = (mrb_int)d;
     }
     else {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "number (%S) too big for integer", x);
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "number (%v) too big for integer", x);
     }
   }
   return mrb_fixnum_value(z);
@@ -1389,7 +1389,7 @@ mrb_fixnum_to_str(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_int base)
   mrb_int val = mrb_fixnum(x);
 
   if (base < 2 || 36 < base) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid radix %S", mrb_fixnum_value(base));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid radix %i", base);
   }
 
   if (val == 0) {
@@ -1501,9 +1501,7 @@ integral_cmp(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 static void
 cmperr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value v1, mrb_value v2)
 {
-  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "comparison of %S with %S failed",
-             mrb_obj_value(mrb_class(mrb, v1)),
-             mrb_obj_value(mrb_class(mrb, v2)));
+  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "comparison of %t with %t failed", v1, v2);
 }
 
 static mrb_value
diff --git a/src/object.c b/src/object.c
index 7c1879019..ee36da320 100644
--- a/src/object.c
+++ b/src/object.c
@@ -296,17 +296,6 @@ mrb_init_object(mrb_state *mrb)
   mrb_define_method(mrb, f, "inspect", false_to_s,  MRB_ARGS_NONE());
 }
 
-static mrb_value
-inspect_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val)
-{
-  if (mrb_type(val) == MRB_TT_FALSE || mrb_type(val) == MRB_TT_TRUE) {
-    return mrb_inspect(mrb, val);
-  }
-  else {
-    return mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, mrb_obj_classname(mrb, val));
-  }
-}
-
 static mrb_value
 convert_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val, const char *tname, const char *method, mrb_bool raise)
 {
@@ -315,7 +304,7 @@ convert_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val, const char *tname, const char *metho
   m = mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, method);
   if (!mrb_respond_to(mrb, val, m)) {
     if (raise) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't convert %S into %S", inspect_type(mrb, val), mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, tname));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't convert %Y into %s", val, tname);
     }
     return mrb_nil_value();
   }
@@ -330,8 +319,7 @@ mrb_convert_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val, enum mrb_vtype type, const char
   if (mrb_type(val) == type) return val;
   v = convert_type(mrb, val, tname, method, TRUE);
   if (mrb_type(v) != type) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S cannot be converted to %S by #%S", val,
-               mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, tname), mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, method));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%v cannot be converted to %s by #%s", val, tname, method);
   }
   return v;
 }
@@ -405,13 +393,12 @@ mrb_check_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, enum mrb_vtype t)
         else {
           etype = mrb_obj_classname(mrb, x);
         }
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "wrong argument type %S (expected %S)",
-                   mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, etype), mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, type->name));
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "wrong argument type %s (expected %s)",
+                   etype, type->name);
       }
       type++;
     }
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "unknown type %S (%S given)",
-               mrb_fixnum_value(t), mrb_fixnum_value(mrb_type(x)));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "unknown type %d (%d given)", t, mrb_type(x));
   }
 }
 
@@ -499,15 +486,12 @@ mrb_to_int(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val)
 {
 
   if (!mrb_fixnum_p(val)) {
-    mrb_value type;
-
 #ifndef MRB_WITHOUT_FLOAT
     if (mrb_float_p(val)) {
       return mrb_flo_to_fixnum(mrb, val);
     }
 #endif
-    type = inspect_type(mrb, val);
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't convert %S to Integer", type);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't convert %Y to Integer", val);
   }
   return val;
 }
@@ -598,8 +582,7 @@ MRB_API mrb_value
 mrb_ensure_string_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str)
 {
   if (!mrb_string_p(str)) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S cannot be converted to String",
-               inspect_type(mrb, str));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%Y cannot be converted to String", str);
   }
   return str;
 }
@@ -615,8 +598,7 @@ MRB_API mrb_value
 mrb_ensure_array_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary)
 {
   if (!mrb_array_p(ary)) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S cannot be converted to Array",
-               inspect_type(mrb, ary));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%Y cannot be converted to Array", ary);
   }
   return ary;
 }
@@ -632,8 +614,7 @@ MRB_API mrb_value
 mrb_ensure_hash_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value hash)
 {
   if (!mrb_hash_p(hash)) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S cannot be converted to Hash",
-               inspect_type(mrb, hash));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%Y cannot be converted to Hash", hash);
   }
   return hash;
 }
diff --git a/src/proc.c b/src/proc.c
index 094fff816..a0edf22bc 100644
--- a/src/proc.c
+++ b/src/proc.c
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ mrb_proc_cfunc_env_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int idx)
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "Can't get cfunc env from cfunc Proc without REnv.");
   }
   if (idx < 0 || MRB_ENV_STACK_LEN(e) <= idx) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "Env index out of range: %S (expected: 0 <= index < %S)",
-               mrb_fixnum_value(idx), mrb_fixnum_value(MRB_ENV_STACK_LEN(e)));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "Env index out of range: %i (expected: 0 <= index < %i)",
+               idx, MRB_ENV_STACK_LEN(e));
   }
 
   return e->stack[idx];
diff --git a/src/range.c b/src/range.c
index c9dfb2b3c..28862d779 100644
--- a/src/range.c
+++ b/src/range.c
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ mrb_get_values_at(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, mrb_int olen, mrb_int argc, con
       }
     }
     else {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "invalid values selector: %S", argv[i]);
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "invalid values selector: %v", argv[i]);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/string.c b/src/string.c
index ecbe21a22..71c6e126e 100644
--- a/src/string.c
+++ b/src/string.c
@@ -1226,7 +1226,7 @@ mrb_str_aref_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str)
 static mrb_noreturn void
 str_out_of_index(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value index)
 {
-  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "index %S out of string", index);
+  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "index %v out of string", index);
 }
 
 static mrb_value
@@ -1286,7 +1286,7 @@ mrb_str_aset(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str, mrb_value indx, mrb_value alen, mrb_
       mrb_raise(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "string not matched");
     case STR_CHAR_RANGE:
       if (len < 0) {
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "negative length %S", alen);
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "negative length %v", alen);
       }
       charlen = RSTRING_CHAR_LEN(str);
       if (beg < 0) { beg += charlen; }
@@ -1763,7 +1763,7 @@ mrb_str_index_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str)
 
       tmp = mrb_check_string_type(mrb, sub);
       if (mrb_nil_p(tmp)) {
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "type mismatch: %S given", sub);
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "type mismatch: %v given", sub);
       }
       sub = tmp;
     }
@@ -2014,7 +2014,7 @@ mrb_str_rindex(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str)
 
       tmp = mrb_check_string_type(mrb, sub);
       if (mrb_nil_p(tmp)) {
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "type mismatch: %S given", sub);
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "type mismatch: %v given", sub);
       }
       sub = tmp;
     }
@@ -2265,7 +2265,7 @@ mrb_str_len_to_inum(mrb_state *mrb, const char *str, mrb_int len, mrb_int base,
       break;
     default:
       if (base < 2 || 36 < base) {
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "illegal radix %S", mrb_fixnum_value(base));
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "illegal radix %i", base);
       }
       break;
   } /* end of switch (base) { */
@@ -2325,8 +2325,7 @@ mrb_str_len_to_inum(mrb_state *mrb, const char *str, mrb_int len, mrb_int base,
       else
 #endif
       {
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "string (%S) too big for integer",
-                   mrb_str_new(mrb, str, pend-str));
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "string (%l) too big for integer", str, pend-str);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -2342,8 +2341,7 @@ mrb_str_len_to_inum(mrb_state *mrb, const char *str, mrb_int len, mrb_int base,
   mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "string contains null byte");
   /* not reached */
  bad:
-  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid string for number(%S)",
-             mrb_inspect(mrb, mrb_str_new(mrb, str, pend-str)));
+  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid string for number(%!l)", str, pend-str);
   /* not reached */
   return mrb_fixnum_value(0);
 }
@@ -2419,7 +2417,7 @@ mrb_str_to_i(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "|i", &base);
   if (base < 0) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "illegal radix %S", mrb_fixnum_value(base));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "illegal radix %i", base);
   }
   return mrb_str_to_inum(mrb, self, base, FALSE);
 }
@@ -2444,7 +2442,7 @@ mrb_cstr_to_dbl(mrb_state *mrb, const char * p, mrb_bool badcheck)
   if (p == end) {
     if (badcheck) {
 bad:
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid string for float(%S)", mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, p));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid string for float(%s)", p);
       /* not reached */
     }
     return d;
diff --git a/src/variable.c b/src/variable.c
index e6f2f397e..32416da4e 100644
--- a/src/variable.c
+++ b/src/variable.c
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ MRB_API void
 mrb_iv_name_sym_check(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym iv_name)
 {
   if (!mrb_iv_name_sym_p(mrb, iv_name)) {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, iv_name, "'%S' is not allowed as an instance variable name", mrb_sym2str(mrb, iv_name));
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, iv_name, "'%n' is not allowed as an instance variable name", iv_name);
   }
 }
 
@@ -654,8 +654,7 @@ mrb_mod_cv_get(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym sym)
       if (given) return v;
     }
   }
-  mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "uninitialized class variable %S in %S",
-                 mrb_sym2str(mrb, sym), mrb_obj_value(cls));
+  mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "uninitialized class variable %n in %C", sym, cls);
   /* not reached */
   return mrb_nil_value();
 }
diff --git a/src/vm.c b/src/vm.c
index 86262650e..12805a8e4 100644
--- a/src/vm.c
+++ b/src/vm.c
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ mrb_funcall_with_block(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self, mrb_sym mid, mrb_int argc
       stack_init(mrb);
     }
     if (argc < 0) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative argc for funcall (%S)", mrb_fixnum_value(argc));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative argc for funcall (%i)", argc);
     }
     c = mrb_class(mrb, self);
     m = mrb_method_search_vm(mrb, &c, mid);
@@ -878,13 +878,11 @@ argnum_error(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int num)
     }
   }
   if (mrb->c->ci->mid) {
-    str = mrb_format(mrb, "'%S': wrong number of arguments (%S for %S)",
-                  mrb_sym2str(mrb, mrb->c->ci->mid),
-                  mrb_fixnum_value(argc), mrb_fixnum_value(num));
+    str = mrb_format(mrb, "'%n': wrong number of arguments (%i for %i)",
+                     mrb->c->ci->mid, argc, num);
   }
   else {
-    str = mrb_format(mrb, "wrong number of arguments (%S for %S)",
-                     mrb_fixnum_value(argc), mrb_fixnum_value(num));
+    str = mrb_format(mrb, "wrong number of arguments (%i for %i)", argc, num);
   }
   exc = mrb_exc_new_str(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, str);
   mrb_exc_set(mrb, exc);
@@ -1868,7 +1866,7 @@ RETRY_TRY_BLOCK:
       mrb_value kdict = regs[mrb->c->ci->argc];
 
       if (!mrb_hash_p(kdict) || !mrb_hash_key_p(mrb, kdict, k)) {
-        mrb_value str = mrb_format(mrb, "missing keyword: %S", k);
+        mrb_value str = mrb_format(mrb, "missing keyword: %v", k);
         mrb_exc_set(mrb, mrb_exc_new_str(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, str));
         goto L_RAISE;
       }
@@ -1895,7 +1893,7 @@ RETRY_TRY_BLOCK:
       if (mrb_hash_p(kdict) && !mrb_hash_empty_p(mrb, kdict)) {
         mrb_value keys = mrb_hash_keys(mrb, kdict);
         mrb_value key1 = RARRAY_PTR(keys)[0];
-        mrb_value str = mrb_format(mrb, "unknown keyword: %S", key1);
+        mrb_value str = mrb_format(mrb, "unknown keyword: %v", key1);
         mrb_exc_set(mrb, mrb_exc_new_str(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, str));
         goto L_RAISE;
       }
diff --git a/tasks/toolchains/visualcpp.rake b/tasks/toolchains/visualcpp.rake
index 9bf0f085e..6275059bb 100644
--- a/tasks/toolchains/visualcpp.rake
+++ b/tasks/toolchains/visualcpp.rake
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ MRuby::Toolchain.new(:visualcpp) do |conf, _params|
   conf.cc do |cc|
     cc.command = ENV['CC'] || 'cl.exe'
     # C4013: implicit function declaration
-    cc.flags = [ENV['CFLAGS'] || %w(/c /nologo /W3 /we4013 /Zi /Zm2000 /MD /O2 /D_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS)]
+    cc.flags = [ENV['CFLAGS'] || %w(/c /nologo /W3 /we4013 /Zi /MD /O2 /D_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS)]
     cc.defines = %w(MRB_STACK_EXTEND_DOUBLING)
     cc.option_include_path = '/I%s'
     cc.option_define = '/D%s'
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 57d7fe94a9049c7abaa5b061a0f61a5f44815733 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Yukihiro \"Matz\" Matsumoto" <matz@ruby.or.jp>
Date: Sat, 14 Sep 2019 19:51:52 +0900
Subject: Add a macro `mrb_frozen_p` that points to `MRB_FROZEN_P`.

---
 include/mruby.h                       | 2 +-
 include/mruby/object.h                | 1 +
 mrbgems/mruby-string-ext/src/string.c | 4 ++--
 src/array.c                           | 2 +-
 src/error.c                           | 2 +-
 src/hash.c                            | 2 +-
 src/kernel.c                          | 4 ++--
 src/string.c                          | 4 ++--
 8 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/kernel.c')

diff --git a/include/mruby.h b/include/mruby.h
index c50054b79..aa4a987af 100644
--- a/include/mruby.h
+++ b/include/mruby.h
@@ -1221,7 +1221,7 @@ MRB_API void mrb_check_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, enum mrb_vtype t);
 
 MRB_INLINE void mrb_check_frozen(mrb_state *mrb, void *o)
 {
-  if (MRB_FROZEN_P((struct RBasic*)o)) mrb_frozen_error(mrb, o);
+  if (mrb_frozen_p((struct RBasic*)o)) mrb_frozen_error(mrb, o);
 }
 
 typedef enum call_type {
diff --git a/include/mruby/object.h b/include/mruby/object.h
index 53511a1bb..f75e99f1b 100644
--- a/include/mruby/object.h
+++ b/include/mruby/object.h
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ struct RBasic {
 #define MRB_FROZEN_P(o) ((o)->flags & MRB_FL_OBJ_IS_FROZEN)
 #define MRB_SET_FROZEN_FLAG(o) ((o)->flags |= MRB_FL_OBJ_IS_FROZEN)
 #define MRB_UNSET_FROZEN_FLAG(o) ((o)->flags &= ~MRB_FL_OBJ_IS_FROZEN)
+#define mrb_frozen_p(o) MRB_FROZEN_P(o)
 
 struct RObject {
   MRB_OBJECT_HEADER;
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-string-ext/src/string.c b/mrbgems/mruby-string-ext/src/string.c
index aa6270786..f1d31888d 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-string-ext/src/string.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-string-ext/src/string.c
@@ -1081,7 +1081,7 @@ mrb_str_del_prefix_bang(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   if (plen > slen) return mrb_nil_value();
   s = RSTR_PTR(str);
   if (memcmp(s, ptr, plen) != 0) return mrb_nil_value();
-  if (!MRB_FROZEN_P(str) && (RSTR_SHARED_P(str) || RSTR_FSHARED_P(str))) {
+  if (!mrb_frozen_p(str) && (RSTR_SHARED_P(str) || RSTR_FSHARED_P(str))) {
     str->as.heap.ptr += plen;
   }
   else {
@@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ mrb_str_del_suffix_bang(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   if (plen > slen) return mrb_nil_value();
   s = RSTR_PTR(str);
   if (memcmp(s+slen-plen, ptr, plen) != 0) return mrb_nil_value();
-  if (!MRB_FROZEN_P(str) && (RSTR_SHARED_P(str) || RSTR_FSHARED_P(str))) {
+  if (!mrb_frozen_p(str) && (RSTR_SHARED_P(str) || RSTR_FSHARED_P(str))) {
     /* no need to modify string */
   }
   else {
diff --git a/src/array.c b/src/array.c
index 33baceb9c..a958e12e0 100644
--- a/src/array.c
+++ b/src/array.c
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ ary_replace(mrb_state *mrb, struct RArray *a, struct RArray *b)
     mrb_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)a);
     return;
   }
-  if (!MRB_FROZEN_P(b) && len > ARY_REPLACE_SHARED_MIN) {
+  if (!mrb_frozen_p(b) && len > ARY_REPLACE_SHARED_MIN) {
     ary_make_shared(mrb, b);
     goto shared_b;
   }
diff --git a/src/error.c b/src/error.c
index 2bb505d85..ad0be209d 100644
--- a/src/error.c
+++ b/src/error.c
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ mrb_exc_set(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value exc)
         (struct RBasic*)mrb->exc == mrb->gc.arena[mrb->gc.arena_idx-1]) {
       mrb->gc.arena_idx--;
     }
-    if (!mrb->gc.out_of_memory && !MRB_FROZEN_P(mrb->exc)) {
+    if (!mrb->gc.out_of_memory && !mrb_frozen_p(mrb->exc)) {
       exc_debug_info(mrb, mrb->exc);
       mrb_keep_backtrace(mrb, exc);
     }
diff --git a/src/hash.c b/src/hash.c
index 2a0a19363..83c986c46 100644
--- a/src/hash.c
+++ b/src/hash.c
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ static void mrb_hash_modify(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value hash);
 static inline mrb_value
 ht_key(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value key)
 {
-  if (mrb_string_p(key) && !MRB_FROZEN_P(mrb_str_ptr(key))) {
+  if (mrb_string_p(key) && !mrb_frozen_p(mrb_str_ptr(key))) {
     key = mrb_str_dup(mrb, key);
     MRB_SET_FROZEN_FLAG(mrb_str_ptr(key));
   }
diff --git a/src/kernel.c b/src/kernel.c
index f0935a2f8..bde0cb22a 100644
--- a/src/kernel.c
+++ b/src/kernel.c
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ mrb_obj_freeze(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 {
   if (!mrb_immediate_p(self)) {
     struct RBasic *b = mrb_basic_ptr(self);
-    if (!MRB_FROZEN_P(b)) {
+    if (!mrb_frozen_p(b)) {
       MRB_SET_FROZEN_FLAG(b);
       if (b->c->tt == MRB_TT_SCLASS) MRB_SET_FROZEN_FLAG(b->c);
     }
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ mrb_obj_freeze(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 static mrb_value
 mrb_obj_frozen(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 {
-  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_immediate_p(self) || MRB_FROZEN_P(mrb_basic_ptr(self)));
+  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_immediate_p(self) || mrb_frozen_p(mrb_basic_ptr(self)));
 }
 
 /* 15.3.1.3.15 */
diff --git a/src/string.c b/src/string.c
index 2454eb0fb..7abb3148c 100644
--- a/src/string.c
+++ b/src/string.c
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ str_make_shared(mrb_state *mrb, struct RString *orig, struct RString *s)
   else if (RSTR_FSHARED_P(orig)) {
     str_init_fshared(orig, s, orig->as.heap.aux.fshared);
   }
-  else if (MRB_FROZEN_P(orig) && !RSTR_POOL_P(orig)) {
+  else if (mrb_frozen_p(orig) && !RSTR_POOL_P(orig)) {
     str_init_fshared(orig, s, orig);
   }
   else {
@@ -2405,7 +2405,7 @@ mrb_string_value_cstr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value *ptr)
   if (p[len] == '\0') {
     return p;
   }
-  if (MRB_FROZEN_P(ps) || RSTR_CAPA(ps) == len) {
+  if (mrb_frozen_p(ps) || RSTR_CAPA(ps) == len) {
     ps = str_new(mrb, NULL, len+1);
     memcpy(RSTR_PTR(ps), p, len);
     RSTR_SET_LEN(ps, len);
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From feaf80d8996340bd0316fda72418b1abd774bd59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: KOBAYASHI Shuji <shuujii@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Sep 2019 22:23:27 +0900
Subject: Use type predicate macros instead of `mrb_type` if possible

For efficiency with `MRB_WORD_BOXING` (implement type predicate macros for
all `enum mrb_vtype`).
---
 include/mruby/boxing_word.h           | 14 +++++++++
 include/mruby/data.h                  |  2 +-
 include/mruby/value.h                 | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 mrbgems/mruby-array-ext/src/array.c   |  2 +-
 mrbgems/mruby-class-ext/src/class.c   |  2 +-
 mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/codegen.c |  4 +--
 mrbgems/mruby-fiber/src/fiber.c       |  2 +-
 mrbgems/mruby-io/src/io.c             |  4 +--
 mrbgems/mruby-io/test/mruby_io_test.c |  8 ++---
 mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c |  2 +-
 mrbgems/mruby-method/src/method.c     |  4 +--
 mrbgems/mruby-random/src/random.c     |  2 +-
 mrbgems/mruby-socket/src/socket.c     |  2 +-
 src/class.c                           | 12 ++++----
 src/etc.c                             |  4 +--
 src/gc.c                              |  4 +--
 src/hash.c                            |  2 +-
 src/kernel.c                          |  6 ++--
 src/numeric.c                         |  2 +-
 src/object.c                          |  2 +-
 src/proc.c                            |  4 +--
 src/range.c                           |  4 +--
 src/state.c                           |  4 +--
 src/string.c                          |  4 +--
 src/symbol.c                          |  2 +-
 src/variable.c                        |  2 +-
 src/vm.c                              | 10 +++---
 27 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/kernel.c')

diff --git a/include/mruby/boxing_word.h b/include/mruby/boxing_word.h
index 22d549687..d763ffaf8 100644
--- a/include/mruby/boxing_word.h
+++ b/include/mruby/boxing_word.h
@@ -133,6 +133,20 @@ MRB_API mrb_value mrb_word_boxing_float_pool(struct mrb_state*, mrb_float);
 #define mrb_hash_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, HASH)
 #define mrb_cptr_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, CPTR)
 #define mrb_exception_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, EXCEPTION)
+#define mrb_free_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, FREE)
+#define mrb_object_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, OBJECT)
+#define mrb_class_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, CLASS)
+#define mrb_module_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, MODULE)
+#define mrb_iclass_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, ICLASS)
+#define mrb_sclass_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, SCLASS)
+#define mrb_proc_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, PROC)
+#define mrb_range_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, RANGE)
+#define mrb_file_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, FILE)
+#define mrb_env_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, ENV)
+#define mrb_data_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, DATA)
+#define mrb_fiber_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, FIBER)
+#define mrb_istruct_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, ISTRUCT)
+#define mrb_break_p(o) BOXWORD_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, BREAK)
 
 #ifndef MRB_WITHOUT_FLOAT
 #define SET_FLOAT_VALUE(mrb,r,v) ((r) = mrb_word_boxing_float_value(mrb, v))
diff --git a/include/mruby/data.h b/include/mruby/data.h
index 35ec2c25b..7bdf1c34e 100644
--- a/include/mruby/data.h
+++ b/include/mruby/data.h
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ MRB_API void *mrb_data_check_get_ptr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value, const mrb_data_t
 MRB_INLINE void
 mrb_data_init(mrb_value v, void *ptr, const mrb_data_type *type)
 {
-  mrb_assert(mrb_type(v) == MRB_TT_DATA);
+  mrb_assert(mrb_data_p(v));
   DATA_PTR(v) = ptr;
   DATA_TYPE(v) = type;
 }
diff --git a/include/mruby/value.h b/include/mruby/value.h
index b318e9042..84ea7fb0a 100644
--- a/include/mruby/value.h
+++ b/include/mruby/value.h
@@ -169,6 +169,11 @@ typedef void mrb_value;
 #include "boxing_no.h"
 #endif
 
+#if !defined(MRB_SYMBOL_BITSIZE)
+#define MRB_SYMBOL_BITSIZE (sizeof(mrb_sym) * CHAR_BIT)
+#define MRB_SYMBOL_MAX      UINT32_MAX
+#endif
+
 #ifndef mrb_immediate_p
 #define mrb_immediate_p(o) (mrb_type(o) < MRB_TT_FREE)
 #endif
@@ -190,13 +195,6 @@ typedef void mrb_value;
 #ifndef mrb_true_p
 #define mrb_true_p(o)  (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_TRUE)
 #endif
-#ifndef mrb_bool
-#define mrb_bool(o)   (mrb_type(o) != MRB_TT_FALSE)
-#endif
-#if !defined(MRB_SYMBOL_BITSIZE)
-#define MRB_SYMBOL_BITSIZE (sizeof(mrb_sym) * CHAR_BIT)
-#define MRB_SYMBOL_MAX      UINT32_MAX
-#endif
 #ifndef MRB_WITHOUT_FLOAT
 #ifndef mrb_float_p
 #define mrb_float_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_FLOAT)
@@ -217,6 +215,51 @@ typedef void mrb_value;
 #ifndef mrb_exception_p
 #define mrb_exception_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_EXCEPTION)
 #endif
+#ifndef mrb_free_p
+#define mrb_free_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_FREE)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_object_p
+#define mrb_object_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_OBJECT)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_class_p
+#define mrb_class_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_CLASS)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_module_p
+#define mrb_module_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_MODULE)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_iclass_p
+#define mrb_iclass_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_ICLASS)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_sclass_p
+#define mrb_sclass_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_SCLASS)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_proc_p
+#define mrb_proc_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_PROC)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_range_p
+#define mrb_range_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_RANGE)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_file_p
+#define mrb_file_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_FILE)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_env_p
+#define mrb_env_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_ENV)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_data_p
+#define mrb_data_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_DATA)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_fiber_p
+#define mrb_fiber_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_FIBER)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_istruct_p
+#define mrb_istruct_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_ISTRUCT)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_break_p
+#define mrb_break_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_BREAK)
+#endif
+#ifndef mrb_bool
+#define mrb_bool(o)   (mrb_type(o) != MRB_TT_FALSE)
+#endif
 #define mrb_test(o)   mrb_bool(o)
 
 /**
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-array-ext/src/array.c b/mrbgems/mruby-array-ext/src/array.c
index cb4798d49..ab6d99133 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-array-ext/src/array.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-array-ext/src/array.c
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ mrb_ary_rassoc(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary)
 
   for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
     v = RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i];
-    if (mrb_type(v) == MRB_TT_ARRAY &&
+    if (mrb_array_p(v) &&
         RARRAY_LEN(v) > 1 &&
         mrb_equal(mrb, RARRAY_PTR(v)[1], value))
       return v;
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-class-ext/src/class.c b/mrbgems/mruby-class-ext/src/class.c
index 255e62f6b..0d27c30ed 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-class-ext/src/class.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-class-ext/src/class.c
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ mrb_mod_name(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 static mrb_value
 mrb_mod_singleton_class_p(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 {
-  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_type(self) == MRB_TT_SCLASS);
+  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_sclass_p(self));
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/codegen.c b/mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/codegen.c
index 1989c0cf1..0af76bd17 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/codegen.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/codegen.c
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ new_lit(codegen_scope *s, mrb_value val)
       mrb_int len;
       pv = &s->irep->pool[i];
 
-      if (mrb_type(*pv) != MRB_TT_STRING) continue;
+      if (!mrb_string_p(*pv)) continue;
       if ((len = RSTRING_LEN(*pv)) != RSTRING_LEN(val)) continue;
       if (memcmp(RSTRING_PTR(*pv), RSTRING_PTR(val), len) == 0)
         return i;
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ new_lit(codegen_scope *s, mrb_value val)
     for (i=0; i<s->irep->plen; i++) {
       mrb_float f1, f2;
       pv = &s->irep->pool[i];
-      if (mrb_type(*pv) != MRB_TT_FLOAT) continue;
+      if (!mrb_float_p(*pv)) continue;
       f1 = mrb_float(*pv);
       f2 = mrb_float(val);
       if (f1 == f2 && !signbit(f1) == !signbit(f2)) return i;
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-fiber/src/fiber.c b/mrbgems/mruby-fiber/src/fiber.c
index e47849dda..e22985bd3 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-fiber/src/fiber.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-fiber/src/fiber.c
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ fiber_eq(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   mrb_value other;
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &other);
 
-  if (mrb_type(other) != MRB_TT_FIBER) {
+  if (!mrb_fiber_p(other)) {
     return mrb_false_value();
   }
   return mrb_bool_value(fiber_ptr(self) == fiber_ptr(other));
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-io/src/io.c b/mrbgems/mruby-io/src/io.c
index 8228097cb..624c27f47 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-io/src/io.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-io/src/io.c
@@ -907,7 +907,7 @@ mrb_io_syswrite(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value io)
   }
 
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "S", &str);
-  if (mrb_type(str) != MRB_TT_STRING) {
+  if (!mrb_string_p(str)) {
     buf = mrb_funcall(mrb, str, "to_s", 0);
   } else {
     buf = str;
@@ -1000,7 +1000,7 @@ static int
 mrb_io_read_data_pending(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value io)
 {
   mrb_value buf = mrb_iv_get(mrb, io, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, "@buf"));
-  if (mrb_type(buf) == MRB_TT_STRING && RSTRING_LEN(buf) > 0) {
+  if (mrb_string_p(buf) && RSTRING_LEN(buf) > 0) {
     return 1;
   }
   return 0;
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-io/test/mruby_io_test.c b/mrbgems/mruby-io/test/mruby_io_test.c
index 2c8a75fc9..eb552c41a 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-io/test/mruby_io_test.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-io/test/mruby_io_test.c
@@ -154,16 +154,16 @@ mrb_io_test_io_cleanup(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   mrb_value symlinkname = mrb_gv_get(mrb, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, "$mrbtest_io_symlinkname"));
   mrb_value socketname = mrb_gv_get(mrb, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, "$mrbtest_io_socketname"));
 
-  if (mrb_type(rfname) == MRB_TT_STRING) {
+  if (mrb_string_p(rfname)) {
     remove(RSTRING_PTR(rfname));
   }
-  if (mrb_type(wfname) == MRB_TT_STRING) {
+  if (mrb_string_p(wfname)) {
     remove(RSTRING_PTR(wfname));
   }
-  if (mrb_type(symlinkname) == MRB_TT_STRING) {
+  if (mrb_string_p(symlinkname)) {
     remove(RSTRING_PTR(symlinkname));
   }
-  if (mrb_type(socketname) == MRB_TT_STRING) {
+  if (mrb_string_p(socketname)) {
     remove(RSTRING_PTR(socketname));
   }
 
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c b/mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c
index 376751e10..a2af6b46f 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ mrb_f_caller(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
       n = bt_len - lev;
       break;
     case 1:
-      if (mrb_type(v) == MRB_TT_RANGE) {
+      if (mrb_range_p(v)) {
         mrb_int beg, len;
         if (mrb_range_beg_len(mrb, v, &beg, &len, bt_len, TRUE) == MRB_RANGE_OK) {
           lev = beg;
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-method/src/method.c b/mrbgems/mruby-method/src/method.c
index d95ca1664..1557e60ca 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-method/src/method.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-method/src/method.c
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ method_object_alloc(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *mclass)
 static void
 bind_check(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value recv, mrb_value owner)
 {
-  if (mrb_type(owner) != MRB_TT_MODULE &&
+  if (!mrb_module_p(owner) &&
       mrb_class_ptr(owner) != mrb_obj_class(mrb, recv) &&
       !mrb_obj_is_kind_of(mrb, recv, mrb_class_ptr(owner))) {
-    if (mrb_type(owner) == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
+    if (mrb_sclass_p(owner)) {
       mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "singleton method called for a different object");
     } else {
       mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "bind argument must be an instance of %v", owner);
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-random/src/random.c b/mrbgems/mruby-random/src/random.c
index af9876ce7..515c0707a 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-random/src/random.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-random/src/random.c
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ get_opt(mrb_state* mrb)
 static void
 random_check(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value random) {
   struct RClass *c = mrb_class_get(mrb, "Random");
-  if (!mrb_obj_is_kind_of(mrb, random, c) || mrb_type(random) != MRB_TT_ISTRUCT) {
+  if (!mrb_obj_is_kind_of(mrb, random, c) || !mrb_istruct_p(random)) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "Random instance required");
   }
 }
diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-socket/src/socket.c b/mrbgems/mruby-socket/src/socket.c
index 53f761617..53cd9f4aa 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-socket/src/socket.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-socket/src/socket.c
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ mrb_basicsocket_setsockopt(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
     level = mrb_fixnum(so);
     if (mrb_string_p(optval)) {
       /* that's good */
-    } else if (mrb_type(optval) == MRB_TT_TRUE || mrb_type(optval) == MRB_TT_FALSE) {
+    } else if (mrb_true_p(optval) || mrb_false_p(optval)) {
       mrb_int i = mrb_test(optval) ? 1 : 0;
       optval = mrb_str_new(mrb, (char*)&i, sizeof(i));
     } else if (mrb_fixnum_p(optval)) {
diff --git a/src/class.c b/src/class.c
index adb8954cc..745e0a72c 100644
--- a/src/class.c
+++ b/src/class.c
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ mrb_vm_define_module(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value outer, mrb_sym id)
   if (mrb_const_defined_at(mrb, outer, id)) {
     mrb_value old = mrb_const_get(mrb, outer, id);
 
-    if (mrb_type(old) != MRB_TT_MODULE) {
+    if (!mrb_module_p(old)) {
       mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%!v is not a module", old);
     }
     return mrb_class_ptr(old);
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ mrb_vm_define_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value outer, mrb_value super, mrb_sym id
   struct RClass *c;
 
   if (!mrb_nil_p(super)) {
-    if (mrb_type(super) != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
+    if (!mrb_class_p(super)) {
       mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass must be a Class (%!v given)", super);
     }
     s = mrb_class_ptr(super);
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ mrb_vm_define_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value outer, mrb_value super, mrb_sym id
   if (mrb_const_defined_at(mrb, outer, id)) {
     mrb_value old = mrb_const_get(mrb, outer, id);
 
-    if (mrb_type(old) != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
+    if (!mrb_class_p(old)) {
       mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%!v is not a class", old);
     }
     c = mrb_class_ptr(old);
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ mrb_exc_get(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name)
   mrb_value c = mrb_const_get(mrb, mrb_obj_value(mrb->object_class),
                               mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name));
 
-  if (mrb_type(c) != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
+  if (!mrb_class_p(c)) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, mrb->eException_class, "exception corrupted");
   }
   exc = e = mrb_class_ptr(c);
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
         p = va_arg(ap, void**);
         if (i < argc) {
           ss = argv[arg_i];
-          if (mrb_type(ss) != MRB_TT_ISTRUCT)
+          if (!mrb_istruct_p(ss))
           {
             mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%v is not inline struct", ss);
           }
@@ -1789,7 +1789,7 @@ mrb_value
 mrb_mod_to_s(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value klass)
 {
 
-  if (mrb_type(klass) == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
+  if (mrb_sclass_p(klass)) {
     mrb_value v = mrb_iv_get(mrb, klass, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "__attached__"));
     mrb_value str = mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "#<Class:");
 
diff --git a/src/etc.c b/src/etc.c
index bf6586748..607e82ca1 100644
--- a/src/etc.c
+++ b/src/etc.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ mrb_data_object_alloc(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *klass, void *ptr, const mrb
 MRB_API void
 mrb_data_check_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, const mrb_data_type *type)
 {
-  if (mrb_type(obj) != MRB_TT_DATA) {
+  if (!mrb_data_p(obj)) {
     mrb_check_type(mrb, obj, MRB_TT_DATA);
   }
   if (DATA_TYPE(obj) != type) {
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ mrb_data_check_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, const mrb_data_type *type)
 MRB_API void*
 mrb_data_check_get_ptr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, const mrb_data_type *type)
 {
-  if (mrb_type(obj) != MRB_TT_DATA) {
+  if (!mrb_data_p(obj)) {
     return NULL;
   }
   if (DATA_TYPE(obj) != type) {
diff --git a/src/gc.c b/src/gc.c
index a2a904477..835d1c61d 100644
--- a/src/gc.c
+++ b/src/gc.c
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ mrb_gc_register(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
   if (mrb_immediate_p(obj)) return;
   root = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, GC_ROOT_NAME);
   table = mrb_gv_get(mrb, root);
-  if (mrb_nil_p(table) || mrb_type(table) != MRB_TT_ARRAY) {
+  if (mrb_nil_p(table) || !mrb_array_p(table)) {
     table = mrb_ary_new(mrb);
     mrb_gv_set(mrb, root, table);
   }
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ mrb_gc_unregister(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
   root = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, GC_ROOT_NAME);
   table = mrb_gv_get(mrb, root);
   if (mrb_nil_p(table)) return;
-  if (mrb_type(table) != MRB_TT_ARRAY) {
+  if (!mrb_array_p(table)) {
     mrb_gv_set(mrb, root, mrb_nil_value());
     return;
   }
diff --git a/src/hash.c b/src/hash.c
index 83c986c46..21e34a5ea 100644
--- a/src/hash.c
+++ b/src/hash.c
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ ht_hash_equal(mrb_state *mrb, htable *t, mrb_value a, mrb_value b)
     return mrb_str_equal(mrb, a, b);
 
   case MRB_TT_SYMBOL:
-    if (mrb_type(b) != MRB_TT_SYMBOL) return FALSE;
+    if (!mrb_symbol_p(b)) return FALSE;
     return mrb_symbol(a) == mrb_symbol(b);
 
   case MRB_TT_FIXNUM:
diff --git a/src/kernel.c b/src/kernel.c
index bde0cb22a..4287b6cf2 100644
--- a/src/kernel.c
+++ b/src/kernel.c
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ mrb_obj_basic_to_s_p(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 MRB_API mrb_value
 mrb_obj_inspect(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 {
-  if ((mrb_type(obj) == MRB_TT_OBJECT) && mrb_obj_basic_to_s_p(mrb, obj)) {
+  if (mrb_object_p(obj) && mrb_obj_basic_to_s_p(mrb, obj)) {
     return mrb_obj_iv_inspect(mrb, mrb_obj_ptr(obj));
   }
   return mrb_any_to_s(mrb, obj);
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ mrb_obj_clone(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   if (mrb_immediate_p(self)) {
     mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't clone %v", self);
   }
-  if (mrb_type(self) == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
+  if (mrb_sclass_p(self)) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't clone singleton class");
   }
   p = (struct RObject*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, mrb_type(self), mrb_obj_class(mrb, self));
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ mrb_obj_dup(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
   if (mrb_immediate_p(obj)) {
     mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't dup %v", obj);
   }
-  if (mrb_type(obj) == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
+  if (mrb_sclass_p(obj)) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't dup singleton class");
   }
   p = mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, mrb_type(obj), mrb_obj_class(mrb, obj));
diff --git a/src/numeric.c b/src/numeric.c
index ae85a1844..60925841f 100644
--- a/src/numeric.c
+++ b/src/numeric.c
@@ -1562,7 +1562,7 @@ mrb_cmp(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj1, mrb_value obj2)
   case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
     return cmpnum(mrb, obj1, obj2);
   case MRB_TT_STRING:
-    if (mrb_type(obj2) != MRB_TT_STRING)
+    if (!mrb_string_p(obj2))
       return -2;
     return mrb_str_cmp(mrb, obj1, obj2);
   default:
diff --git a/src/object.c b/src/object.c
index ee36da320..0b83c97a3 100644
--- a/src/object.c
+++ b/src/object.c
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ mrb_check_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, enum mrb_vtype t)
         else if (mrb_fixnum_p(x)) {
           etype = "Fixnum";
         }
-        else if (mrb_type(x) == MRB_TT_SYMBOL) {
+        else if (mrb_symbol_p(x)) {
           etype = "Symbol";
         }
         else if (mrb_immediate_p(x)) {
diff --git a/src/proc.c b/src/proc.c
index 5f32fcfd1..0bc313eb9 100644
--- a/src/proc.c
+++ b/src/proc.c
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ mrb_proc_init_copy(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   mrb_value proc;
 
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &proc);
-  if (mrb_type(proc) != MRB_TT_PROC) {
+  if (!mrb_proc_p(proc)) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "not a proc");
   }
   mrb_proc_copy(mrb_proc_ptr(self), mrb_proc_ptr(proc));
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ proc_lambda(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   if (mrb_nil_p(blk)) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "tried to create Proc object without a block");
   }
-  if (mrb_type(blk) != MRB_TT_PROC) {
+  if (!mrb_proc_p(blk)) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "not a proc");
   }
   p = mrb_proc_ptr(blk);
diff --git a/src/range.c b/src/range.c
index 181e1e243..6df5d13a3 100644
--- a/src/range.c
+++ b/src/range.c
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ range_eql(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value range)
 
   if (mrb_obj_equal(mrb, range, obj)) return mrb_true_value();
   if (!mrb_obj_is_kind_of(mrb, obj, mrb->range_class)) return mrb_false_value();
-  if (mrb_type(obj) != MRB_TT_RANGE) return mrb_false_value();
+  if (!mrb_range_p(obj)) return mrb_false_value();
 
   r = mrb_range_ptr(mrb, range);
   o = mrb_range_ptr(mrb, obj);
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ mrb_range_beg_len(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value range, mrb_int *begp, mrb_int *lenp,
   mrb_int beg, end;
   struct RRange *r;
 
-  if (mrb_type(range) != MRB_TT_RANGE) return MRB_RANGE_TYPE_MISMATCH;
+  if (!mrb_range_p(range)) return MRB_RANGE_TYPE_MISMATCH;
   r = mrb_range_ptr(mrb, range);
 
   beg = mrb_int(mrb, RANGE_BEG(r));
diff --git a/src/state.c b/src/state.c
index 99b523dd5..3e5ebb483 100644
--- a/src/state.c
+++ b/src/state.c
@@ -119,12 +119,12 @@ mrb_irep_free(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_irep *irep)
   if (!(irep->flags & MRB_ISEQ_NO_FREE))
     mrb_free(mrb, (void*)irep->iseq);
   if (irep->pool) for (i=0; i<irep->plen; i++) {
-    if (mrb_type(irep->pool[i]) == MRB_TT_STRING) {
+    if (mrb_string_p(irep->pool[i])) {
       mrb_gc_free_str(mrb, RSTRING(irep->pool[i]));
       mrb_free(mrb, mrb_obj_ptr(irep->pool[i]));
     }
 #if defined(MRB_WORD_BOXING) && !defined(MRB_WITHOUT_FLOAT)
-    else if (mrb_type(irep->pool[i]) == MRB_TT_FLOAT) {
+    else if (mrb_float_p(irep->pool[i])) {
       mrb_free(mrb, mrb_obj_ptr(irep->pool[i]));
     }
 #endif
diff --git a/src/string.c b/src/string.c
index f53985ab9..b49fdfc2e 100644
--- a/src/string.c
+++ b/src/string.c
@@ -1688,7 +1688,7 @@ mrb_str_eql(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   mrb_bool eql_p;
 
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &str2);
-  eql_p = (mrb_type(str2) == MRB_TT_STRING) && str_eql(mrb, self, str2);
+  eql_p = (mrb_string_p(str2)) && str_eql(mrb, self, str2);
 
   return mrb_bool_value(eql_p);
 }
@@ -2977,7 +2977,7 @@ mrb_str_byteslice(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str)
     beg = mrb_fixnum(mrb_to_int(mrb, a1));
     len = mrb_fixnum(mrb_to_int(mrb, a2));
   }
-  else if (mrb_type(a1) == MRB_TT_RANGE) {
+  else if (mrb_range_p(a1)) {
     if (mrb_range_beg_len(mrb, a1, &beg, &len, str_len, TRUE) != MRB_RANGE_OK) {
       return mrb_nil_value();
     }
diff --git a/src/symbol.c b/src/symbol.c
index 6ff1e54da..90cb49fd8 100644
--- a/src/symbol.c
+++ b/src/symbol.c
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ sym_cmp(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value s1)
   mrb_sym sym1, sym2;
 
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &s2);
-  if (mrb_type(s2) != MRB_TT_SYMBOL) return mrb_nil_value();
+  if (!mrb_symbol_p(s2)) return mrb_nil_value();
   sym1 = mrb_symbol(s1);
   sym2 = mrb_symbol(s2);
   if (sym1 == sym2) return mrb_fixnum_value(0);
diff --git a/src/variable.c b/src/variable.c
index d7a07d5be..7d4470186 100644
--- a/src/variable.c
+++ b/src/variable.c
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ inspect_i(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v, void *p)
   s = mrb_sym_name_len(mrb, sym, &len);
   mrb_str_cat(mrb, str, s, len);
   mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, str, "=");
-  if (mrb_type(v) == MRB_TT_OBJECT) {
+  if (mrb_object_p(v)) {
     ins = mrb_any_to_s(mrb, v);
   }
   else {
diff --git a/src/vm.c b/src/vm.c
index 6d342a381..54f74907e 100644
--- a/src/vm.c
+++ b/src/vm.c
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@ mrb_yield_cont(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value b, mrb_value self, mrb_int argc, const
   if (mrb_nil_p(b)) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "no block given");
   }
-  if (mrb_type(b) != MRB_TT_PROC) {
+  if (!mrb_proc_p(b)) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "not a block");
   }
 
@@ -1387,7 +1387,7 @@ RETRY_TRY_BLOCK:
 
       recv = regs[a];
       blk = regs[bidx];
-      if (!mrb_nil_p(blk) && mrb_type(blk) != MRB_TT_PROC) {
+      if (!mrb_nil_p(blk) && !mrb_proc_p(blk)) {
         blk = mrb_convert_type(mrb, blk, MRB_TT_PROC, "Proc", "to_proc");
         /* The stack might have been reallocated during mrb_convert_type(),
            see #3622 */
@@ -1447,7 +1447,7 @@ RETRY_TRY_BLOCK:
         mrb_gc_arena_shrink(mrb, ai);
         if (mrb->exc) goto L_RAISE;
         ci = mrb->c->ci;
-        if (mrb_type(blk) == MRB_TT_PROC) {
+        if (mrb_proc_p(blk)) {
           struct RProc *p = mrb_proc_ptr(blk);
           if (p && !MRB_PROC_STRICT_P(p) && MRB_PROC_ENV(p) == ci[-1].env) {
             p->flags |= MRB_PROC_ORPHAN;
@@ -1588,7 +1588,7 @@ RETRY_TRY_BLOCK:
         goto L_RAISE;
       }
       blk = regs[bidx];
-      if (!mrb_nil_p(blk) && mrb_type(blk) != MRB_TT_PROC) {
+      if (!mrb_nil_p(blk) && !mrb_proc_p(blk)) {
         blk = mrb_convert_type(mrb, blk, MRB_TT_PROC, "Proc", "to_proc");
         /* The stack or ci stack might have been reallocated during
            mrb_convert_type(), see #3622 and #3784 */
@@ -1939,7 +1939,7 @@ RETRY_TRY_BLOCK:
         else {
           blk = regs[ci->argc+1];
         }
-        if (mrb_type(blk) == MRB_TT_PROC) {
+        if (mrb_proc_p(blk)) {
           struct RProc *p = mrb_proc_ptr(blk);
 
           if (!MRB_PROC_STRICT_P(p) &&
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 1f5a7f2f4970144164232a2bc45f561de5d65c33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Yukihiro \"Matz\" Matsumoto" <matz@ruby.or.jp>
Date: Fri, 4 Oct 2019 16:02:50 +0900
Subject: Freeze strings from `nil.to_s`, `true.to_s`, `false.to_s`.

This is an experimental changes in Ruby 2.7.
---
 include/mruby.h | 6 ++++++
 src/kernel.c    | 2 +-
 src/object.c    | 8 ++++----
 src/string.c    | 7 +++++++
 4 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/kernel.c')

diff --git a/include/mruby.h b/include/mruby.h
index 04b21bc35..5d12cf84e 100644
--- a/include/mruby.h
+++ b/include/mruby.h
@@ -1022,6 +1022,12 @@ MRB_API mrb_value mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb_state*, const char*);
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_str_new_static(mrb_state *mrb, const char *p, size_t len);
 #define mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, lit) mrb_str_new_static(mrb, (lit), mrb_strlen_lit(lit))
 
+MRB_API mrb_value mrb_obj_freeze(mrb_state*, mrb_value);
+#define mrb_str_new_frozen(mrb,p,len) mrb_obj_freeze(mrb,mrb_str_new(mrb,p,len))
+#define mrb_str_new_cstr_frozen(mrb,p) mrb_obj_freeze(mrb,mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb,p))
+#define mrb_str_new_static_frozen(mrb,p,len) mrb_obj_freeze(mrb,mrb_str_new_static(mrb,p,len))
+#define mrb_str_new_lit_frozen(mrb,lit) mrb_obj_freeze(mrb,mrb_str_new_lit(mrb,lit))
+
 #ifdef _WIN32
 MRB_API char* mrb_utf8_from_locale(const char *p, int len);
 MRB_API char* mrb_locale_from_utf8(const char *p, int len);
diff --git a/src/kernel.c b/src/kernel.c
index 4287b6cf2..c88a457f0 100644
--- a/src/kernel.c
+++ b/src/kernel.c
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ mrb_obj_extend_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   return mrb_obj_extend(mrb, argc, argv, self);
 }
 
-static mrb_value
+MRB_API mrb_value
 mrb_obj_freeze(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 {
   if (!mrb_immediate_p(self)) {
diff --git a/src/object.c b/src/object.c
index 0b83c97a3..4e2ba7154 100644
--- a/src/object.c
+++ b/src/object.c
@@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ mrb_true(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 static mrb_value
 nil_to_s(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 {
-  return mrb_str_new(mrb, 0, 0);
+  return mrb_str_new_frozen(mrb, 0, 0);
 }
 
 static mrb_value
 nil_inspect(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 {
-  return mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "nil");
+  return mrb_str_new_lit_frozen(mrb, "nil");
 }
 
 /***********************************************************************
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ true_xor(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 static mrb_value
 true_to_s(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 {
-  return mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "true");
+  return mrb_str_new_lit_frozen(mrb, "true");
 }
 
 /* 15.2.5.3.4  */
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ false_or(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 static mrb_value
 false_to_s(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 {
-  return mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "false");
+  return mrb_str_new_lit_frozen(mrb, "false");
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/src/string.c b/src/string.c
index 1428ea780..328366e10 100644
--- a/src/string.c
+++ b/src/string.c
@@ -235,6 +235,13 @@ mrb_str_new_static(mrb_state *mrb, const char *p, size_t len)
   return mrb_obj_value(s);
 }
 
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_str_freeze(mrb_state *mrb, const char *p, size_t len)
+{
+  struct RString *s = str_new_static(mrb, p, len);
+  return mrb_obj_value(s);
+}
+
 static void
 str_decref(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_shared_string *shared)
 {
-- 
cgit v1.2.3