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# The new bytecode
We will reimplement VM to use 8bit instruction code. By
bytecode, we mean real byte code. The whole purpose is
reducing the memory consumption of mruby VM.
# Instructions
Instructions are bytes. There can be 256 instructions. Currently we
have 94 instructions. Instructions can take 0 to 3 operands.
## operands
The size of operands can be either 8bits, 16bits or 24bits.
In the table.1 below, the second field describes the size (and
sign) of operands.
* B: 8bit
* sB: signed 8bit
* S: 16bit
* sS: signed 16bit
* W: 24bit
First two byte operands may be extended to 16bit. When those byte
operands are bigger than 256, the instruction will be prefixed by
`OP_EXT1` (means 1st operand is 16bit) or `OP_EXT2` (means 2nd operand
is 16bit) or `OP_EXT3` (means 1st and 2nd operands are 16bit).
For instructions marked by `'`, `OP_EXT1` can be prefixed. For those
with `"`, either `OP_EXT1` or `OP_EXT2` or `OP_EXT2` can be prefixed.
## table.1 Instruction Table
|Instruction Name |Operand type |Semantics
|-----------------|-------------|-----------------
|OP_NOP | - |
|OP_MOVE" |BB |R(a) = R(b)
|OP_LOADL" |BB |R(a) = Pool(b)
|OP_LOADI" |BsB |R(a) = mrb_int(b)
|OP_LOADI_0' |B |R(a) = 0
|OP_LOADI_1' |B |R(a) = 1
|OP_LOADI_2' |B |R(a) = 2
|OP_LOADI_3' |B |R(a) = 3
|OP_LOADSYM" |BB |R(a) = Syms(b)
|OP_LOADNIL' |B |R(a) = nil
|OP_LOADSELF' |B |R(a) = self
|OP_LOADT' |B |R(a) = true
|OP_LOADF' |B |R(a) = false
|OP_GETGV" |BB |R(a) = getglobal(Syms(b))
|OP_SETGV" |BB |setglobal(Syms(b), R(a))
|OP_GETSV" |BB |R(a) = Special[b]
|OP_SETSV" |BB |Special[b] = R(a)
|OP_GETIV" |BB |R(a) = ivget(Syms(b))
|OP_SETIV" |BB |ivset(Syms(b),R(a))
|OP_GETCV" |BB |R(a) = cvget(Syms(b))
|OP_SETCV" |BB |cvset(Syms(b),R(a))
|OP_GETCONST" |BB |R(a) = constget(Syms(b))
|OP_SETCONST" |BB |constset(Syms(b),R(a))
|OP_GETMCNST" |BB |R(a) = R(a)::Syms(b)
|OP_SETMCNST" |BB |R(a+1)::Syms(b) = R(a)
|OP_GETUPVAR' |BBB |R(a) = uvget(b,c)
|OP_SETUPVAR' |BBB |uvset(b,c,R(a))
|OP_JMP |S |pc+=a
|OP_JMPIF' |SB |if R(b) pc+=a
|OP_JMPNOT' |SB |if !R(b) pc+=a
|OP_ONERR |sS |rescue_push(pc+a)
|OP_EXCEPT' |B |R(a) = exc
|OP_RESCUE" |BB |R(b) = R(a).isa?(R(b))
|OP_POPERR |B |a.times{rescue_pop()}
|OP_RAISE' |B |raise(R(a))
|OP_EPUSH' |B |ensure_push(SEQ[a])
|OP_EPOP |B |A.times{ensure_pop().call}
|OP_SENDV" |BB |R(a) = call(R(a),Syms(b),*R(a+1))
|OP_SENDVB" |BB |R(a) = call(R(a),Syms(b),*R(a+1),&R(a+2))
|OP_SEND" |BBB |R(a) = call(R(a),Syms(b),R(a+1),...,R(a+c))
|OP_SENDB" |BBB |R(a) = call(R(a),Syms(Bx),R(a+1),...,R(a+c),&R(a+c+1))
|OP_CALL' |B |R(a) = self.call(frame.argc, frame.argv)
|OP_SUPER' |BB |R(a) = super(R(a+1),... ,R(a+b+1))
|OP_ARGARY' |BS |R(a) = argument array (16=5:1:5:1:4)
|OP_ENTER |W |arg setup according to flags (23=5:5:1:5:5:1:1)
|OP_KARG" |BB |R(a) = kdict[Syms(Bx)] # todo
|OP_KARG2" |BB |R(a) = kdict[Syms(Bx)]; kdict.rm(Syms(b)) # todo
|OP_RETURN' |B |return R(a) (normal)
|OP_RETURN_BLK' |B |return R(a) (in-block return)
|OP_BREAK' |B |break R(a)
|OP_BLKPUSH' |BS |R(a) = block (16=5:1:5:1:4)
|OP_ADD" |BB |R(a) = R(a)+R(a+1) (Syms[b]=:+)
|OP_ADDI" |BBB |R(a) = R(a)+mrb_int(c) (Syms[b]=:+)
|OP_SUB" |BB |R(a) = R(a)-R(a+1) (Syms[b]=:-)
|OP_SUBI" |BB |R(a) = R(a)-C (Syms[b]=:-)
|OP_MUL" |BB |R(a) = R(a)*R(a+1) (Syms[b]=:*)
|OP_DIV" |BB |R(a) = R(a)/R(a+1) (Syms[b]=:/)
|OP_EQ" |BB |R(a) = R(a)==R(a+1) (Syms[b]=:==)
|OP_LT" |BB |R(a) = R(a)<R(a+1) (Syms[b]=:<)
|OP_LE" |BB |R(a) = R(a)<=R(a+1) (Syms[b]=:<=)
|OP_GT" |BB |R(a) = R(a)>R(a+1) (Syms[b]=:>)
|OP_GE" |BB |R(a) = R(a)>=R(a+1) (Syms[b]=:>=)
|OP_ARRAY' |BB |R(a) = ary_new(R(a),R(a+1)..R(a+b))
|OP_ARRAY2" |BB |R(a) = ary_new(R(b),R(b+1)..R(b+c))
|OP_ARYCAT' |B |ary_cat(R(a),R(a+1))
|OP_ARYPUSH' |B |ary_push(R(a),R(a+1))
|OP_AREF' |BB |R(a) = R(a)[b]
|OP_ASET' |BB |R(a)[b] = R(a+1)
|OP_APOST' |BB |*R(a),R(A+1)..R(A+C) = R(a)[B..]
|OP_STRING" |BB |R(a) = str_dup(Lit(b))
|OP_STRCAT' |B |str_cat(R(a),R(a+1))
|OP_HASH' |BB |R(a) = hash_new(R(a),R(a+1)..R(a+b))
|OP_HASHADD' |BB |R(a) = hash_push(R(a),R(a+1)..R(a+b))
|OP_LAMBDA" |BB |R(a) = lambda(SEQ[b],OP_L_LAMBDA)
|OP_BLOCK" |BB |R(a) = lambda(SEQ[b],OP_L_BLOCK)
|OP_METHOD" |BB |R(a) = lambda(SEQ[b],OP_L_METHOD)
|OP_RANGE_INC' |B |R(a) = range_new(R(a),R(a+1),FALSE)
|OP_RANGE_EXC' |B |R(a) = range_new(R(a),R(a+1),TRUE)
|OP_OCLASS' |B |R(a) = ::Object
|OP_CLASS" |BB |R(a) = newclass(R(a),Syms(b),R(a+1))
|OP_MODULE" |BB |R(a) = newmodule(R(a),Syms(b))
|OP_EXEC" |BB |R(a) = blockexec(R(a),SEQ[b])
|OP_DEF" |BB |R(a).newmethod(Syms(b),R(a+1))
|OP_ALIAS' |B |alias_method(R(a),R(a+1),R(a+2))
|OP_UNDEF" |BB |undef_method(R(a),Syms(b))
|OP_SCLASS' |B |R(a) = R(a).singleton_class
|OP_TCLASS' |B |R(a) = target_class
|OP_ERR' |B |raise(RuntimeError, Lit(Bx))
|OP_EXT1 |- |make 1st operand 16bit
|OP_EXT2 |- |make 2nd operand 16bit
|OP_EXT3 |- |make 1st and 2nd operands 16bit
|OP_STOP |- |stop VM
|
