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# STC [cstack](../include/stc/cstack.h): Stack
The **cstack** is a container that gives the programmer the functionality of a stack - specifically, a LIFO (last-in, first-out) data structure. The stack pushes and pops the element from the back of the container, known as the top of the stack.
See the c++ class [std::stack](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/stack) for a functional description.
## Header file and declaration
```c
#define i_val // value: REQUIRED
#define i_cmp // three-way compare two i_valraw* : REQUIRED IF i_valraw is a non-integral type
#define i_del // destroy value func - defaults to empty destruct
#define i_valraw // convertion "raw" type - defaults to i_val
#define i_valfrom // convertion func i_valraw => i_val - defaults to plain copy
#define i_valto // convertion func i_val* => i_valraw - defaults to plain copy
#define i_tag // defaults to i_val name
#include <stc/cstack.h>
```
`X` should be replaced by the value of `i_tag` in all of the following documentation.
## Methods
```c
cstack_X cstack_X_init(void);
cstack_X cstack_X_clone(cstack_X st);
void cstack_X_clear(cstack_X* self);
void cstack_X_reserve(cstack_X* self, size_t n);
void cstack_X_shrink_to_fit(cstack_X* self);
void cstack_X_copy(cstack_X* self, cstack_X other);
void cstack_X_del(cstack_X* self); // destructor
size_t cstack_X_size(cstack_X st);
bool cstack_X_empty(cstack_X st);
cstack_X_value_t* cstack_X_top(const cstack_X* self);
void cstack_X_push(cstack_X* self, cstack_X_value_t value);
void cstack_X_emplace(cstack_X* self, cstack_X_rawvalue_t raw);
void cstack_X_pop(cstack_X* self);
cstack_X_iter_t cstack_X_begin(const cstack_X* self);
cstack_X_iter_t cstack_X_end(const cstack_X* self);
void cstack_X_next(cstack_X_iter_t* it);
cstack_X_rawvalue_t cstack_X_value_toraw(cvec_X_value_t* pval);
cstack_X_value_t cstack_X_value_clone(cstack_X_value_t val);
```
## Types
| Type name | Type definition | Used to represent... |
|:----------------------|:---------------------------------------|:----------------------------|
| `cstack_X` | `struct { cstack_value_t *data; ... }` | The cstack type |
| `cstack_X_value_t` | `i_val` | The cstack element type |
| `cstack_X_rawvalue_t` | `i_valraw` | cstack raw value type |
| `cstack_X_iter_t` | `struct { cstack_value_t *ref; }` | cstack iterator |
## Example
```c
#define i_val int
#define i_tag i
#include <stc/cstack.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
cstack_i S = cstack_i_init();
for (int i=0; i < 100; ++i)
cstack_i_push(&S, i*i);
for (int i=0; i < 90; ++i)
cstack_i_pop(&S);
printf("top: %d\n", *cstack_i_top(&S));
cstack_i_del(&S);
}
```
Output:
```
top: 81
```
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