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# STC [cstr](../include/stc/cstr.h): String
A **cstr** object represent sequences of characters. It supports an interface similar to that of a standard container of bytes, but adding features specifically designed to operate with strings of single-byte characters, terminated by the null character.
See the c++ class [std::basic_string](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string) for a functional description.
## Header file
All cstr definitions and prototypes are available by including a single header file.
```c
#include <stc/cstr.h>
```
## Methods
```c
cstr cstr_init(void); // constructor; same as cstr_null.
cstr cstr_new(const char literal_only[]); // cstr from literal; no strlen() call.
cstr cstr_from(const char* str); // constructor using strlen()
cstr cstr_from_n(const char* str, size_t n); // constructor with specified length
cstr cstr_with_capacity(size_t cap);
cstr cstr_with_size(size_t len, char fill); // repeat fill len times
cstr cstr_from_fmt(const char* fmt, ...); // printf() formatting
cstr cstr_clone(cstr s);
cstr* cstr_take(cstr* self, cstr s); // take the constructed or moved string
cstr cstr_move(cstr* self); // move string to caller, leave empty string
void cstr_drop(cstr *self); // destructor
const char* cstr_str(const cstr* self); // self->str
char* cstr_data(cstr* self); // self->str
size_t cstr_size(cstr s);
size_t cstr_length(cstr s);
size_t cstr_capacity(cstr s);
bool cstr_empty(cstr s);
size_t cstr_reserve(cstr* self, size_t capacity);
void cstr_resize(cstr* self, size_t len, char fill);
void cstr_clear(cstr* self);
cstr* cstr_assign(cstr* self, const char* str);
cstr* cstr_assign_n(cstr* self, const char* str, size_t n); // assign n first chars of str
cstr* cstr_copy(cstr* self, cstr s); // cstr_take(self, cstr_clone(s))
int cstr_printf(cstr* self, const char* fmt, ...); // printf() formatting
cstr* cstr_append(cstr* self, const char* str);
cstr* cstr_append_s(cstr* self, cstr s);
cstr* cstr_append_n(cstr* self, const char* str, size_t n);
void cstr_insert(cstr* self, size_t pos, const char* str);
void cstr_insert_s(cstr* self, size_t pos, cstr s);
void cstr_insert_n(cstr* self, size_t pos, const char* str, size_t n);
void cstr_replace(cstr* self, size_t pos, size_t len, const char* str);
void cstr_replace_s(cstr* self, size_t pos, size_t len, cstr s);
void cstr_replace_n(cstr* self, size_t pos, size_t len, const char* str, size_t n);
void cstr_replace_all(cstr* self, const char* find, const char* replace);
void cstr_erase(cstr* self, size_t pos);
void cstr_erase_n(cstr* self, size_t pos, size_t n);
bool cstr_equals(cstr s, const char* str);
bool cstr_equals_s(cstr s, cstr s2);
size_t cstr_find(cstr s, const char* needle);
size_t cstr_find_n(cstr s, const char* needle, size_t pos, size_t nmax);
bool cstr_contains(cstr s, const char* needle);
bool cstr_starts_with(cstr s, const char* str);
bool cstr_ends_with(cstr s, const char* str);
void cstr_push_back(cstr* self, char ch);
void cstr_pop_back(cstr* self);
char* cstr_front(cstr* self);
char* cstr_back(cstr* self);
cstr_iter cstr_begin(cstr* self);
cstr_iter cstr_end(cstr* self);
void cstr_next(cstr_iter* it);
bool cstr_getline(cstr *self, FILE *stream); // cstr_getdelim(self, '\n', stream)
bool cstr_getdelim(cstr *self, int delim, FILE *stream); // does not append delim to result
```
Note that all methods with arguments `(..., const char* str, size_t n)`, `n` must be within the range of `str` length.
#### Helper methods:
```c
int cstr_cmp(const cstr *s1, const cstr *s2);
bool cstr_equalto(const cstr *s1, const cstr *s2);
bool cstr_hash(const cstr *s, ...);
typedef const char* c_rawstr;
int c_rawstr_cmp(const c_rawstr* x, const c_rawstr* y);
bool c_rawstr_equalto(const c_rawstr* x, const c_rawstr* y);
uint64_t c_rawstr_hash(const c_rawstr* x, size_t dummy);
uint64_t c_strhash(const char* str);
char* c_strnstrn(const char* str, const char* needle, size_t slen, size_t nlen);
int c_strncasecmp(const char* str1, const char* str2, size_t n);
```
## Types
| Type name | Type definition | Used to represent... |
|:----------------|:-------------------------------|:-------------------------|
| `cstr` | `struct { char *str; }` | The string type |
| `cstr_value` | `char` | The string element type |
| `cstr_iter` | `struct { cstr_value *ref; }` | cstr iterator |
## Constants and macros
| Name | Value |
|:------------------|:------------------|
| `cstr_npos` | `INTPTR_MAX` |
| `cstr_null` | cstr null value |
## Example
```c
#include <stc/cstr.h>
int main() {
cstr s0 = cstr_new("Initialization without using strlen().");
printf("%s\nLength: %zu\n\n", s0.str, cstr_size(s0));
cstr s1 = cstr_new("one-nine-three-seven-five.");
printf("%s\n", s1.str);
cstr_insert(&s1, 3, "-two");
printf("%s\n", s1.str);
cstr_erase_n(&s1, 7, 5); // -nine
printf("%s\n", s1.str);
cstr_replace(&s1, cstr_find(s1, "seven"), 5, "four");
printf("%s\n", s1.str);
// reassign:
cstr_assign(&s1, "one two three four five six seven");
cstr_append(&s1, " eight");
printf("append: %s\n", s1.str);
cstr full_path = cstr_from_fmt("%s/%s.%s", "directory", "filename", "ext");
printf("%s\n", full_path.str);
c_drop(cstr, &s0, &s1, &full_path);
}
```
Output:
```
one-nine-three-seven-five.
one-two-nine-three-seven-five.
one-two-three-seven-five.
one-two-three-four-five.
append: one two three four five six seven eight
directory/filename.ext
```
|
