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diff --git a/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/02_printing_to_the_console.txt b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/02_printing_to_the_console.txt
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+++ b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/02_printing_to_the_console.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# ====================================================================================
+# Commenting Code
+# ====================================================================================
+#
+# Prefixing text with a pound sign (#) is how you comment code in Ruby. Example:
+#
+# I am commented code. And so are the lines above.
+#
+# I you want more than a quick primer on Ruby, check out https://poignant.guide/. It's
+# an entertaining read. Otherwise, go to the next txt file.
+#
+# Follow along by visiting:
+# https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.dragonruby.org/dragonruby-gtk-intermediate.mp4
+
+# ====================================================================================
+#  Printing to the Console:
+# ====================================================================================
+#
+# Every time you save repl.rb file, DragonRuby runs the code within it. Copy this text
+# to repl.rb and save to see Hello World printed to the console.
+
+repl do
+  puts '* RUBY PRIMER: Printing to the console using the ~puts~ function.'
+  puts '===='
+  puts '======'
+  puts '================================'
+  puts 'Hello World'
+  puts '================================'
+  puts '======'
+  puts '===='
+end
diff --git a/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/03_strings.txt b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/03_strings.txt
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+++ b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/03_strings.txt
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+# ====================================================================================
+#  Strings
+# ====================================================================================
+#
+# Here is how you work with strings in Ruby. Take the text
+# in this file and paste it into repl.rb and save:
+
+repl do
+  puts '* RUBY PRIMER: strings'
+  message = "Hello World"
+  puts "The value of message is: " + message
+  puts "Any value can be interpolated within a string using \#{}."
+  puts "Interpolated message: #{message}."
+  puts 'This #{message} is not interpolated because the string uses single quotes.'
+end
diff --git a/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/04_numbers.txt b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/04_numbers.txt
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+++ b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/04_numbers.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# ====================================================================================
+#  Numerics
+# ====================================================================================
+#
+# Here is how you work with numbers in Ruby. Take the text
+# in this file and paste it into repl.rb and save:
+
+repl do
+  puts '* RUBY PRIMER: Fixnum and Floats'
+  a = 10
+  puts "The value of a is: #{a}"
+  puts "a + 1 is: #{a + 1}"
+  puts "a / 3 is: #{a / 3}"
+  puts ''
+
+  b = 10.12
+  puts "The value of b is: #{b}"
+  puts "b + 1 is: #{b + 1}"
+  puts "b as an integer is: #{b.to_i}"
+  puts ''
+end
diff --git a/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/05_booleans.txt b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/05_booleans.txt
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+++ b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/05_booleans.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# ====================================================================================
+#  Booleans
+# ====================================================================================
+#
+# Here is how you work with numbers in Ruby. Take the text
+# in this file and paste it into repl.rb and save:
+
+repl do
+  puts '* RUBY PRIMER: TrueClass, FalseClass, NilClass (truthy / falsey values)'
+  puts "Anything that *isn't* false or nil is true."
+
+  c = 30
+  puts "The value of c is #{c}."
+
+  if c
+    puts "This if statement ran because c is truthy."
+  end
+
+  d = false
+  puts "The value if d is #{d}. The type for d is #{d.class}."
+
+  if !d
+    puts "This if statement ran because d is falsey, using the not operator (!)."
+  end
+
+  e = nil
+  puts "Nil is also considered falsey. The value of e is: #{e} (a blank string when printed). Which is of type #{e.class}."
+
+  if !e
+    puts "This if statement ran because e is nil and the if statement applied the NOT operator. !e yields a type of #{(!e).class}."
+  end
+end
diff --git a/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/06_conditionals.txt b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/06_conditionals.txt
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index 0000000..8a0c172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/06_conditionals.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# ====================================================================================
+#  Conditionals
+# ====================================================================================
+#
+# Here is how you create conditionals in Ruby. Take the text
+# in this file and paste it into repl.rb and save:
+
+repl do
+  puts "* RUBY PRIMER: Conditionals"
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+#  if
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: if statement"
+  i_am_one = 1
+  if i_am_one
+    puts "This was printed because i_am_one is truthy."
+  end
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+#  if/else
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: if/else statement"
+  i_am_false = false
+  if i_am_false
+    puts "This will NOT get printed because i_am_false is false."
+  else
+    puts "This was printed because i_am_false is false."
+  end
+end
+
+
+# ====================================================================================
+#  if/elsif/else
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: if/elsif/else statement"
+  i_am_false = false
+  i_am_true  = true
+  if i_am_false
+    puts "This will NOT get printed because i_am_false is false."
+  elsif i_am_true
+    puts "This was printed because i_am_true is true."
+  else
+    puts "This will NOT get printed i_am_true was true."
+  end
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+#  case
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO case statement"
+  i_am_one = 1 # change this value to see different results
+
+  case i_am_one
+  when 10
+    puts "the value of i_am_one is 10"
+  when 9
+    puts "the value of i_am_one is 9"
+  when 5
+    puts "the value of i_am_one is 5"
+  when 1
+    puts "the value of i_am_one is 1"
+  else
+    puts "Value wasn't cased."
+  end
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+#  comparison operators
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: Different types of comparisons"
+  if 4 == 4
+    puts "4 equals 4 (==)"
+  end
+
+  if 4 != 3
+    puts "4 does not equal 3 (!=)"
+  end
+
+  if 3 < 4
+    puts "3 is less than 4 (<)"
+  end
+
+  if 4 > 3
+    puts "4 is greater than 3 (>)"
+  end
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+#  and/or conditionals
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: AND, OR operator (&&, ||)"
+  if (4 > 3) || (3 < 4) || false
+    puts "print this if 4 is greater than 3 OR 3 is less than 4 OR false is true (||)"
+  end
+
+  if (4 > 3) && (3 < 4)
+    puts "print this if 4 is greater than 3 AND 3 is less than 4 (&&)"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/07_looping.txt b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/07_looping.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03c3d28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/07_looping.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# ====================================================================================
+#  Looping
+# ====================================================================================
+#
+# Looping looks a whole lot different than other languages.
+# But it's pretty awesome when you get used to it.
+
+repl do
+  puts "* RUBY PRIMER: Loops"
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+#  times
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: ~Numeric#times~ (for loop)"
+  3.times do |i|
+    puts i
+  end
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+#  foreach
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: ~Array#each~ (for each loop)"
+  array = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+  array.each do |char|
+    puts char
+  end
+
+  puts "** INFO: ~Array#each_with_index~ (for each loop)"
+  array = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+  array.each do |char, i|
+    puts "index #{i}: #{char}"
+  end
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+#  ranges
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: range block exclusive (three dots)"
+  (0...3).each do |i|
+    puts i
+  end
+
+  puts "** INFO: range block inclusive (two dots)"
+  (0..3).each do |i|
+    puts i
+  end
+end
diff --git a/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/08_functions.txt b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/08_functions.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/08_functions.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# ====================================================================================
+# Functions
+# ====================================================================================
+
+# The last statement of a function is implictly returned. Parenthesis for functions
+# are optional as long as the statement can be envaluated disambiguously.
+
+repl do
+  puts "* RUBY PRIMER: Functions"
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+# Functions single parameter
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "* INFO: Function with one parameter"
+
+  # function definition
+  def add_one_to n
+    n + 1
+  end
+
+  # Parenthesis are optional in Ruby as long as the
+  # parsing is disambiguous. Here are a couple of variations.
+  # Generally speaking, don't put parenthesis is you don't have to.
+
+  # Conventional Usage of Parenthesis.
+  puts add_one_to(3)
+
+  # DragonRuby's recommended use of parenthesis (inner function has parenthesis).
+  puts (add_one_to 3)
+
+  # Full parens.
+  puts(add_one_to(3))
+
+  # Outer function has parenthesis
+  puts(add_one_to 3)
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+# Functions with default parameter values
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "* INFO: Function with default value"
+  def function_with_default_value v = 10
+    v * 10
+  end
+
+  puts "Passing the argument three yields: #{function_with_default_value 3}"
+  puts "Passing no argument yields: #{function_with_default_value}"
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+# Nil default parameter value and ||= operator.
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "* INFO: Using the OR EQUAL operator (||=)"
+  def function_with_nil_default_with_local a = nil
+    result   = a
+    result ||= "DEFAULT_VALUE_OF_A_IS_NIL_OR_FALSE"
+    "value is #{result}."
+  end
+
+  puts "Passing 'hi' as the argument yields: #{function_with_nil_default_with_local 'hi'}"
+  puts "Passing nil: #{function_with_nil_default_with_local}"
+end
diff --git a/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/09_powerful_arrays.txt b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/09_powerful_arrays.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/09_powerful_arrays.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+# ====================================================================================
+# Arrays
+# ====================================================================================
+
+# Arrays are incredibly powerful in Ruby. Learn to use them well.
+
+repl do
+  puts "* RUBY PRIMER: ARRAYS"
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+# Enumerable ranges and .to_a
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: Create an array with the numbers 1 to 10."
+  one_to_ten = (1..10).to_a
+  puts one_to_ten
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+# Finding elements
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: Finding elements in an array using ~Array#find_all~."
+  puts "Create a new array that only contains even numbers from the previous array."
+
+  one_to_ten = (1..10).to_a
+  evens = one_to_ten.find_all do |number|
+    number % 2 == 0
+  end
+
+  puts evens
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+# Rejecting elements
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: Removing elements in an array using ~Array#reject~."
+  puts "Create a new array that rejects odd numbers."
+
+  one_to_ten = (1..10).to_a
+  also_even = one_to_ten.reject do |number|
+    number % 2 != 0
+  end
+
+  puts also_even
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+# Array transform using the map function.
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: Creating new derived values from an array using ~Array#map~."
+  puts "Create an array that doubles every number."
+
+  one_to_ten = (1..10).to_a
+  doubled = one_to_ten.map do |number|
+    number * 2
+  end
+
+  puts doubled
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+# Combining array functions.
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: Combining ~Array#find_all~ along with ~Array#map~."
+  puts "Create an array that selects only odd numbers and then multiply those by 10."
+
+  one_to_ten = (1..10).to_a
+  odd_doubled = one_to_ten.find_all do |number|
+    number % 2 != 0
+  end.map do |odd_number|
+    odd_number * 10
+  end
+
+  puts odd_doubled
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+# Product function.
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: Create all combinations of array values using ~Array#product~."
+  puts "All two-item pairs of numbers 1 to 10."
+  one_to_ten = (1..10).to_a
+  all_combinations = one_to_ten.product(one_to_ten)
+  puts all_combinations
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+# Uniq and sort function.
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: Providing uniq values using ~Array#uniq~ and ~Array#sort~."
+  puts "All uniq combinations of numbers regardless of order."
+  puts "For example: [1, 2] is the same as [2, 1]."
+  one_to_ten = (1..10).to_a
+  uniq_combinations =
+    one_to_ten.product(one_to_ten)
+              .map do |unsorted_number|
+                unsorted_number.sort
+              end.uniq
+  puts uniq_combinations
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+# Example of an advanced array transform.
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: Advanced chaining. Combining ~Array's ~map~, ~find_all~, ~sort~, and ~sort_by~."
+  puts "All unique Pythagorean Triples between 1 and 100 sorted by area of the triangle."
+
+  one_to_hundred = (1..100).to_a
+
+  triples =
+    one_to_hundred.product(one_to_hundred).map do |width, height|
+                [width, height, Math.sqrt(width ** 2 + height ** 2)]
+              end.find_all do |_, _, hypotenuse|
+                hypotenuse.to_i == hypotenuse
+              end.map do |triangle|
+                triangle.map(&:to_i)
+              end.uniq do |triangle|
+                triangle.sort
+              end.map do |width, height, hypotenuse|
+                [width, height, hypotenuse, (width * height) / 2]
+              end.sort_by do |_, _, _, area|
+                area
+              end
+
+  triples.each do |width, height, hypotenuse, _|
+    puts "(#{width}, #{height}, #{hypotenuse})"
+  end
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+# Example of an sorting.
+# ====================================================================================
+
+repl do
+  puts "** INFO: Implementing a custom sort function that operates on the ~Hash~ datatype."
+
+  things_to_sort = [
+    { type: :background, order: 1 },
+    { type: :foreground, order: 1 },
+    { type: :foreground, order: 2 }
+  ]
+  puts "*** Original array."
+  puts things_to_sort
+
+  puts "*** Simple sort using key."
+  # For a simple sort, you can use sort_by
+  results = things_to_sort.sort_by do |hash|
+    hash[:order]
+  end
+
+  puts results
+
+  puts "*** Custom sort."
+  puts "**** Sorting process."
+  # for a more complicated sort, you can provide a block that returns
+  # -1, 0, 1 for a left and right operand
+  results = things_to_sort.sort do |l, r|
+    sort_result = 0
+    puts "here is l: #{l}"
+    puts "here is r: #{r || "nil"}"
+    # if either value is nil/false return 0
+    if !l || !r
+      sort_result = 0
+    # if the type of "left" is background and the
+    # type of "right" is foreground, then return
+    # -1 (which means "left" is less than "right"
+    elsif l[:type] == :background && r[:type] == :foreground
+      sort_result = -1
+    # if the type of "left" is foreground and the
+    # type of "right" is background, then return
+    #  1 (which means "left" is greater than "right"
+    elsif l[:type] == :foreground && r[:type] == :background
+      sort_result = 1
+    # if "left" and "right"'s type are the same, then
+    # use the order as the tie breaker
+    elsif l[:order] < r[:order]
+      sort_result = -1
+    elsif l[:order] > r[:order]
+      sort_result = 1
+    # returning 0 means both values are equal
+    else
+      sort_result = 0
+    end
+    sort_result
+  end.to_a
+
+  puts "**** Sort result."
+  puts results
+end
+
+# ====================================================================================
+# Api documention for Array that is worth commiting to memory because arrays are so
+# awesome in Ruby: https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/2.0.0/Array.html
+# ====================================================================================
diff --git a/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/main.rb b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/main.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96461aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/main.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+def tick args
+  args.outputs.labels << [640, 380, "Open repl.rb in the text editor of your choice and follow the document.", 0, 1]
+end
diff --git a/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/repl.rb b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/repl.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/00_learn_ruby_optional/00_intermediate_ruby_primer/app/repl.rb