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+=begin
+
+ APIs listing that haven't been encountered in previous sample apps:
+
+ - args.inputs.controller_one.key_held.KEY: Will check to see if a specific key
+   is being held down on the controller.
+   If there is more than one controller being used, they can be differentiated by
+   using names like controller_one and controller_two.
+
+   For a full listing of buttons, take a look at mygame/documentation/08-controllers.md.
+
+ Reminder:
+
+ - args.state.PROPERTY: The state property on args is a dynamic
+   structure. You can define ANY property here with ANY type of
+   arbitrary nesting. Properties defined on args.state will be retained
+   across frames. If you attempt to access a property that doesn't exist
+   on args.state, it will simply return nil (no exception will be thrown).
+
+   In this sample app, args.state.BUTTONS is an array that stores the buttons of the controller.
+   The parameters of a button are:
+   1. the position (x, y)
+   2. the input key held on the controller
+   3. the text or name of the button
+
+=end
+
+# This sample app provides a visual demonstration of a standard controller, including
+# the placement and function of all buttons.
+
+class ControllerDemo
+  attr_accessor :inputs, :state, :outputs
+
+  # Calls the methods necessary for the app to run successfully.
+  def tick
+    process_inputs
+    render
+  end
+
+  # Starts with an empty collection of buttons.
+  # Adds buttons that are on the controller to the collection.
+  def process_inputs
+    state.buttons = []
+
+    state.buttons << [100, 500, inputs.controller_one.key_held.l1, "L1"]
+    state.buttons << [100, 600, inputs.controller_one.key_held.l2, "L2"]
+
+    state.buttons << [1100, 500, inputs.controller_one.key_held.r1, "R1"]
+    state.buttons << [1100, 600, inputs.controller_one.key_held.r2, "R2"]
+
+    state.buttons << [540, 450, inputs.controller_one.key_held.select, "Select"]
+    state.buttons << [660, 450, inputs.controller_one.key_held.start, "Start"]
+
+    state.buttons << [200, 300, inputs.controller_one.key_held.left, "Left"]
+    state.buttons << [300, 400, inputs.controller_one.key_held.up, "Up"]
+    state.buttons << [400, 300, inputs.controller_one.key_held.right, "Right"]
+    state.buttons << [300, 200, inputs.controller_one.key_held.down, "Down"]
+
+    state.buttons << [800, 300, inputs.controller_one.key_held.x, "X"]
+    state.buttons << [900, 400, inputs.controller_one.key_held.y, "Y"]
+    state.buttons << [1000, 300, inputs.controller_one.key_held.a, "A"]
+    state.buttons << [900, 200, inputs.controller_one.key_held.b, "B"]
+
+    state.buttons << [450 + inputs.controller_one.left_analog_x_perc * 100,
+                      100 + inputs.controller_one.left_analog_y_perc * 100,
+                      inputs.controller_one.key_held.l3,
+                      "L3"]
+
+    state.buttons << [750 + inputs.controller_one.right_analog_x_perc * 100,
+                      100 + inputs.controller_one.right_analog_y_perc * 100,
+                      inputs.controller_one.key_held.r3,
+                      "R3"]
+  end
+
+  # Gives each button a square shape.
+  # If the button is being pressed or held (which means it is considered active),
+  # the square is filled in. Otherwise, the button simply has a border.
+  def render
+    state.buttons.each do |x, y, active, text|
+      rect = [x, y, 75, 75]
+
+      if active # if button is pressed
+        outputs.solids << rect # rect is output as solid (filled in)
+      else
+        outputs.borders << rect # otherwise, output as border
+      end
+
+      # Outputs the text of each button using labels.
+      outputs.labels << [x, y + 95, text] # add 95 to place label above button
+    end
+
+    outputs.labels << [10, 60, "Left Analog x: #{inputs.controller_one.left_analog_x_raw} (#{inputs.controller_one.left_analog_x_perc * 100}%)"]
+    outputs.labels << [10, 30, "Left Analog y: #{inputs.controller_one.left_analog_y_raw} (#{inputs.controller_one.left_analog_y_perc * 100}%)"]
+    outputs.labels << [900, 60, "Right Analog x: #{inputs.controller_one.right_analog_x_raw} (#{inputs.controller_one.right_analog_x_perc * 100}%)"]
+    outputs.labels << [900, 30, "Right Analog y: #{inputs.controller_one.right_analog_y_raw} (#{inputs.controller_one.right_analog_y_perc * 100}%)"]
+  end
+end
+
+$controller_demo = ControllerDemo.new
+
+def tick args
+  tick_instructions args, "Sample app shows how controller input is handled. You'll need to connect a USB controller."
+  $controller_demo.inputs = args.inputs
+  $controller_demo.state = args.state
+  $controller_demo.outputs = args.outputs
+  $controller_demo.tick
+end
+
+# Resets the app.
+def r
+  $gtk.reset
+end
+
+def tick_instructions args, text, y = 715
+  return if args.state.key_event_occurred
+  if args.inputs.mouse.click ||
+     args.inputs.keyboard.directional_vector ||
+     args.inputs.keyboard.key_down.enter ||
+     args.inputs.keyboard.key_down.escape
+    args.state.key_event_occurred = true
+  end
+
+  args.outputs.debug << [0, y - 50, 1280, 60].solid
+  args.outputs.debug << [640, y, text, 1, 1, 255, 255, 255].label
+  args.outputs.debug << [640, y - 25, "(click to dismiss instructions)" , -2, 1, 255, 255, 255].label
+end