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-=begin
-
- APIs listing that haven't been encountered in previous sample apps:
-
- - to_s: Returns a string representation of an object.
-   For example, if we had
-   500.to_s
-   the string "500" would be returned.
-   Similar to to_i, which returns an integer representation of an object.
-
- - Ceil: Returns an integer number greater than or equal to the original
-   with no decimal.
-
- Reminders:
-
- - ARRAY#inside_rect?: Returns true or false depending on if the point is inside a rect.
-
- - args.outputs.labels: An array. The values generate a label.
-   The parameters are [X, Y, TEXT, SIZE, ALIGNMENT, RED, GREEN, BLUE, ALPHA, FONT STYLE]
-   For more information about labels, go to mygame/documentation/02-labels.md.
-
- - args.outputs.sprites: An array. The values generate a sprite.
-   The parameters are [X, Y, WIDTH, HEIGHT, IMAGE PATH]
-   For more information about sprites, go to mygame/documentation/05-sprites.md.
-
- - args.outputs.solids: An array. The values generate a solid.
-   The parameters are [X, Y, WIDTH, HEIGHT, RED, GREEN, BLUE]
-   For more information about solids, go to mygame/documentation/03-solids-and-borders.md.
-
- - args.outputs.lines: An array. The values generate a line.
-   The parameters are [X1, Y1, X2, Y2, RED, GREEN, BLUE]
-   For more information about lines, go to mygame/documentation/04-lines.md.
-
- - args.state.new_entity: Used when we want to create a new object, like a sprite or button.
-   In this sample app, new_entity is used to create a new button that clears the grid.
-   (Remember, you can use state to define ANY property and it will be retained across frames.)
-
-=end
-
-# This sample app shows an empty grid that the user can paint in. There are different image tiles that
-# the user can use to fill the grid, and the "Clear" button can be pressed to clear the grid boxes.
-
-class TileEditor
-  attr_accessor :inputs, :state, :outputs, :grid, :args
-
-  # Runs all the methods necessary for the game to function properly.
-  def tick
-    defaults
-    render
-    check_click
-    draw_buttons
-  end
-
-  # Sets default values
-  # Initialization only happens in the first frame
-  # NOTE: The values of some of these variables may seem confusingly large at first.
-  # The gridSize is 1600 but it seems a lot smaller on the screen, for example.
-  # But keep in mind that by using the "W", "A", "S", and "D" keys, you can
-  # move the grid's view in all four directions for more grid spaces.
-  def defaults
-    state.tileCords      ||= []
-    state.tileQuantity   ||= 6
-    state.tileSize       ||= 50
-    state.tileSelected   ||= 1
-    state.tempX          ||= 50
-    state.tempY          ||= 500
-    state.speed          ||= 4
-    state.centerX        ||= 4000
-    state.centerY        ||= 4000
-    state.originalCenter ||= [state.centerX, state.centerY]
-    state.gridSize       ||= 1600
-    state.lineQuantity   ||= 50
-    state.increment      ||= state.gridSize / state.lineQuantity
-    state.gridX          ||= []
-    state.gridY          ||= []
-    state.filled_squares ||= []
-    state.grid_border    ||= [390, 140, 500, 500]
-
-    get_grid unless state.tempX == 0 # calls get_grid in the first frame only
-    determineTileCords unless state.tempX == 0 # calls determineTileCords in first frame
-    state.tempX = 0 # sets tempX to 0; the two methods aren't called again
-  end
-
-  # Calculates the placement of lines or separators in the grid
-  def get_grid
-    curr_x = state.centerX - (state.gridSize / 2) # starts at left of grid
-    deltaX = state.gridSize / state.lineQuantity # finds distance to place vertical lines evenly through width of grid
-    (state.lineQuantity + 2).times do
-      state.gridX << curr_x # adds curr_x to gridX collection
-      curr_x += deltaX # increment curr_x by the distance between vertical lines
-    end
-
-    curr_y = state.centerY - (state.gridSize / 2) # starts at bottom of grid
-    deltaY = state.gridSize / state.lineQuantity # finds distance to place horizontal lines evenly through height of grid
-    (state.lineQuantity + 2).times do
-      state.gridY << curr_y # adds curr_y to gridY collection
-      curr_y += deltaY # increments curr_y to distance between horizontal lines
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Determines coordinate positions of patterned tiles (on the left side of the grid)
-  def determineTileCords
-    state.tempCounter ||= 1 # initializes tempCounter to 1
-    state.tileQuantity.times do # there are 6 different kinds of tiles
-      state.tileCords += [[state.tempX, state.tempY, state.tempCounter]] # adds tile definition to collection
-      state.tempX += 75 # increments tempX to put horizontal space between the patterned tiles
-      state.tempCounter += 1 # increments tempCounter
-      if state.tempX > 200 # if tempX exceeds 200 pixels
-        state.tempX = 50 # a new row of patterned tiles begins
-        state.tempY -= 75 # the new row is 75 pixels lower than the previous row
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Outputs objects (grid, tiles, etc) onto the screen
-  def render
-    outputs.sprites << state.tileCords.map do # outputs tileCords collection using images in sprites folder
-      |x, y, order|
-      [x, y, state.tileSize, state.tileSize, 'sprites/image' + order.to_s + ".png"]
-    end
-    outputs.solids << [0, 0, 1280, 720, 255, 255, 255] # outputs white background
-    add_grid # outputs grid
-    print_title # outputs title and current tile pattern
-  end
-
-  # Creates a grid by outputting vertical and horizontal grid lines onto the screen.
-  # Outputs sprites for the filled_squares collection onto the screen.
-  def add_grid
-
-    # Outputs the grid's border.
-    outputs.borders << state.grid_border
-    temp = 0
-
-    # Before looking at the code that outputs the vertical and horizontal lines in the
-    # grid, take note of the fact that:
-    # grid_border[1] refers to the border's bottom line (running horizontally),
-    # grid_border[2] refers to the border's top line (running (horizontally),
-    # grid_border[0] refers to the border's left line (running vertically),
-    # and grid_border[3] refers to the border's right line (running vertically).
-
-    #           [2]
-    #       ----------
-    #       |        |
-    # [0]   |        | [3]
-    #       |        |
-    #       ----------
-    #           [1]
-
-    # Calculates the positions and outputs the x grid lines in the color gray.
-    state.gridX.map do # perform an action on all elements of the gridX collection
-      |x|
-      temp += 1 # increment temp
-
-      # if x's value is greater than (or equal to) the x value of the border's left side
-      # and less than (or equal to) the x value of the border's right side
-      if x >= state.centerX - (state.grid_border[2] / 2) && x <= state.centerX + (state.grid_border[2] / 2)
-        delta = state.centerX - 640
-        # vertical lines have the same starting and ending x positions
-        # starting y and ending y positions lead from the bottom of the border to the top of the border
-        outputs.lines << [x - delta, state.grid_border[1], x - delta, state.grid_border[1] + state.grid_border[2], 150, 150, 150] # sets definition of vertical line and outputs it
-      end
-    end
-    temp = 0
-
-    # Calculates the positions and outputs the y grid lines in the color gray.
-    state.gridY.map do # perform an action on all elements of the gridY collection
-      |y|
-      temp += 1 # increment temp
-
-      # if y's value is greater than (or equal to) the y value of the border's bottom side
-      # and less than (or equal to) the y value of the border's top side
-      if y >= state.centerY - (state.grid_border[3] / 2) && y <= state.centerY + (state.grid_border[3] / 2)
-        delta = state.centerY - 393
-        # horizontal lines have the same starting and ending y positions
-        # starting x and ending x positions lead from the left side of the border to the right side of the border
-        outputs.lines << [state.grid_border[0], y - delta, state.grid_border[0] + state.grid_border[3], y - delta, 150, 150, 150] # sets definition of horizontal line and outputs it
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Sets values and outputs sprites for the filled_squares collection.
-    state.filled_squares.map do # perform an action on every element of the filled_squares collection
-      |x, y, w, h, sprite|
-        # if x's value is greater than (or equal to) the x value of 17 pixels to the left of the border's left side
-        # and less than (or equal to) the x value of the border's right side
-        # and y's value is greater than (or equal to) the y value of the border's bottom side
-        # and less than (or equal to) the y value of 25 pixels above the border's top side
-        # NOTE: The allowance of 17 pixels and 25 pixels is due to the fact that a grid box may be slightly cut off or
-        # not entirely visible in the grid's view (until it is moved using "W", "A", "S", "D")
-        if x >= state.centerX - (state.grid_border[2] / 2) - 17 && x <= state.centerX + (state.grid_border[2] / 2) &&
-           y >= state.centerY - (state.grid_border[3] / 2) && y <= state.centerY + (state.grid_border[3] / 2) + 25
-          # calculations done to place sprites in grid spaces that are meant to filled in
-          # mess around with the x and y values and see how the sprite placement changes
-          outputs.sprites << [x - state.centerX + 630, y - state.centerY + 360, w, h, sprite]
-        end
-      end
-
-      # outputs a white solid along the left side of the grid (change the color and you'll be able to see it against the white background)
-      # state.increment subtracted in x parameter because solid's position is denoted by bottom left corner
-      # state.increment subtracted in y parameter to avoid covering the title label
-      outputs.primitives << [state.grid_border[0] - state.increment,
-                             state.grid_border[1] - state.increment, state.increment, state.grid_border[3] + (state.increment * 2),
-                             255, 255, 255].solid
-
-      # outputs a white solid along the right side of the grid
-      # state.increment subtracted from y parameter to avoid covering title label
-      outputs.primitives << [state.grid_border[0] + state.grid_border[2],
-                             state.grid_border[1] - state.increment, state.increment, state.grid_border[3] + (state.increment * 2),
-                             255, 255, 255].solid
-
-      # outputs a white solid along the bottom of the grid
-      # state.increment subtracted from y parameter to avoid covering last row of grid boxes
-      outputs.primitives << [state.grid_border[0] - state.increment, state.grid_border[1] - state.increment,
-                             state.grid_border[2] + (2 * state.increment), state.increment, 255, 255, 255].solid
-
-      # outputs a white solid along the top of the grid
-      outputs.primitives << [state.grid_border[0] - state.increment, state.grid_border[1] + state.grid_border[3],
-                             state.grid_border[2] + (2 * state.increment), state.increment, 255, 255, 255].solid
-
-  end
-
-  # Outputs title and current tile pattern
-  def print_title
-    outputs.labels << [640, 700, 'Mouse to Place Tile, WASD to Move Around', 7, 1] # title label
-    outputs.lines << horizontal_separator(660, 0, 1280) # outputs horizontal separator
-    outputs.labels << [1050, 500, 'Current:', 3, 1] # outputs Current label
-    outputs.sprites << [1110, 474, state.tileSize / 2, state.tileSize / 2, 'sprites/image' + state.tileSelected.to_s + ".png"] # outputs sprite of current tile pattern using images in sprites folder; output is half the size of a tile
-  end
-
-  # Sets the starting position, ending position, and color for the horizontal separator.
-  def horizontal_separator y, x, x2
-    [x, y, x2, y, 150, 150, 150] # definition of separator; horizontal line means same starting/ending y
-  end
-
-  # Checks if the mouse is being clicked or dragged
-  def check_click
-    if inputs.keyboard.key_down.r # if the "r" key is pressed down
-      $dragon.reset
-    end
-
-    if inputs.mouse.down #is mouse up or down?
-      state.mouse_held = true
-      if inputs.mouse.position.x < state.grid_border[0] # if mouse's x position is inside the grid's borders
-        state.tileCords.map do # perform action on all elements of tileCords collection
-          |x, y, order|
-          # if mouse's x position is greater than (or equal to) the starting x position of a tile
-          # and the mouse's x position is also less than (or equal to) the ending x position of that tile,
-          # and the mouse's y position is greater than (or equal to) the starting y position of that tile,
-          # and the mouse's y position is also less than (or equal to) the ending y position of that tile,
-          # (BASICALLY, IF THE MOUSE'S POSITION IS WITHIN THE STARTING AND ENDING POSITIONS OF A TILE)
-          if inputs.mouse.position.x >= x && inputs.mouse.position.x <= x + state.tileSize &&
-             inputs.mouse.position.y >= y && inputs.mouse.position.y <= y + state.tileSize
-            state.tileSelected = order # that tile is selected
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    elsif inputs.mouse.up # otherwise, if the mouse is in the "up" state
-      state.mouse_held = false # mouse is not held down or dragged
-      state.mouse_dragging = false
-    end
-
-    if state.mouse_held &&    # mouse needs to be down
-       !inputs.mouse.click &&     # must not be first click
-       ((inputs.mouse.previous_click.point.x - inputs.mouse.position.x).abs > 15 ||
-        (inputs.mouse.previous_click.point.y - inputs.mouse.position.y).abs > 15) # Need to move 15 pixels before "drag"
-      state.mouse_dragging = true
-    end
-
-    # if mouse is clicked inside grid's border, search_lines method is called with click input type
-    if ((inputs.mouse.click) && (inputs.mouse.click.point.inside_rect? state.grid_border))
-      search_lines(inputs.mouse.click.point, :click)
-
-    # if mouse is dragged inside grid's border, search_lines method is called with drag input type
-    elsif ((state.mouse_dragging) && (inputs.mouse.position.inside_rect? state.grid_border))
-      search_lines(inputs.mouse.position, :drag)
-    end
-
-    # Changes grid's position on screen by moving it up, down, left, or right.
-
-    # centerX is incremented by speed if the "d" key is pressed and if that sum is less than
-    # the original left side of the center plus half the grid, minus half the top border of grid.
-    # MOVES GRID RIGHT (increasing x)
-    state.centerX += state.speed if inputs.keyboard.key_held.d &&
-                                    (state.centerX + state.speed) < state.originalCenter[0] + (state.gridSize / 2) - (state.grid_border[2] / 2)
-    # centerX is decremented by speed if the "a" key is pressed and if that difference is greater than
-    # the original left side of the center minus half the grid, plus half the top border of grid.
-    # MOVES GRID LEFT (decreasing x)
-    state.centerX -= state.speed if inputs.keyboard.key_held.a &&
-                                    (state.centerX - state.speed) > state.originalCenter[0] - (state.gridSize / 2) + (state.grid_border[2] / 2)
-    # centerY is incremented by speed if the "w" key is pressed and if that sum is less than
-    # the original bottom of the center plus half the grid, minus half the right border of grid.
-    # MOVES GRID UP (increasing y)
-    state.centerY += state.speed if inputs.keyboard.key_held.w &&
-                                    (state.centerY + state.speed) < state.originalCenter[1] + (state.gridSize / 2) - (state.grid_border[3] / 2)
-    # centerY is decremented by speed if the "s" key is pressed and if the difference is greater than
-    # the original bottom of the center minus half the grid, plus half the right border of grid.
-    # MOVES GRID DOWN (decreasing y)
-    state.centerY -= state.speed if inputs.keyboard.key_held.s &&
-                                    (state.centerY - state.speed) > state.originalCenter[1] - (state.gridSize / 2) + (state.grid_border[3] / 2)
-  end
-
-  # Performs calculations on the gridX and gridY collections, and sets values.
-  # Sets the definition of a grid box, including the image that it is filled with.
-  def search_lines (point, input_type)
-    point.x += state.centerX - 630 # increments x and y
-    point.y += state.centerY - 360
-    findX = 0
-    findY = 0
-    increment = state.gridSize / state.lineQuantity # divides grid by number of separators
-
-    state.gridX.map do # perform an action on every element of collection
-      |x|
-      # findX increments x by 10 if point.x is less than that sum and findX is currently 0
-      findX = x + 10 if point.x < (x + 10) && findX == 0
-    end
-
-    state.gridY.map do
-      |y|
-      # findY is set to y if point.y is less than that value and findY is currently 0
-      findY = y if point.y < (y) && findY == 0
-    end
-    # position of a box is denoted by bottom left corner, which is why the increment is being subtracted
-    grid_box = [findX - (increment.ceil), findY - (increment.ceil), increment.ceil, increment.ceil,
-                "sprites/image" + state.tileSelected.to_s + ".png"] # sets sprite definition
-
-    if input_type == :click # if user clicks their mouse
-      if state.filled_squares.include? grid_box # if grid box is already filled in
-        state.filled_squares.delete grid_box # box is cleared and removed from filled_squares
-      else
-        state.filled_squares << grid_box # otherwise, box is filled in and added to filled_squares
-      end
-    elsif input_type == :drag # if user drags mouse
-      unless state.filled_squares.include? grid_box # unless grid box dragged over is already filled in
-        state.filled_squares << grid_box # box is filled in and added to filled_squares
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Creates a "Clear" button using labels and borders.
-  def draw_buttons
-    x, y, w, h = 390, 50, 240, 50
-    state.clear_button        ||= state.new_entity(:button_with_fade)
-
-    # x and y positions are set to display "Clear" label in center of the button
-    # Try changing first two parameters to simply x, y and see what happens to the text placement
-    state.clear_button.label  ||= [x + w.half, y + h.half + 10, "Clear", 0, 1]
-    state.clear_button.border ||= [x, y, w, h] # definition of button's border
-
-    # If the mouse is clicked inside the borders of the clear button
-    if inputs.mouse.click && inputs.mouse.click.point.inside_rect?(state.clear_button.border)
-      state.clear_button.clicked_at = inputs.mouse.click.created_at # value is frame of mouse click
-      state.filled_squares.clear # filled squares collection is emptied (squares are cleared)
-      inputs.mouse.previous_click = nil # no previous click
-    end
-
-    outputs.labels << state.clear_button.label # outputs clear button
-    outputs.borders << state.clear_button.border
-
-    # When the clear button is clicked, the color of the button changes
-    # and the transparency changes, as well. If you change the time from
-    # 0.25.seconds to 1.25.seconds or more, the change will last longer.
-    if state.clear_button.clicked_at
-      outputs.solids << [x, y, w, h, 0, 180, 80, 255 * state.clear_button.clicked_at.ease(0.25.seconds, :flip)]
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-$tile_editor = TileEditor.new
-
-def tick args
-  $tile_editor.inputs = args.inputs
-  $tile_editor.grid = args.grid
-  $tile_editor.args = args
-  $tile_editor.outputs = args.outputs
-  $tile_editor.state = args.state
-  $tile_editor.tick
-  tick_instructions args, "Roll your own tile editor. CLICK to select a sprite. CLICK in grid to place sprite. WASD to move around."
-end
-
-def tick_instructions args, text, y = 715
-  return if args.state.key_event_occurred
-  if args.inputs.mouse.click ||
-     args.inputs.keyboard.directional_vector ||
-     args.inputs.keyboard.key_down.enter ||
-     args.inputs.keyboard.key_down.escape
-    args.state.key_event_occurred = true
-  end
-
-  args.outputs.debug << [0, y - 50, 1280, 60].solid
-  args.outputs.debug << [640, y, text, 1, 1, 255, 255, 255].label
-  args.outputs.debug << [640, y - 25, "(click to dismiss instructions)" , -2, 1, 255, 255, 255].label
-end