Change the `mrb_vformat` specifier `%d` for `int`

It potentially breaks, for example, in the case of `mrb_int` is 64-bit
and more smaller type is passed by `%d`. In fact, the problem could
become apparent when I used `%d` to `backtrace_location::lineno` in
`src/backtrace.c:mrb_unpack_backtrace()` on AppVeyor.

Therefore, change `%d` for `int` (not `mrb_int`) so that it can be
used mostly without casting.

3 files changed, 73 insertions, 67 deletions

diff --git a/mrbgems/mruby-test/vformat.c b/mrbgems/mruby-test/vformat.c
index a10e49b08..e6581d6be 100644
--- a/mrbgems/mruby-test/vformat.c
+++ b/mrbgems/mruby-test/vformat.c
@@ -6,14 +6,28 @@
 
 #define NATIVE_TYPES                                                        \
   char c;                                                                   \
+  int d;                                                                    \
   mrb_float f;                                                              \
   mrb_int i;                                                                \
   mrb_sym n;                                                                \
   char *s;                                                                  \
   struct RClass *C
 
+#define NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_FUNC(t)                                          \
+  static mrb_value                                                          \
+  native_s_##t(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value klass)                             \
+  {                                                                         \
+    mrb_value obj, type = mrb_fixnum_value(ARG_##t);                        \
+    mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &obj);                                           \
+    return mrb_funcall(mrb, klass, "new", 2, type, obj);                    \
+  }
+
+#define NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_METHOD(t) \
+  mrb_define_class_method(mrb, n, #t, native_s_##t, MRB_ARGS_REQ(1))
+
 typedef enum {
   ARG_c,
+  ARG_d,
   ARG_f,
   ARG_i,
   ARG_n,
@@ -51,56 +65,37 @@ static mrb_value
 native_initialize(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 {
   VFNative data, *datap;
+  mrb_int type;
   mrb_value obj;
 
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &obj);
-  switch (mrb_type(obj)) {
-    case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
-      data.f = mrb_float(obj);
-      data.type = ARG_f;
-      break;
-    case MRB_TT_FIXNUM:
-      data.i = mrb_fixnum(obj);
-      data.type = ARG_i;
-      break;
-    case MRB_TT_SYMBOL:
-      data.n = mrb_symbol(obj);
-      data.type = ARG_n;
-      break;
-    case MRB_TT_CLASS: case MRB_TT_SCLASS: case MRB_TT_MODULE:
-      data.C = mrb_class_ptr(obj);
-      data.type = ARG_C;
-      break;
-    case MRB_TT_STRING: {
-      mrb_int len = RSTRING_LEN(obj);
-      const char *s = RSTRING_PTR(obj);
-      if (len == 1) {
-        /* one byte string is considered char */
-        data.c = s[0];
-        data.type = ARG_c;
-      }
-      else {
-        data.s = (char*)mrb_malloc(mrb, len + 1);
-        memcpy(data.s, s, len);
-        data.s[len] = '\0';
-        data.type = ARG_s;
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-    default: {
-      mrb_value msg = mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, "native type for ");
-      mrb_str_cat_cstr(mrb, msg, mrb_class_name(mrb, mrb_class(mrb, obj)));
-      mrb_str_cat_cstr(mrb, msg, " is unknown");
-      mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, RSTRING_PTR(msg));
-    }
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "io", &type, &obj);
+  data.type = (VFArgumentType)type;
+  switch (data.type) {
+    case ARG_c: data.c = RSTRING_PTR(obj)[0]; break;
+    case ARG_d: data.d = (int)mrb_fixnum(obj); break;
+    case ARG_f: data.f = mrb_float(obj); break;
+    case ARG_i: data.i = mrb_fixnum(obj); break;
+    case ARG_n: data.n = mrb_symbol(obj); break;
+    case ARG_s: data.s = (char*)mrb_malloc(mrb, RSTRING_LEN(obj) + 1);
+                memcpy(data.s, RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LEN(obj));
+                data.s[RSTRING_LEN(obj)] = '\0'; break;
+    case ARG_C: data.C = mrb_class_ptr(obj); break;
+    default: mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "unknown type");
   }
-
   datap = (VFNative*)mrb_malloc(mrb, sizeof(VFNative));
   *datap = data;
   mrb_data_init(self, datap, &native_data_type);
   return self;
 }
 
+NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_FUNC(c)
+NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_FUNC(d)
+NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_FUNC(f)
+NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_FUNC(i)
+NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_FUNC(n)
+NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_FUNC(s)
+NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_FUNC(C)
+
 static VFArgument*
 arg_from_obj(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, struct RClass *native_class,
              VFArgument *vf_arg)
@@ -130,6 +125,7 @@ arg_from_obj(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, struct RClass *native_class,
 #define VF_FORMAT2(fmt, args) (                                             \
   VF_ARG(args, 0), VF_ARG(args, 1),                                         \
   VF_FORMAT2_COND_EXPR(fmt, vf_args, vf_args+1, c) :                        \
+  VF_FORMAT2_COND_EXPR(fmt, vf_args, vf_args+1, d) :                        \
   VF_FORMAT2_COND_EXPR(fmt, vf_args, vf_args+1, f) :                        \
   VF_FORMAT2_COND_EXPR(fmt, vf_args, vf_args+1, i) :                        \
   VF_FORMAT2_COND_EXPR(fmt, vf_args, vf_args+1, n) :                        \
@@ -142,6 +138,7 @@ arg_from_obj(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, struct RClass *native_class,
   a1->type == ARG_##t ? VF_FORMAT_TYPED(fmt, 2, a2, (a1)->t)
 #define VF_FORMAT_TYPED(fmt, n_arg, type_a, v1)                             \
   VF_FORMAT_TYPED_COND_EXPR(fmt, n_arg, type_a, v1, c) :                    \
+  VF_FORMAT_TYPED_COND_EXPR(fmt, n_arg, type_a, v1, d) :                    \
   VF_FORMAT_TYPED_COND_EXPR(fmt, n_arg, type_a, v1, f) :                    \
   VF_FORMAT_TYPED_COND_EXPR(fmt, n_arg, type_a, v1, i) :                    \
   VF_FORMAT_TYPED_COND_EXPR(fmt, n_arg, type_a, v1, n) :                    \
@@ -180,7 +177,12 @@ mrb_init_test_vformat(mrb_state *mrb)
 
   n = mrb_define_class_under(mrb, vf, "Native", mrb->object_class);
   MRB_SET_INSTANCE_TT(n, MRB_TT_DATA);
-  mrb_define_method(mrb, n, "initialize", native_initialize, MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
-  mrb_singleton_class(mrb, mrb_obj_value(n));
-  mrb_define_alias(mrb, n->c, "[]", "new");
+  NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_METHOD(c);
+  NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_METHOD(d);
+  NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_METHOD(f);
+  NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_METHOD(i);
+  NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_METHOD(n);
+  NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_METHOD(s);
+  NATIVE_DEFINE_TYPE_METHOD(C);
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, n, "initialize", native_initialize, MRB_ARGS_REQ(2));
 }
diff --git a/src/error.c b/src/error.c
index d8224622b..6e7c3763a 100644
--- a/src/error.c
+++ b/src/error.c
@@ -282,8 +282,9 @@ mrb_raise(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, const char *msg)
  *   Specifier | Argument Type  | Note
  *   ----------+----------------+--------------------------------------------
  *       c     | char           |
- *      d,i    | mrb_int        |
+ *       d     | int            |
  *       f     | mrb_float      |
+ *       i     | mrb_int        |
  *       l     | char*, mrb_int | Arguments are string and length.
  *       n     | mrb_sym        |
  *       s     | char*          | Argument is NUL terminated string.
@@ -303,7 +304,7 @@ mrb_vformat(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, va_list ap)
   const char *chars, *p = format, *b = format, *e;
   char ch;
   struct RClass *cls;
-  mrb_int len;
+  mrb_int len, i;
   mrb_bool inspect = FALSE;
   mrb_value result = mrb_str_new_capa(mrb, 128), obj, str;
   int ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
@@ -324,7 +325,8 @@ mrb_vformat(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, va_list ap)
           len = 1;
           goto L_cat;
         case 'd': case 'i':
-          obj = mrb_fixnum_value(va_arg(ap, mrb_int));
+          i = *p == 'd' ? (mrb_int)va_arg(ap, int) : va_arg(ap, mrb_int);
+          obj = mrb_fixnum_value(i);
           goto L_cat_obj;
         case 'f':
           obj = mrb_float_value(mrb, va_arg(ap, mrb_float));
diff --git a/test/t/vformat.rb b/test/t/vformat.rb
index 2270d6490..d124e92b2 100644
--- a/test/t/vformat.rb
+++ b/test/t/vformat.rb
@@ -30,24 +30,26 @@ assert('mrb_vformat') do
   n = TestVFormat::Native
   assert_format '', ['']
   assert_format 'No specifier!', ['No specifier!']
-  assert_format '`c`: C', ['`c`: %c', n[?C]]
-  assert_format '`d`: 123', ['`d`: %d', n[123]]
-  assert_format '`i`: -83', ['`i`: %i', n[-83]]
-  assert_format '`f`: 0.0125', ['`f`: %f', n[0.0125]]
+  assert_format '`c`: C', ['`c`: %c', n.c(?C)]
+  assert_format '`d`: 123', ['`d`: %d', n.d(123)]
+  assert_format '`d`: -79', ['`d`: %d', n.d(-79)]
+  assert_format '`i`: 514', ['`i`: %i', n.i(514)]
+  assert_format '`i`: -83', ['`i`: %i', n.i(-83)]
+  assert_format '`f`: 0.0125', ['`f`: %f', n.f(0.0125)]
   assert_format '`t`: NilClass', ['`t`: %t', nil]
   assert_format '`t`: FalseClass', ['`t`: %t', false]
   assert_format '`t`: TrueClass', ['`t`: %t', true]
   assert_format '`t`: Fixnum', ['`t`: %t', 0]
   assert_format '`t`: Hash', ['`t`: %t', k: "value"]
   assert_format_pattern '#<Class:#<Class:#<Hash:0x*>>>', ['%t', sclass({})]
-  assert_format '-Infinity', ['%f', n[-Float::INFINITY]]
-  assert_format 'NaN: Not a Number', ['%f: Not a Number', n[Float::NAN]]
-  assert_format 'string and length', ['string %l length', n['andante'], n[3]]
-  assert_format '`n`: sym', ['`n`: %n', n[:sym]]
-  assert_format '%C文字列%', ['%s', n['%C文字列%']]
-  assert_format '`C`: Kernel module', ['`C`: %C module', n[Kernel]]
-  assert_format '`C`: NilClass', ['`C`: %C', n[nil.class]]
-  assert_format_pattern '#<Class:#<String:0x*>>', ['%C', n[sclass("")]]
+  assert_format '-Infinity', ['%f', n.f(-Float::INFINITY)]
+  assert_format 'NaN: Not a Number', ['%f: Not a Number', n.f(Float::NAN)]
+  assert_format 'string and length', ['string %l length', n.s('andante'), n.i(3)]
+  assert_format '`n`: sym', ['`n`: %n', n.n(:sym)]
+  assert_format '%C文字列%', ['%s', n.s('%C文字列%')]
+  assert_format '`C`: Kernel module', ['`C`: %C module', n.C(Kernel)]
+  assert_format '`C`: NilClass', ['`C`: %C', n.C(nil.class)]
+  assert_format_pattern '#<Class:#<String:0x*>>', ['%C', n.C(sclass(""))]
   assert_format '`T`: NilClass', ['`T`: %T', nil]
   assert_format '`T`: FalseClass', ['`T`: %T', false]
   assert_format '`T`: TrueClass', ['`T`: %T', true]
@@ -64,18 +66,18 @@ assert('mrb_vformat') do
   assert_format '`v`: 1...3', ['`v`: %v', 1...3]
   assert_format '`S`: {:a=>1, "b"=>"c"}', ['`S`: %S', a: 1, "b" => ?c]
   assert_format 'percent: %', ['percent: %%']
-  assert_format '"I": inspect char', ['%!c: inspect char', n[?I]]
-  assert_format '709: inspect mrb_int', ['%!d: inspect mrb_int', n[709]]
-  assert_format '"a\x00b\xff"', ['%!l', n["a\000b\xFFc\000d"], n[4]]
-  assert_format ':"&.": inspect symbol', ['%!n: inspect symbol', n['&.'.to_sym]]
+  assert_format '"I": inspect char', ['%!c: inspect char', n.c(?I)]
+  assert_format '709: inspect mrb_int', ['%!d: inspect mrb_int', n.i(709)]
+  assert_format '"a\x00b\xff"', ['%!l', n.s("a\000b\xFFc\000d"), n.i(4)]
+  assert_format ':"&.": inspect symbol', ['%!n: inspect symbol', n.n(:'&.')]
   assert_format 'inspect "String"', ['inspect %!v', 'String']
   assert_format 'inspect Array: [1, :x, {}]', ['inspect Array: %!v', [1,:x,{}]]
-  assert_format_pattern '`!C`: #<Class:0x*>', ['`!C`: %!C', n[Class.new]]
-  assert_format 'to_s -> to_s: ab,cd', ['to_s -> to_s: %n,%v', n[:ab], 'cd']
+  assert_format_pattern '`!C`: #<Class:0x*>', ['`!C`: %!C', n.C(Class.new)]
+  assert_format 'to_s -> to_s: ab,cd', ['to_s -> to_s: %n,%v', n.n(:ab), 'cd']
   assert_format 'to_s -> inspect: x:y', ['to_s -> inspect: %v%!v', 'x', :y]
-  assert_format 'inspect -> to_s: "a"b', ['inspect -> to_s: %!v%n', 'a', n[:b]]
+  assert_format 'inspect -> to_s: "a"b', ['inspect -> to_s: %!v%n', 'a', n.n(:b)]
   assert_format 'Y -> to_s: nile', ['Y -> to_s: %Y%v', nil, "e"]
-  assert_format '"abc":Z', ['%!s%!n', n['abc'], n[:Z]]
+  assert_format '"abc":Z', ['%!s%!n', n.s('abc'), n.n('Z'.to_sym)]
   assert_format 'escape: \\%a,b,c,d', ['escape: \\\\\%a,b,\c%v', ',d']
 
   assert_implementation_dependent 'unknown specifier: %^',