Move instance loading into Effect service (#25277)

9 files changed, 502 insertions, 169 deletions

diff --git a/packages/opencode/src/project/instance-context.ts b/packages/opencode/src/project/instance-context.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22ceb28b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/opencode/src/project/instance-context.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { LocalContext } from "@/util/local-context"
+import type * as Project from "./project"
+
+export interface InstanceContext {
+  directory: string
+  worktree: string
+  project: Project.Info
+}
+
+export const context = LocalContext.create<InstanceContext>("instance")
diff --git a/packages/opencode/src/project/instance-store.ts b/packages/opencode/src/project/instance-store.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..327835ea0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/opencode/src/project/instance-store.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+import { GlobalBus } from "@/bus/global"
+import { WorkspaceContext } from "@/control-plane/workspace-context"
+import { disposeInstance } from "@/effect/instance-registry"
+import { makeRuntime } from "@/effect/run-service"
+import { AppFileSystem } from "@opencode-ai/core/filesystem"
+import { Context, Deferred, Duration, Effect, Exit, Layer, Scope } from "effect"
+import { context, type InstanceContext } from "./instance-context"
+import * as Project from "./project"
+
+export interface LoadInput {
+  directory: string
+  init?: () => Promise<unknown>
+  worktree?: string
+  project?: Project.Info
+}
+
+export interface Interface {
+  readonly load: (input: LoadInput) => Effect.Effect<InstanceContext>
+  readonly reload: (input: LoadInput) => Effect.Effect<InstanceContext>
+  readonly dispose: (ctx: InstanceContext) => Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly disposeAll: () => Effect.Effect<void>
+}
+
+export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/InstanceStore") {}
+
+interface Entry {
+  readonly deferred: Deferred.Deferred<InstanceContext>
+}
+
+export const layer: Layer.Layer<Service, never, Project.Service> = Layer.effect(
+  Service,
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const project = yield* Project.Service
+    const scope = yield* Scope.Scope
+    const cache = new Map<string, Entry>()
+
+    const boot = Effect.fn("InstanceStore.boot")(function* (input: LoadInput & { directory: string }) {
+      const ctx =
+        input.project && input.worktree
+          ? {
+              directory: input.directory,
+              worktree: input.worktree,
+              project: input.project,
+            }
+          : yield* project.fromDirectory(input.directory).pipe(
+              Effect.map((result) => ({
+                directory: input.directory,
+                worktree: result.sandbox,
+                project: result.project,
+              })),
+            )
+      const init = input.init
+      if (init) yield* Effect.promise(() => context.provide(ctx, init))
+      return ctx
+    })
+
+    const removeEntry = (directory: string, entry: Entry) =>
+      Effect.sync(() => {
+        if (cache.get(directory) !== entry) return false
+        cache.delete(directory)
+        return true
+      })
+
+    const completeLoad = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (directory: string, input: LoadInput, entry: Entry) {
+      const exit = yield* Effect.exit(boot({ ...input, directory }))
+      if (Exit.isFailure(exit)) yield* removeEntry(directory, entry)
+      yield* Deferred.done(entry.deferred, exit).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+    })
+
+    const emitDisposed = (input: { directory: string; project?: string }) =>
+      Effect.sync(() =>
+        GlobalBus.emit("event", {
+          directory: input.directory,
+          project: input.project,
+          workspace: WorkspaceContext.workspaceID,
+          payload: {
+            type: "server.instance.disposed",
+            properties: {
+              directory: input.directory,
+            },
+          },
+        }),
+      )
+
+    const disposeContext = Effect.fn("InstanceStore.disposeContext")(function* (ctx: InstanceContext) {
+      yield* Effect.logInfo("disposing instance", { directory: ctx.directory })
+      yield* Effect.promise(() => disposeInstance(ctx.directory))
+      yield* emitDisposed({ directory: ctx.directory, project: ctx.project.id })
+    })
+
+    const disposeEntry = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (directory: string, entry: Entry, ctx: InstanceContext) {
+      if (cache.get(directory) !== entry) return false
+      yield* disposeContext(ctx)
+      if (cache.get(directory) !== entry) return false
+      cache.delete(directory)
+      return true
+    })
+
+    const load = Effect.fn("InstanceStore.load")(function* (input: LoadInput) {
+      const directory = AppFileSystem.resolve(input.directory)
+      return yield* Effect.uninterruptibleMask((restore) =>
+        Effect.gen(function* () {
+          const existing = cache.get(directory)
+          if (existing) return yield* restore(Deferred.await(existing.deferred))
+
+          const entry: Entry = { deferred: Deferred.makeUnsafe<InstanceContext>() }
+          cache.set(directory, entry)
+          yield* Effect.gen(function* () {
+            yield* Effect.logInfo("creating instance", { directory })
+            yield* completeLoad(directory, input, entry)
+          }).pipe(Effect.forkIn(scope, { startImmediately: true }))
+          return yield* restore(Deferred.await(entry.deferred))
+        }),
+      )
+    })
+
+    const reload = Effect.fn("InstanceStore.reload")(function* (input: LoadInput) {
+      const directory = AppFileSystem.resolve(input.directory)
+      return yield* Effect.uninterruptibleMask((restore) =>
+        Effect.gen(function* () {
+          const previous = cache.get(directory)
+          const entry: Entry = { deferred: Deferred.makeUnsafe<InstanceContext>() }
+          cache.set(directory, entry)
+          yield* Effect.gen(function* () {
+            yield* Effect.logInfo("reloading instance", { directory })
+            if (previous) {
+              yield* Deferred.await(previous.deferred).pipe(Effect.ignore)
+              yield* Effect.promise(() => disposeInstance(directory))
+              yield* emitDisposed({ directory, project: input.project?.id })
+            }
+            yield* completeLoad(directory, input, entry)
+          }).pipe(Effect.forkIn(scope, { startImmediately: true }))
+          return yield* restore(Deferred.await(entry.deferred))
+        }),
+      )
+    })
+
+    const dispose = Effect.fn("InstanceStore.dispose")(function* (ctx: InstanceContext) {
+      const entry = cache.get(ctx.directory)
+      if (!entry) return yield* disposeContext(ctx)
+
+      const exit = yield* Deferred.await(entry.deferred).pipe(Effect.exit)
+      if (Exit.isFailure(exit)) return yield* removeEntry(ctx.directory, entry).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+      if (exit.value !== ctx) return
+      yield* disposeEntry(ctx.directory, entry, ctx).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+    })
+
+    const disposeAllOnce = Effect.fnUntraced(function* () {
+      yield* Effect.logInfo("disposing all instances")
+      yield* Effect.forEach(
+        [...cache.entries()],
+        (item) =>
+          Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const exit = yield* Deferred.await(item[1].deferred).pipe(Effect.exit)
+            if (Exit.isFailure(exit)) {
+              yield* Effect.logWarning("instance dispose failed", { key: item[0], cause: exit.cause })
+              yield* removeEntry(item[0], item[1])
+              return
+            }
+            yield* disposeEntry(item[0], item[1], exit.value)
+          }),
+        { discard: true },
+      )
+    })
+
+    const cachedDisposeAll = yield* Effect.cachedWithTTL(disposeAllOnce(), Duration.zero)
+    const disposeAll = Effect.fn("InstanceStore.disposeAll")(function* () {
+      return yield* cachedDisposeAll
+    })
+
+    yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() => disposeAll().pipe(Effect.ignore))
+
+    return Service.of({
+      load,
+      reload,
+      dispose,
+      disposeAll,
+    })
+  }),
+)
+
+export const defaultLayer = layer.pipe(Layer.provide(Project.defaultLayer))
+
+export const runtime = makeRuntime(Service, defaultLayer)
+
+export * as InstanceStore from "./instance-store"
diff --git a/packages/opencode/src/project/instance.ts b/packages/opencode/src/project/instance.ts
index 623e88623..69cb74fd6 100644
--- a/packages/opencode/src/project/instance.ts
+++ b/packages/opencode/src/project/instance.ts
@@ -1,77 +1,20 @@
-import { GlobalBus } from "@/bus/global"
-import { disposeInstance } from "@/effect/instance-registry"
-import { makeRuntime } from "@/effect/run-service"
 import { AppFileSystem } from "@opencode-ai/core/filesystem"
-import { iife } from "@/util/iife"
-import * as Log from "@opencode-ai/core/util/log"
-import { LocalContext } from "@/util/local-context"
 import * as Project from "./project"
-import { WorkspaceContext } from "@/control-plane/workspace-context"
+import { context, type InstanceContext } from "./instance-context"
+import { InstanceStore } from "./instance-store"
 
-export interface InstanceContext {
-  directory: string
-  worktree: string
-  project: Project.Info
-}
-
-const context = LocalContext.create<InstanceContext>("instance")
-const cache = new Map<string, Promise<InstanceContext>>()
-const project = makeRuntime(Project.Service, Project.defaultLayer)
-
-const disposal = {
-  all: undefined as Promise<void> | undefined,
-}
-
-function boot(input: { directory: string; init?: () => Promise<any>; worktree?: string; project?: Project.Info }) {
-  return iife(async () => {
-    const ctx =
-      input.project && input.worktree
-        ? {
-            directory: input.directory,
-            worktree: input.worktree,
-            project: input.project,
-          }
-        : await project
-            .runPromise((svc) => svc.fromDirectory(input.directory))
-            .then(({ project, sandbox }) => ({
-              directory: input.directory,
-              worktree: sandbox,
-              project,
-            }))
-    await context.provide(ctx, async () => {
-      await input.init?.()
-    })
-    return ctx
-  })
-}
-
-function track(directory: string, next: Promise<InstanceContext>) {
-  const task = next.catch((error) => {
-    if (cache.get(directory) === task) cache.delete(directory)
-    throw error
-  })
-  cache.set(directory, task)
-  return task
-}
+export type { InstanceContext } from "./instance-context"
+export type { LoadInput } from "./instance-store"
 
 export const Instance = {
+  load(input: InstanceStore.LoadInput): Promise<InstanceContext> {
+    return InstanceStore.runtime.runPromise((store) => store.load(input))
+  },
   async provide<R>(input: { directory: string; init?: () => Promise<any>; fn: () => R }): Promise<R> {
-    const directory = AppFileSystem.resolve(input.directory)
-    let existing = cache.get(directory)
-    if (!existing) {
-      Log.Default.info("creating instance", { directory })
-      existing = track(
-        directory,
-        boot({
-          directory,
-          init: input.init,
-        }),
-      )
-    }
-    const ctx = await existing
-    return context.provide(ctx, async () => {
-      return input.fn()
-    })
+    return context.provide(
+      await Instance.load({ directory: input.directory, init: input.init }),
+      async () => input.fn(),
+    )
   },
   get current() {
     return context.use()
@@ -117,74 +60,12 @@ export const Instance = {
     return context.provide(ctx, fn)
   },
   async reload(input: { directory: string; init?: () => Promise<any>; project?: Project.Info; worktree?: string }) {
-    const directory = AppFileSystem.resolve(input.directory)
-    Log.Default.info("reloading instance", { directory })
-    await disposeInstance(directory)
-    cache.delete(directory)
-    const next = track(directory, boot({ ...input, directory }))
-
-    GlobalBus.emit("event", {
-      directory,
-      project: input.project?.id,
-      workspace: WorkspaceContext.workspaceID,
-      payload: {
-        type: "server.instance.disposed",
-        properties: {
-          directory,
-        },
-      },
-    })
-
-    return await next
+    return InstanceStore.runtime.runPromise((store) => store.reload(input))
   },
   async dispose() {
-    const directory = Instance.directory
-    const project = Instance.project
-    Log.Default.info("disposing instance", { directory })
-    await disposeInstance(directory)
-    cache.delete(directory)
-
-    GlobalBus.emit("event", {
-      directory,
-      project: project.id,
-      workspace: WorkspaceContext.workspaceID,
-      payload: {
-        type: "server.instance.disposed",
-        properties: {
-          directory,
-        },
-      },
-    })
+    return InstanceStore.runtime.runPromise((store) => store.dispose(Instance.current))
   },
   async disposeAll() {
-    if (disposal.all) return disposal.all
-
-    disposal.all = iife(async () => {
-      Log.Default.info("disposing all instances")
-      const entries = [...cache.entries()]
-      for (const [key, value] of entries) {
-        if (cache.get(key) !== value) continue
-
-        const ctx = await value.catch((error) => {
-          Log.Default.warn("instance dispose failed", { key, error })
-          return undefined
-        })
-
-        if (!ctx) {
-          if (cache.get(key) === value) cache.delete(key)
-          continue
-        }
-
-        if (cache.get(key) !== value) continue
-
-        await context.provide(ctx, async () => {
-          await Instance.dispose()
-        })
-      }
-    }).finally(() => {
-      disposal.all = undefined
-    })
-
-    return disposal.all
+    return InstanceStore.runtime.runPromise((store) => store.disposeAll())
   },
 }
diff --git a/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/handlers/global.ts b/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/handlers/global.ts
index cd1bebec4..bcad2832e 100644
--- a/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/handlers/global.ts
+++ b/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/handlers/global.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Config } from "@/config/config"
 import { GlobalBus, type GlobalEvent as GlobalBusEvent } from "@/bus/global"
 import { Installation } from "@/installation"
-import { Instance } from "@/project/instance"
+import { InstanceStore } from "@/project/instance-store"
 import { InstallationVersion } from "@opencode-ai/core/installation/version"
 import * as Log from "@opencode-ai/core/util/log"
 import { Effect, Queue, Schema } from "effect"
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ export const globalHandlers = HttpApiBuilder.group(RootHttpApi, "global", (handl
   Effect.gen(function* () {
     const config = yield* Config.Service
     const installation = yield* Installation.Service
+    const store = yield* InstanceStore.Service
 
     const health = Effect.fn("GlobalHttpApi.health")(function* () {
       return { healthy: true as const, version: InstallationVersion }
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ export const globalHandlers = HttpApiBuilder.group(RootHttpApi, "global", (handl
     })
 
     const dispose = Effect.fn("GlobalHttpApi.dispose")(function* () {
-      yield* Effect.promise(() => Instance.disposeAll())
+      yield* store.disposeAll()
       GlobalBus.emit("event", {
         directory: "global",
         payload: { type: "global.disposed", properties: {} },
diff --git a/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/lifecycle.ts b/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/lifecycle.ts
index 7b263980c..53d54e2a8 100644
--- a/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/lifecycle.ts
+++ b/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/lifecycle.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-import type { WorkspaceID } from "@/control-plane/schema"
-import { WorkspaceContext } from "@/control-plane/workspace-context"
-import { WorkspaceRef } from "@/effect/instance-ref"
-import { Instance, type InstanceContext } from "@/project/instance"
+import { EffectBridge } from "@/effect/bridge"
+import type { InstanceContext } from "@/project/instance"
+import { InstanceStore } from "@/project/instance-store"
 import { Effect } from "effect"
 import { HttpEffect, HttpMiddleware, HttpServerRequest } from "effect/unstable/http"
 
 type MarkedInstance = {
   ctx: InstanceContext
-  workspaceID?: WorkspaceID
+  store: InstanceStore.Interface
+  bridge: EffectBridge.Shape
 }
 
 // Disposal is requested by an endpoint handler, but must run from the outer
@@ -17,20 +17,9 @@ const disposeAfterResponse = new WeakMap<object, MarkedInstance>()
 
 const mark = (ctx: InstanceContext) =>
   Effect.gen(function* () {
-    return { ctx, workspaceID: yield* WorkspaceRef }
+    return { ctx, store: yield* InstanceStore.Service, bridge: yield* EffectBridge.make() }
   })
 
-// Instance.dispose/reload still publish events through legacy ALS helpers.
-// Effect request handlers carry these values in services, so bridge them back
-// into the legacy contexts only around the lifecycle operation.
-const restoreMarked = <A>(marked: MarkedInstance, fn: () => A) =>
-  Effect.promise(() =>
-    WorkspaceContext.provide({
-      workspaceID: marked.workspaceID,
-      fn: () => Instance.restore(marked.ctx, fn),
-    }),
-  )
-
 export const markInstanceForDisposal = (ctx: InstanceContext) =>
   Effect.gen(function* () {
     const marked = yield* mark(ctx)
@@ -43,11 +32,11 @@ export const markInstanceForDisposal = (ctx: InstanceContext) =>
     )
   })
 
-export const markInstanceForReload = (ctx: InstanceContext, next: Parameters<typeof Instance.reload>[0]) =>
+export const markInstanceForReload = (ctx: InstanceContext, next: InstanceStore.LoadInput) =>
   Effect.gen(function* () {
     const marked = yield* mark(ctx)
     return yield* HttpEffect.appendPreResponseHandler((_request, response) =>
-      Effect.as(Effect.uninterruptible(restoreMarked(marked, () => Instance.reload(next))), response),
+      Effect.as(Effect.uninterruptible(marked.bridge.run(marked.store.reload(next))), response),
     )
   })
 
@@ -58,6 +47,6 @@ export const disposeMiddleware: HttpMiddleware.HttpMiddleware = (effect) =>
     const marked = disposeAfterResponse.get(request.source)
     if (!marked) return response
     disposeAfterResponse.delete(request.source)
-    yield* Effect.uninterruptible(restoreMarked(marked, () => Instance.dispose()))
+    yield* Effect.uninterruptible(marked.bridge.run(marked.store.dispose(marked.ctx)))
     return response
   })
diff --git a/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/middleware/instance-context.ts b/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/middleware/instance-context.ts
index c80f1caeb..1d7d84cbc 100644
--- a/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/middleware/instance-context.ts
+++ b/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/middleware/instance-context.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 import { InstanceRef, WorkspaceRef } from "@/effect/instance-ref"
 import { AppRuntime } from "@/effect/app-runtime"
 import { InstanceBootstrap } from "@/project/bootstrap"
-import { Instance } from "@/project/instance"
 import type { InstanceContext } from "@/project/instance"
-import { Filesystem } from "@/util/filesystem"
+import { InstanceStore } from "@/project/instance-store"
 import { Effect, Layer } from "effect"
 import { HttpRouter, HttpServerResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
 import { HttpApiMiddleware } from "effect/unstable/httpapi"
@@ -24,22 +23,23 @@ function decode(input: string): string {
   }
 }
 
-function makeInstanceContext(directory: string): Effect.Effect<InstanceContext> {
-  return Effect.promise(() =>
-    Instance.provide({
-      directory: Filesystem.resolve(decode(directory)),
-      init: () => AppRuntime.runPromise(InstanceBootstrap),
-      fn: () => Instance.current,
-    }),
-  )
+function makeInstanceContext(
+  store: InstanceStore.Interface,
+  directory: string,
+): Effect.Effect<InstanceContext> {
+  return store.load({
+    directory: decode(directory),
+    init: () => AppRuntime.runPromise(InstanceBootstrap),
+  })
 }
 
 function provideInstanceContext<E>(
   effect: Effect.Effect<HttpServerResponse.HttpServerResponse, E>,
+  store: InstanceStore.Interface,
 ): Effect.Effect<HttpServerResponse.HttpServerResponse, E, WorkspaceRouteContext> {
   return Effect.gen(function* () {
     const route = yield* WorkspaceRouteContext
-    const ctx = yield* makeInstanceContext(route.directory)
+    const ctx = yield* makeInstanceContext(store, route.directory)
     return yield* effect.pipe(
       Effect.provideService(InstanceRef, ctx),
       Effect.provideService(WorkspaceRef, route.workspaceID),
@@ -47,9 +47,17 @@ function provideInstanceContext<E>(
   })
 }
 
-export const instanceContextLayer = Layer.succeed(
+export const instanceContextLayer = Layer.effect(
   InstanceContextMiddleware,
-  InstanceContextMiddleware.of((effect) => provideInstanceContext(effect)),
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const store = yield* InstanceStore.Service
+    return InstanceContextMiddleware.of((effect) => provideInstanceContext(effect, store))
+  }),
 )
 
-export const instanceRouterMiddleware = HttpRouter.middleware()((effect) => provideInstanceContext(effect))
+export const instanceRouterMiddleware = HttpRouter.middleware()(
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const store = yield* InstanceStore.Service
+    return (effect) => provideInstanceContext(effect, store)
+  }),
+)
diff --git a/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/server.ts b/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/server.ts
index e6dedfe2c..783f84ec8 100644
--- a/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/server.ts
+++ b/packages/opencode/src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/server.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { LSP } from "@/lsp/lsp"
 import { MCP } from "@/mcp"
 import { Permission } from "@/permission"
 import { Installation } from "@/installation"
+import { InstanceStore } from "@/project/instance-store"
 import { Project } from "@/project/project"
 import { ProviderAuth } from "@/provider/auth"
 import { Provider } from "@/provider/provider"
@@ -145,6 +146,7 @@ export function createRoutes(corsOptions?: CorsOptions) {
       Format.defaultLayer,
       LSP.defaultLayer,
       Installation.defaultLayer,
+      InstanceStore.defaultLayer,
       MCP.defaultLayer,
       Permission.defaultLayer,
       Project.defaultLayer,
diff --git a/packages/opencode/test/project/instance.test.ts b/packages/opencode/test/project/instance.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9fb6dca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/opencode/test/project/instance.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect } from "bun:test"
+import { CrossSpawnSpawner } from "@opencode-ai/core/cross-spawn-spawner"
+import { Effect, Fiber, Layer } from "effect"
+import { registerDisposer } from "../../src/effect/instance-registry"
+import { Instance } from "../../src/project/instance"
+import { InstanceStore } from "../../src/project/instance-store"
+import { tmpdirScoped } from "../fixture/fixture"
+import { testEffect } from "../lib/effect"
+
+const it = testEffect(Layer.mergeAll(InstanceStore.defaultLayer, CrossSpawnSpawner.defaultLayer))
+
+afterEach(async () => {
+  await Instance.disposeAll()
+})
+
+describe("InstanceStore", () => {
+  it.live("loads instance context without installing ALS for the caller", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const dir = yield* tmpdirScoped({ git: true })
+      const store = yield* InstanceStore.Service
+      const ctx = yield* store.load({ directory: dir })
+
+      expect(ctx.directory).toBe(dir)
+      expect(ctx.worktree).toBe(dir)
+      expect(() => Instance.current).toThrow()
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.live("runs load init inside the loaded legacy instance context", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const dir = yield* tmpdirScoped({ git: true })
+      const store = yield* InstanceStore.Service
+      let initializedDirectory: string | undefined
+
+      yield* store.load({
+        directory: dir,
+        init: async () => {
+          initializedDirectory = Instance.directory
+        },
+      })
+
+      expect(initializedDirectory).toBe(dir)
+      expect(() => Instance.current).toThrow()
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.live("caches loaded instance context by directory", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const dir = yield* tmpdirScoped({ git: true })
+      const store = yield* InstanceStore.Service
+      let initialized = 0
+
+      const first = yield* store.load({
+        directory: dir,
+        init: async () => {
+          initialized++
+        },
+      })
+      const second = yield* store.load({
+        directory: dir,
+        init: async () => {
+          initialized++
+        },
+      })
+
+      expect(second).toBe(first)
+      expect(initialized).toBe(1)
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.live("dedupes concurrent loads while init is in flight", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const dir = yield* tmpdirScoped({ git: true })
+      const store = yield* InstanceStore.Service
+      const started = Promise.withResolvers<void>()
+      const release = Promise.withResolvers<void>()
+      let initialized = 0
+
+      const first = yield* store
+        .load({
+          directory: dir,
+          init: async () => {
+            initialized++
+            started.resolve()
+            await release.promise
+          },
+        })
+        .pipe(Effect.forkScoped)
+
+      yield* Effect.promise(() => started.promise)
+
+      const second = yield* store
+        .load({
+          directory: dir,
+          init: async () => {
+            initialized++
+          },
+        })
+        .pipe(Effect.forkScoped)
+
+      expect(initialized).toBe(1)
+      release.resolve()
+
+      const [firstCtx, secondCtx] = yield* Effect.all([Fiber.join(first), Fiber.join(second)])
+      expect(secondCtx).toBe(firstCtx)
+      expect(initialized).toBe(1)
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.live("removes failed loads from the cache", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const dir = yield* tmpdirScoped({ git: true })
+      const store = yield* InstanceStore.Service
+      let attempts = 0
+
+      const failed = yield* store
+        .load({
+          directory: dir,
+          init: async () => {
+            attempts++
+            throw new Error("init failed")
+          },
+        })
+        .pipe(
+          Effect.as(false),
+          Effect.catchCause(() => Effect.succeed(true)),
+        )
+
+      expect(failed).toBe(true)
+
+      const ctx = yield* store.load({
+        directory: dir,
+        init: async () => {
+          attempts++
+        },
+      })
+
+      expect(ctx.directory).toBe(dir)
+      expect(attempts).toBe(2)
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.live("reload replaces the cached context", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const dir = yield* tmpdirScoped({ git: true })
+      const store = yield* InstanceStore.Service
+
+      const first = yield* store.load({ directory: dir })
+      const second = yield* store.reload({ directory: dir })
+      const cached = yield* store.load({ directory: dir })
+
+      expect(second).not.toBe(first)
+      expect(cached).toBe(second)
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.live("stale dispose does not delete an in-flight reload", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const dir = yield* tmpdirScoped({ git: true })
+      const store = yield* InstanceStore.Service
+      const reloading = Promise.withResolvers<void>()
+      const releaseReload = Promise.withResolvers<void>()
+      const disposed: Array<string> = []
+      const off = registerDisposer(async (directory) => {
+        disposed.push(directory)
+      })
+      yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() => Effect.sync(off))
+
+      const first = yield* store.load({ directory: dir })
+      const reload = yield* store
+        .reload({
+          directory: dir,
+          init: async () => {
+            reloading.resolve()
+            await releaseReload.promise
+          },
+        })
+        .pipe(Effect.forkScoped)
+
+      yield* Effect.promise(() => reloading.promise)
+      const staleDispose = yield* store.dispose(first).pipe(Effect.forkScoped)
+      releaseReload.resolve()
+
+      const second = yield* Fiber.join(reload)
+      yield* Fiber.join(staleDispose)
+
+      expect(disposed).toEqual([dir])
+      expect(yield* store.load({ directory: dir })).toBe(second)
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.live("dedupes concurrent disposeAll calls", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const dir = yield* tmpdirScoped({ git: true })
+      const store = yield* InstanceStore.Service
+      const disposing = Promise.withResolvers<void>()
+      const releaseDispose = Promise.withResolvers<void>()
+      const disposed: Array<string> = []
+      const off = registerDisposer(async (directory) => {
+        disposed.push(directory)
+        disposing.resolve()
+        await releaseDispose.promise
+      })
+      yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() => Effect.sync(off))
+
+      yield* store.load({ directory: dir })
+      const first = yield* store.disposeAll().pipe(Effect.forkScoped)
+      yield* Effect.promise(() => disposing.promise)
+      const second = yield* store.disposeAll().pipe(Effect.forkScoped)
+
+      expect(disposed).toEqual([dir])
+      releaseDispose.resolve()
+      yield* Effect.all([Fiber.join(first), Fiber.join(second)])
+      expect(disposed).toEqual([dir])
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.live("re-arms disposeAll after completion", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const dir1 = yield* tmpdirScoped({ git: true })
+      const dir2 = yield* tmpdirScoped({ git: true })
+      const store = yield* InstanceStore.Service
+      const disposed: Array<string> = []
+      const off = registerDisposer(async (directory) => {
+        disposed.push(directory)
+      })
+      yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() => Effect.sync(off))
+
+      yield* store.load({ directory: dir1 })
+      yield* store.disposeAll()
+      expect(disposed).toEqual([dir1])
+
+      yield* store.load({ directory: dir2 })
+      yield* store.disposeAll()
+      expect(disposed).toEqual([dir1, dir2])
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.live("keeps Instance.provide as the legacy ALS wrapper", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const dir = yield* tmpdirScoped({ git: true })
+
+      const directory = yield* Effect.promise(() =>
+        Instance.provide({
+          directory: dir,
+          fn: () => Instance.directory,
+        }),
+      )
+
+      expect(directory).toBe(dir)
+      expect(() => Instance.current).toThrow()
+    }),
+  )
+})
diff --git a/packages/opencode/test/server/httpapi-instance-context.test.ts b/packages/opencode/test/server/httpapi-instance-context.test.ts
index 9dea20dd6..6098ad9aa 100644
--- a/packages/opencode/test/server/httpapi-instance-context.test.ts
+++ b/packages/opencode/test/server/httpapi-instance-context.test.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import type { WorkspaceAdapter } from "../../src/control-plane/types"
 import { Workspace } from "../../src/control-plane/workspace"
 import { InstanceRef, WorkspaceRef } from "../../src/effect/instance-ref"
 import { Instance } from "../../src/project/instance"
+import { InstanceStore } from "../../src/project/instance-store"
 import { Project } from "../../src/project/project"
 import { disposeMiddleware, markInstanceForDisposal } from "../../src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/lifecycle"
 import { instanceRouterMiddleware } from "../../src/server/routes/instance/httpapi/middleware/instance-context"
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ const it = testEffect(
     testStateLayer,
     NodeHttpServer.layerTest,
     NodeServices.layer,
+    InstanceStore.defaultLayer,
     Project.defaultLayer,
     Workspace.defaultLayer,
   ),