path: root/src/external/mini_al.h

// Audio playback and capture library. Public domain. See "unlicense" statement at the end of this file.
// mini_al - v0.x - xxxx-xx-xx
//
// David Reid - [email protected]

// ABOUT
// =====
// mini_al is a small library for making it easy to connect to a playback or capture device and send
// or receive data from that device.
//
// mini_al uses an asynchronous API. Every device is created with it's own thread, with audio data
// being delivered to or from the device via a callback. Synchronous APIs are not supported in the
// interest of keeping the library as simple and light-weight as possible.
//
// Supported Backends:
//   - WASAPI
//   - DirectSound
//   - WinMM
//   - ALSA
//   - OSS
//   - OpenSL|ES / Android
//   - OpenAL
//   - SDL
//   - Null (Silence)
//   - ... and more in the future.
//     - Core Audio (OSX, iOS)
//
// Supported Formats:
//   - Unsigned 8-bit PCM
//   - Signed 16-bit PCM
//   - Signed 24-bit PCM (tightly packed)
//   - Signed 32-bit PCM
//   - IEEE 32-bit floating point PCM
//
//
// USAGE
// =====
// mini_al is a single-file library. To use it, do something like the following in one .c file.
//   #define MAL_IMPLEMENTATION
//   #include "mini_al.h"
//
// You can then #include this file in other parts of the program as you would with any other header file.
//
// The implementation of this library will try #include-ing necessary headers for each backend. If you do not have
// the development packages for any particular backend you can disable it by #define-ing the appropriate MAL_NO_*
// option before the implementation.
//
//
// Building (Windows)
// ------------------
// The Windows build should compile clean on all modern versions of MSVC without the need to configure any include
// paths nor link to any libraries. The same applies to MinGW/GCC and Clang.
//
// Building (Linux)
// ----------------
// The Linux build uses ALSA for it's backend so you will need to install the relevant ALSA development packages
// for your preferred distro. It also uses pthreads. Dependencies are dynamically linked at runtime so you do not
// need to link to -lasound nor -lpthread. You will need to link to -ldl.
//
// Building (BSD)
// --------------
// The BSD build uses OSS and should Just Work without any linking nor include path configuration.
//
// Building (Emscripten)
// ---------------------
// The Emscripten build currently uses SDL 1.2 for it's backend which means specifying "-s USE_SDL=2" is unecessary
// as of this version. However, if in the future there is legitimate benefit or enough demand for SDL 2 to be used
// instead, you will need to specify this when compiling.
//
//
// Playback Example
// ----------------
//   mal_uint32 on_send_samples(mal_device* pDevice, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pSamples)
//   {
//       // This callback is set at initialization time and will be called when a playback device needs more
//       // data. You need to write as many frames as you can to pSamples (but no more than frameCount) and
//       // then return the number of frames you wrote.
//       //
//       // The user data (pDevice->pUserData) is set by mal_device_init().
//       return (mal_uint32)drwav_read_f32((drwav*)pDevice->pUserData, frameCount * pDevice->channels, (float*)pSamples) / pDevice->channels;
//   }
//
//   ...
//
//   mal_context context;
//   if (mal_context_init(NULL, 0, NULL, &context) != MAL_SUCCESS) {
//       printf("Failed to initialize context.");
//       return -3;
//   }
//
//   mal_device_config config = mal_device_config_init_playback(mal_format_s16, wav.channels, wav.sampleRate, on_send_frames_to_device);
//
//   mal_device device;
//   mal_result result = mal_device_init(&context, mal_device_type_playback, NULL, &config, pMyData, &device);
//   if (result != MAL_SUCCESS) {
//       return -1;
//   }
//
//   mal_device_start(&device);     // The device is sleeping by default so you'll need to start it manually.
//
//   ...
//
//   mal_device_uninit(&device);    // This will stop the device so no need to do that manually.
//
//
//
// NOTES
// =====
// - This library uses an asynchronous API for delivering and requesting audio data. Each device will have
//   it's own worker thread which is managed by the library.
// - If mal_device_init() is called with a device that's not aligned to the platform's natural alignment
//   boundary (4 bytes on 32-bit, 8 bytes on 64-bit), it will _not_ be thread-safe. The reason for this
//   is that it depends on members of mal_device being correctly aligned for atomic assignments.
// - Sample data is always little-endian and interleaved. For example, mal_format_s16 means signed 16-bit
//   integer samples, interleaved. Let me know if you need non-interleaved and I'll look into it.
//
//
//
// BACKEND NUANCES
// ===============
// - The absolute best latency I am able to get on DirectSound is about 10 milliseconds. This seems very
//   consistent so I'm suspecting there's some kind of hard coded limit there or something.
// - DirectSound currently supports a maximum of 4 periods.
// - To capture audio on Android, remember to add the RECORD_AUDIO permission to your manifest:
//     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO" />
// - UWP is only supported when compiling as C++.
// - UWP only supports default playback and capture devices.
// - UWP requires the Microphone capability to be enabled in the application's manifest (Package.appxmanifest):
//       <Package ...>
//           ...
//           <Capabilities>
//               <DeviceCapability Name="microphone" />
//           </Capabilities>
//       </Package>
//
//
// OPTIONS
// =======
// #define these options before including this file.
//
// #define MAL_NO_WASAPI
//   Disables the WASAPI backend.
//
// #define MAL_NO_DSOUND
//   Disables the DirectSound backend.
//
// #define MAL_NO_WINMM
//   Disables the WinMM backend.
//
// #define MAL_NO_ALSA
//   Disables the ALSA backend.
//
// #define MAL_NO_OSS
//   Disables the OSS backend.
//
// #define MAL_NO_OPENSL
//   Disables the OpenSL|ES backend.
//
// #define MAL_NO_OPENAL
//   Disables the OpenAL backend.
//
// #define MAL_NO_SDL
//   Disables the SDL backend.
//
// #define MAL_NO_NULL
//   Disables the null backend.
//
// #define MAL_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE_IN_MILLISECONDS
//   When a buffer size of 0 is specified when a device is initialized, it will default to a size with
//   this number of milliseconds worth of data. Note that some backends may adjust this setting if that
//   particular backend has unusual latency characteristics.
//
// #define MAL_DEFAULT_PERIODS
//   When a period count of 0 is specified when a device is initialized, it will default to this.

#ifndef mini_al_h
#define mini_al_h

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
    #pragma warning(push)
    #pragma warning(disable:4201)   // nonstandard extension used: nameless struct/union
#endif

// Platform/backend detection.
#ifdef _WIN32
    #define MAL_WIN32
    #if (!defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) || WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_DESKTOP_APP)
        #define MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP
    #endif
#else
    #define MAL_POSIX
    #include <pthread.h>    // Unfortunate #include, but needed for pthread_t, pthread_mutex_t and pthread_cond_t types.

    #define MAL_UNIX
    #ifdef __linux__
        #define MAL_LINUX
    #endif
    #ifdef __APPLE__
        #define MAL_APPLE
    #endif
    #ifdef __ANDROID__
        #define MAL_ANDROID
    #endif
    #ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
        #define MAL_EMSCRIPTEN
    #endif
#endif

// Some backends are only supported on certain platforms.
#if defined(MAL_WIN32)
    #define MAL_SUPPORT_WASAPI
    #if defined(MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP)  // DirectSound and WinMM backends are only supported on desktop's.
        #define MAL_SUPPORT_DSOUND
        #define MAL_SUPPORT_WINMM
    #endif

    // Don't support WASAPI on older versions of MSVC for now.
    #if defined(_MSC_VER)
        #if _MSC_VER < 1600
            #if !defined(__audioclient_h__)
                #undef MAL_SUPPORT_WASAPI
            #endif
        #endif
    #endif
#endif
#if defined(MAL_UNIX)
    #if defined(MAL_LINUX)
        #if !defined(MAL_ANDROID)   // ALSA is not supported on Android.
            #define MAL_SUPPORT_ALSA
        #endif
    #endif
    #if defined(MAL_APPLE)
        #define MAL_SUPPORT_COREAUDIO
    #endif
    #if defined(MAL_ANDROID)
        #define MAL_SUPPORT_OPENSL
    #endif
    #if !defined(MAL_LINUX) && !defined(MAL_APPLE) && !defined(MAL_ANDROID) && !defined(MAL_EMSCRIPTEN)
        #define MAL_SUPPORT_OSS
    #endif
#endif

#define MAL_SUPPORT_SDL     // All platforms support SDL.

// Explicitly disable OpenAL and Null backends for Emscripten because they both use a background thread which is not properly supported right now.
#if !defined(MAL_EMSCRIPTEN)
#define MAL_SUPPORT_OPENAL
#define MAL_SUPPORT_NULL    // All platforms support the null backend.
#endif


#if !defined(MAL_NO_WASAPI) && defined(MAL_SUPPORT_WASAPI)
    #define MAL_ENABLE_WASAPI
#endif
#if !defined(MAL_NO_DSOUND) && defined(MAL_SUPPORT_DSOUND)
    #define MAL_ENABLE_DSOUND
#endif
#if !defined(MAL_NO_WINMM) && defined(MAL_SUPPORT_WINMM)
    #define MAL_ENABLE_WINMM
#endif
#if !defined(MAL_NO_ALSA) && defined(MAL_SUPPORT_ALSA)
    #define MAL_ENABLE_ALSA
#endif
#if !defined(MAL_NO_COREAUDIO) && defined(MAL_SUPPORT_COREAUDIO)
    #define MAL_ENABLE_COREAUDIO
#endif
#if !defined(MAL_NO_OSS) && defined(MAL_SUPPORT_OSS)
    #define MAL_ENABLE_OSS
#endif
#if !defined(MAL_NO_OPENSL) && defined(MAL_SUPPORT_OPENSL)
    #define MAL_ENABLE_OPENSL
#endif
#if !defined(MAL_NO_OPENAL) && defined(MAL_SUPPORT_OPENAL)
    #define MAL_ENABLE_OPENAL
#endif
#if !defined(MAL_NO_SDL) && defined(MAL_SUPPORT_SDL)
    #define MAL_ENABLE_SDL
#endif
#if !defined(MAL_NO_NULL) && defined(MAL_SUPPORT_NULL)
    #define MAL_ENABLE_NULL
#endif


#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1600
typedef   signed char    mal_int8;
typedef unsigned char    mal_uint8;
typedef   signed short   mal_int16;
typedef unsigned short   mal_uint16;
typedef   signed int     mal_int32;
typedef unsigned int     mal_uint32;
typedef   signed __int64 mal_int64;
typedef unsigned __int64 mal_uint64;
#else
#include <stdint.h>
typedef int8_t           mal_int8;
typedef uint8_t          mal_uint8;
typedef int16_t          mal_int16;
typedef uint16_t         mal_uint16;
typedef int32_t          mal_int32;
typedef uint32_t         mal_uint32;
typedef int64_t          mal_int64;
typedef uint64_t         mal_uint64;
#endif
typedef mal_uint8        mal_bool8;
typedef mal_uint32       mal_bool32;
#define MAL_TRUE         1
#define MAL_FALSE        0

typedef void* mal_handle;
typedef void* mal_ptr;
typedef void (* mal_proc)();

typedef struct mal_context mal_context;
typedef struct mal_device mal_device;

typedef struct
{
    mal_context* pContext;

    union
    {
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
        struct
        {
            /*HANDLE*/ mal_handle hThread;
        } win32;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
        struct
        {
            pthread_t thread;
        } posix;
#endif

        int _unused;
    };
} mal_thread;

typedef struct
{
    mal_context* pContext;

    union
    {
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
        struct
        {
            /*HANDLE*/ mal_handle hMutex;
        } win32;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
        struct
        {
            pthread_mutex_t mutex;
        } posix;
#endif

        int _unused;
    };
} mal_mutex;

typedef struct
{
    mal_context* pContext;

    union
    {
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
        struct
        {
            /*HANDLE*/ mal_handle hEvent;
        } win32;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
        struct
        {
            pthread_mutex_t mutex;
            pthread_cond_t condition;
            mal_uint32 value;
        } posix;
#endif

        int _unused;
    };
} mal_event;

#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)
typedef mal_uint16 wchar_t;
#endif

// Define NULL for some compilers.
#ifndef NULL
#define NULL 0
#endif

#define MAL_MAX_PERIODS_DSOUND                          4
#define MAL_MAX_PERIODS_OPENAL                          4

typedef mal_uint8 mal_channel;
#define MAL_CHANNEL_NONE                                0
#define MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT                          1
#define MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT                         2
#define MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER                        3
#define MAL_CHANNEL_LFE                                 4
#define MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT                           5
#define MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT                          6
#define MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT_CENTER                   7
#define MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT_CENTER                  8
#define MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_CENTER                         9
#define MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT                           10
#define MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT                          11
#define MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_CENTER                          12
#define MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_LEFT                      13
#define MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_CENTER                    14
#define MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_RIGHT                     15
#define MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_LEFT                       16
#define MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_CENTER                     17
#define MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_RIGHT                      18
#define MAL_CHANNEL_MONO                                MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER
#define MAL_MAX_CHANNELS                                18

#define MAL_MAX_SAMPLE_SIZE_IN_BYTES                    8

typedef int mal_result;
#define MAL_SUCCESS                                      0
#define MAL_ERROR                                       -1      // A generic error.
#define MAL_INVALID_ARGS                                -2
#define MAL_OUT_OF_MEMORY                               -3
#define MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED                        -4
#define MAL_NO_BACKEND                                  -5
#define MAL_NO_DEVICE                                   -6
#define MAL_API_NOT_FOUND                               -7
#define MAL_DEVICE_BUSY                                 -8
#define MAL_DEVICE_NOT_INITIALIZED                      -9
#define MAL_DEVICE_ALREADY_STARTED                      -10
#define MAL_DEVICE_ALREADY_STARTING                     -11
#define MAL_DEVICE_ALREADY_STOPPED                      -12
#define MAL_DEVICE_ALREADY_STOPPING                     -13
#define MAL_FAILED_TO_MAP_DEVICE_BUFFER                 -14
#define MAL_FAILED_TO_INIT_BACKEND                      -15
#define MAL_FAILED_TO_READ_DATA_FROM_CLIENT             -16
#define MAL_FAILED_TO_READ_DATA_FROM_DEVICE             -17
#define MAL_FAILED_TO_SEND_DATA_TO_CLIENT               -18
#define MAL_FAILED_TO_SEND_DATA_TO_DEVICE               -19
#define MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE               -20
#define MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE              -21
#define MAL_FAILED_TO_STOP_BACKEND_DEVICE               -22
#define MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_MUTEX                      -23
#define MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_EVENT                      -24
#define MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_THREAD                     -25
#define MAL_INVALID_DEVICE_CONFIG                       -26
#define MAL_ACCESS_DENIED                               -27
#define MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_CREATE_DEVICE              -1024
#define MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_SET_COOP_LEVEL             -1025
#define MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_CREATE_BUFFER              -1026
#define MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_QUERY_INTERFACE            -1027
#define MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_SET_NOTIFICATIONS          -1028
#define MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_OPEN_DEVICE                  -2048
#define MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_SET_HW_PARAMS                -2049
#define MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_SET_SW_PARAMS                -2050
#define MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_PREPARE_DEVICE               -2051
#define MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_RECOVER_DEVICE               -2052
#define MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_CREATE_DEVICE_ENUMERATOR   -3072
#define MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_CREATE_DEVICE              -3073
#define MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_ACTIVATE_DEVICE            -3074
#define MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_INITIALIZE_DEVICE          -3075
#define MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_FIND_BEST_FORMAT           -3076
#define MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_GET_INTERNAL_BUFFER        -3077
#define MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_RELEASE_INTERNAL_BUFFER    -3078
#define MAL_WINMM_FAILED_TO_GET_DEVICE_CAPS             -4096
#define MAL_WINMM_FAILED_TO_GET_SUPPORTED_FORMATS       -4097

typedef void       (* mal_log_proc) (mal_context* pContext, mal_device* pDevice, const char* message);
typedef void       (* mal_recv_proc)(mal_device* pDevice, mal_uint32 frameCount, const void* pSamples);
typedef mal_uint32 (* mal_send_proc)(mal_device* pDevice, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pSamples);
typedef void       (* mal_stop_proc)(mal_device* pDevice);

typedef enum
{
    mal_backend_null,
    mal_backend_wasapi,
    mal_backend_dsound,
    mal_backend_winmm,
    mal_backend_alsa,
    mal_backend_oss,
    mal_backend_opensl,
    mal_backend_openal,
    mal_backend_sdl
} mal_backend;

typedef enum
{
    mal_device_type_playback,
    mal_device_type_capture
} mal_device_type;

typedef enum
{
    // I like to keep these explicitly defined because they're used as a key into a lookup table. When items are
    // added to this, make sure there are no gaps and that they're added to the lookup table in mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes().
    mal_format_unknown = 0,     // Mainly used for indicating an error.
    mal_format_u8      = 1,
    mal_format_s16     = 2,     // Seems to be the most widely supported format.
    mal_format_s24     = 3,     // Tightly packed. 3 bytes per sample.
    mal_format_s32     = 4,
    mal_format_f32     = 5,
} mal_format;

typedef enum
{
    mal_channel_mix_mode_basic,     // Drop excess channels; zeroed out extra channels.
    mal_channel_mix_mode_blend,     // Blend channels based on locality.
} mal_channel_mix_mode;

typedef union
{
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_WASAPI
    wchar_t wasapi[64];             // WASAPI uses a wchar_t string for identification.
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_DSOUND
    mal_uint8 dsound[16];           // DirectSound uses a GUID for identification.
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_WINMM
    /*UINT_PTR*/ mal_uint32 winmm;  // When creating a device, WinMM expects a Win32 UINT_PTR for device identification. In practice it's actually just a UINT.
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_ALSA
    char alsa[256];                 // ALSA uses a name string for identification.
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_COREAUDIO
    // TODO: Implement me.
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_OSS
    char oss[64];                   // "dev/dsp0", etc. "dev/dsp" for the default device.
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_OPENSL
    mal_uint32 opensl;              // OpenSL|ES uses a 32-bit unsigned integer for identification.
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_OPENAL
    char openal[256];               // OpenAL seems to use human-readable device names as the ID.
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_SDL
    int sdl;                        // SDL devices are identified with an index.
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_NULL
    int nullbackend;                // Always 0.
#endif
} mal_device_id;

typedef struct
{
    mal_device_id id;
    char name[256];
} mal_device_info;

typedef struct
{
    mal_int64 counter;
} mal_timer;


typedef struct mal_src mal_src;
typedef mal_uint32 (* mal_src_read_proc)(mal_src* pSRC, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut, void* pUserData); // Returns the number of frames that were read.

typedef enum
{
    mal_src_algorithm_none,
    mal_src_algorithm_linear
} mal_src_algorithm;

#define MAL_SRC_CACHE_SIZE_IN_FRAMES    512
typedef struct
{
    mal_src* pSRC;
    float pCachedFrames[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS * MAL_SRC_CACHE_SIZE_IN_FRAMES];
    mal_uint32 cachedFrameCount;
    mal_uint32 iNextFrame;
} mal_src_cache;

typedef struct
{
    mal_uint32 sampleRateIn;
    mal_uint32 sampleRateOut;
    mal_format formatIn;
    mal_format formatOut;
    mal_uint32 channels;
    mal_src_algorithm algorithm;
    mal_uint32 cacheSizeInFrames;  // The number of frames to read from the client at a time.
} mal_src_config;

struct mal_src
{
    mal_src_config config;
    mal_src_read_proc onRead;
    void* pUserData;
    float bin[256];
    mal_src_cache cache;    // <-- For simplifying and optimizing client -> memory reading.

    union
    {
        struct
        {
            float alpha;
            mal_bool32 isPrevFramesLoaded : 1;
            mal_bool32 isNextFramesLoaded : 1;
        } linear;
    };
};

typedef struct mal_dsp mal_dsp;
typedef mal_uint32 (* mal_dsp_read_proc)(mal_dsp* pDSP, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pSamplesOut, void* pUserData);

typedef struct
{
    mal_format  formatIn;
    mal_uint32  channelsIn;
    mal_uint32  sampleRateIn;
    mal_channel channelMapIn[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS];
    mal_format  formatOut;
    mal_uint32  channelsOut;
    mal_uint32  sampleRateOut;
    mal_channel channelMapOut[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS];
    mal_uint32  cacheSizeInFrames;  // Applications should set this to 0 for now.
} mal_dsp_config;

struct mal_dsp
{
    mal_dsp_config config;
    mal_dsp_read_proc onRead;
    void* pUserDataForOnRead;
    mal_src src;    // For sample rate conversion.
    mal_channel channelMapInPostMix[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS];   // <-- When mixing, new channels may need to be created. This represents the channel map after mixing.
    mal_channel channelShuffleTable[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS];
    mal_bool32 isChannelMappingRequired : 1;
    mal_bool32 isSRCRequired : 1;
    mal_bool32 isPassthrough : 1;       // <-- Will be set to true when the DSP pipeline is an optimized passthrough.
};


typedef struct
{
    mal_format format;
    mal_uint32 channels;
    mal_uint32 sampleRate;
    mal_channel channelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS];
    mal_uint32 bufferSizeInFrames;
    mal_uint32 periods;
    mal_bool32 preferExclusiveMode;
    mal_recv_proc onRecvCallback;
    mal_send_proc onSendCallback;
    mal_stop_proc onStopCallback;

    struct
    {
        mal_bool32 noMMap;  // Disables MMap mode.
    } alsa;
} mal_device_config;

typedef struct
{
    mal_log_proc onLog;

    struct
    {
        mal_bool32 useVerboseDeviceEnumeration;
        mal_bool32 excludeNullDevice;
    } alsa;
} mal_context_config;

struct mal_context
{
    mal_backend backend;    // DirectSound, ALSA, etc.
    mal_context_config config;

    union
    {
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_WASAPI
        struct
        {
            int _unused;
        } wasapi;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_DSOUND
        struct
        {
            /*HMODULE*/ mal_handle hDSoundDLL;
        } dsound;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_WINMM
        struct
        {
            /*HMODULE*/ mal_handle hWinMM;
            mal_proc waveOutGetNumDevs;
            mal_proc waveOutGetDevCapsA;
            mal_proc waveOutOpen;
            mal_proc waveOutClose;
            mal_proc waveOutPrepareHeader;
            mal_proc waveOutUnprepareHeader;
            mal_proc waveOutWrite;
            mal_proc waveOutReset;
            mal_proc waveInGetNumDevs;
            mal_proc waveInGetDevCapsA;
            mal_proc waveInOpen;
            mal_proc waveInClose;
            mal_proc waveInPrepareHeader;
            mal_proc waveInUnprepareHeader;
            mal_proc waveInAddBuffer;
            mal_proc waveInStart;
            mal_proc waveInReset;
        } winmm;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_ALSA
        struct
        {
            mal_handle asoundSO;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_open;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_close;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_sizeof;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_any;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format_first;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format_mask;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels_near;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_resample;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_get_periods;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params_get_access;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_hw_params;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_sw_params_sizeof;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_sw_params_current;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_sw_params;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_format_mask_sizeof;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_format_mask_test;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_get_chmap;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_prepare;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_start;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_drop;
            mal_proc snd_device_name_hint;
            mal_proc snd_device_name_get_hint;
            mal_proc snd_card_get_index;
            mal_proc snd_device_name_free_hint;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_mmap_begin;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_mmap_commit;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_recover;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_readi;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_writei;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_avail;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_avail_update;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_wait;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_info;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_info_sizeof;
            mal_proc snd_pcm_info_get_name;
        } alsa;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_COREAUDIO
        struct
        {
            int _unused;
        } coreaudio;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_OSS
        struct
        {
            int versionMajor;
            int versionMinor;
        } oss;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_OPENSL
        struct
        {
            int _unused;
        } opensl;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_OPENAL
        struct
        {
            /*HMODULE*/ mal_handle hOpenAL;     // OpenAL32.dll, etc.
            mal_proc alcCreateContext;
            mal_proc alcMakeContextCurrent;
            mal_proc alcProcessContext;
            mal_proc alcSuspendContext;
            mal_proc alcDestroyContext;
            mal_proc alcGetCurrentContext;
            mal_proc alcGetContextsDevice;
            mal_proc alcOpenDevice;
            mal_proc alcCloseDevice;
            mal_proc alcGetError;
            mal_proc alcIsExtensionPresent;
            mal_proc alcGetProcAddress;
            mal_proc alcGetEnumValue;
            mal_proc alcGetString;
            mal_proc alcGetIntegerv;
            mal_proc alcCaptureOpenDevice;
            mal_proc alcCaptureCloseDevice;
            mal_proc alcCaptureStart;
            mal_proc alcCaptureStop;
            mal_proc alcCaptureSamples;

            mal_proc alEnable;
            mal_proc alDisable;
            mal_proc alIsEnabled;
            mal_proc alGetString;
            mal_proc alGetBooleanv;
            mal_proc alGetIntegerv;
            mal_proc alGetFloatv;
            mal_proc alGetDoublev;
            mal_proc alGetBoolean;
            mal_proc alGetInteger;
            mal_proc alGetFloat;
            mal_proc alGetDouble;
            mal_proc alGetError;
            mal_proc alIsExtensionPresent;
            mal_proc alGetProcAddress;
            mal_proc alGetEnumValue;
            mal_proc alGenSources;
            mal_proc alDeleteSources;
            mal_proc alIsSource;
            mal_proc alSourcef;
            mal_proc alSource3f;
            mal_proc alSourcefv;
            mal_proc alSourcei;
            mal_proc alSource3i;
            mal_proc alSourceiv;
            mal_proc alGetSourcef;
            mal_proc alGetSource3f;
            mal_proc alGetSourcefv;
            mal_proc alGetSourcei;
            mal_proc alGetSource3i;
            mal_proc alGetSourceiv;
            mal_proc alSourcePlayv;
            mal_proc alSourceStopv;
            mal_proc alSourceRewindv;
            mal_proc alSourcePausev;
            mal_proc alSourcePlay;
            mal_proc alSourceStop;
            mal_proc alSourceRewind;
            mal_proc alSourcePause;
            mal_proc alSourceQueueBuffers;
            mal_proc alSourceUnqueueBuffers;
            mal_proc alGenBuffers;
            mal_proc alDeleteBuffers;
            mal_proc alIsBuffer;
            mal_proc alBufferData;
            mal_proc alBufferf;
            mal_proc alBuffer3f;
            mal_proc alBufferfv;
            mal_proc alBufferi;
            mal_proc alBuffer3i;
            mal_proc alBufferiv;
            mal_proc alGetBufferf;
            mal_proc alGetBuffer3f;
            mal_proc alGetBufferfv;
            mal_proc alGetBufferi;
            mal_proc alGetBuffer3i;
            mal_proc alGetBufferiv;

            mal_bool32 isEnumerationSupported : 1;
            mal_bool32 isFloat32Supported   : 1;
            mal_bool32 isMCFormatsSupported : 1;
        } openal;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_SDL
        struct
        {
            mal_handle hSDL;    // SDL
            mal_proc SDL_InitSubSystem;
            mal_proc SDL_QuitSubSystem;
            mal_proc SDL_CloseAudio;
            mal_proc SDL_OpenAudio;
            mal_proc SDL_PauseAudio;
            mal_proc SDL_GetNumAudioDevices;
            mal_proc SDL_GetAudioDeviceName;
            mal_proc SDL_CloseAudioDevice;
            mal_proc SDL_OpenAudioDevice;
            mal_proc SDL_PauseAudioDevice;

            mal_bool32 usingSDL1;
        } sdl;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_NULL
        struct
        {
            int _unused;
        } null_backend;
#endif
    };

    union
    {
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
        struct
        {
            /*HMODULE*/ mal_handle hOle32DLL;
            mal_proc CoInitializeEx;
            mal_proc CoUninitialize;
            mal_proc CoCreateInstance;
            mal_proc CoTaskMemFree;
            mal_proc PropVariantClear;

            /*HMODULE*/ mal_handle hUser32DLL;
            mal_proc GetForegroundWindow;
            mal_proc GetDesktopWindow;
        } win32;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
        struct
        {
            mal_handle pthreadSO;
            mal_proc pthread_create;
            mal_proc pthread_join;
            mal_proc pthread_mutex_init;
            mal_proc pthread_mutex_destroy;
            mal_proc pthread_mutex_lock;
            mal_proc pthread_mutex_unlock;
            mal_proc pthread_cond_init;
            mal_proc pthread_cond_destroy;
            mal_proc pthread_cond_wait;
            mal_proc pthread_cond_signal;
        } posix;
#endif
        int _unused;
    };
};

struct mal_device
{
    mal_context* pContext;
    mal_device_type type;
    mal_format format;
    mal_uint32 channels;
    mal_uint32 sampleRate;
    mal_uint8  channelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS];
    mal_uint32 bufferSizeInFrames;
    mal_uint32 periods;
    mal_uint32 state;
    mal_recv_proc onRecv;
    mal_send_proc onSend;
    mal_stop_proc onStop;
    void* pUserData;        // Application defined data.
    char name[256];
    mal_mutex lock;
    mal_event wakeupEvent;
    mal_event startEvent;
    mal_event stopEvent;
    mal_thread thread;
    mal_result workResult;  // This is set by the worker thread after it's finished doing a job.
    mal_bool32 usingDefaultBufferSize : 1;
    mal_bool32 usingDefaultPeriods    : 1;
    mal_bool32 exclusiveMode          : 1;
    mal_format internalFormat;
    mal_uint32 internalChannels;
    mal_uint32 internalSampleRate;
    mal_uint8  internalChannelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS];
    mal_dsp dsp;                    // Samples run through this to convert samples to a format suitable for use by the backend.
    mal_uint32 _dspFrameCount;      // Internal use only. Used when running the device -> DSP -> client pipeline. See mal_device__on_read_from_device().
    const mal_uint8* _dspFrames;    // ^^^ AS ABOVE ^^^

    union
    {
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_WASAPI
        struct
        {
            /*IAudioClient**/ mal_ptr pAudioClient;
            /*IAudioRenderClient**/ mal_ptr pRenderClient;
            /*IAudioCaptureClient**/ mal_ptr pCaptureClient;
            /*HANDLE*/ mal_handle hEvent;
            /*HANDLE*/ mal_handle hStopEvent;
            mal_bool32 breakFromMainLoop;
        } wasapi;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_DSOUND
        struct
        {
            /*HMODULE*/ mal_handle hDSoundDLL;
            /*LPDIRECTSOUND*/ mal_ptr pPlayback;
            /*LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER*/ mal_ptr pPlaybackPrimaryBuffer;
            /*LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER*/ mal_ptr pPlaybackBuffer;
            /*LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE*/ mal_ptr pCapture;
            /*LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER*/ mal_ptr pCaptureBuffer;
            /*LPDIRECTSOUNDNOTIFY*/ mal_ptr pNotify;
            /*HANDLE*/ mal_handle pNotifyEvents[MAL_MAX_PERIODS_DSOUND];  // One event handle for each period.
            /*HANDLE*/ mal_handle hStopEvent;
            mal_uint32 lastProcessedFrame;      // This is circular.
            mal_bool32 breakFromMainLoop;
        } dsound;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_WINMM
        struct
        {
            /*HWAVEOUT, HWAVEIN*/ mal_handle hDevice;
            /*HANDLE*/ mal_handle hEvent;
            mal_uint32 fragmentSizeInFrames;
            mal_uint32 fragmentSizeInBytes;
            mal_uint32 iNextHeader;             // [0,periods). Used as an index into pWAVEHDR.
            /*WAVEHDR**/ mal_uint8* pWAVEHDR;   // One instantiation for each period.
            mal_uint8* pIntermediaryBuffer;
            mal_uint8* _pHeapData;              // Used internally and is used for the heap allocated data for the intermediary buffer and the WAVEHDR structures.
            mal_bool32 breakFromMainLoop;
        } winmm;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_ALSA
        struct
        {
            /*snd_pcm_t**/ mal_ptr pPCM;
            mal_bool32 isUsingMMap       : 1;
            mal_bool32 breakFromMainLoop : 1;
            void* pIntermediaryBuffer;
        } alsa;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_COREAUDIO
        struct
        {
            int _unused;
        } coreaudio;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_OSS
        struct
        {
            int fd;
            mal_uint32 fragmentSizeInFrames;
            mal_bool32 breakFromMainLoop;
            void* pIntermediaryBuffer;
        } oss;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_OPENSL
        struct
        {
            /*SLObjectItf*/ mal_ptr pOutputMixObj;
            /*SLOutputMixItf*/ mal_ptr pOutputMix;
            /*SLObjectItf*/ mal_ptr pAudioPlayerObj;
            /*SLPlayItf*/ mal_ptr pAudioPlayer;
            /*SLObjectItf*/ mal_ptr pAudioRecorderObj;
            /*SLRecordItf*/ mal_ptr pAudioRecorder;
            /*SLAndroidSimpleBufferQueueItf*/ mal_ptr pBufferQueue;
            mal_uint32 periodSizeInFrames;
            mal_uint32 currentBufferIndex;
            mal_uint8* pBuffer;                 // This is malloc()'d and is used for storing audio data. Typed as mal_uint8 for easy offsetting.
        } opensl;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_OPENAL
        struct
        {
            /*ALCcontext**/ mal_ptr pContextALC;
            /*ALCdevice**/ mal_ptr pDeviceALC;
            /*ALuint*/ mal_uint32 sourceAL;
            /*ALuint*/ mal_uint32 buffersAL[MAL_MAX_PERIODS_OPENAL];
            /*ALenum*/ mal_uint32 formatAL;
            mal_uint32 subBufferSizeInFrames;   // This is the size of each of the OpenAL buffers (buffersAL).
            mal_uint8* pIntermediaryBuffer;     // This is malloc()'d and is used as the destination for reading from the client. Typed as mal_uint8 for easy offsetting.
            mal_uint32 iNextBuffer;             // The next buffer to unenqueue and then re-enqueue as new data is read.
            mal_bool32 breakFromMainLoop;
        } openal;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_SDL
        struct
        {
            mal_uint32 deviceID;
        } sdl;
#endif
#ifdef MAL_SUPPORT_NULL
        struct
        {
            mal_timer timer;
            mal_uint32 lastProcessedFrame;      // This is circular.
            mal_bool32 breakFromMainLoop;
            mal_uint8* pBuffer;                 // This is malloc()'d and is used as the destination for reading from the client. Typed as mal_uint8 for easy offsetting.
        } null_device;
#endif
    };
};
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
    #pragma warning(pop)
#endif

// Initializes a context.
//
// The context is used for selecting and initializing the relevant backends.
//
// Note that the location of the device cannot change throughout it's lifetime. Consider allocating
// the mal_context object with malloc() if this is an issue. The reason for this is that a pointer
// to the context is stored in the mal_device structure.
//
// <backends> is used to allow the application to prioritize backends depending on it's specific
// requirements. This can be null in which case it uses the default priority, which is as follows:
//   - WASAPI
//   - DirectSound
//   - WinMM
//   - ALSA
//   - OSS
//   - OpenSL|ES
//   - OpenAL
//   - SDL
//   - Null
//
// The onLog callback is used for posting log messages back to the client for diagnostics, debugging,
// etc. You can pass NULL for this if you do not need it.
//
// Return Value:
//   MAL_SUCCESS if successful; any other error code otherwise.
//
// Thread Safety: UNSAFE
//
// Effeciency: LOW
//   This will dynamically load backends DLLs/SOs (such as dsound.dll).
mal_result mal_context_init(mal_backend backends[], mal_uint32 backendCount, const mal_context_config* pConfig, mal_context* pContext);

// Uninitializes a context.
//
// Results are undefined if you call this while any device created by this context is still active.
//
// Return Value:
//   MAL_SUCCESS if successful; any other error code otherwise.
//
// Thread Safety: UNSAFE
//
// Efficiency: LOW
//   This will unload the backend DLLs/SOs.
mal_result mal_context_uninit(mal_context* pContext);

// Enumerates over each device of the given type (playback or capture).
//
// It is _not_ safe to assume the first enumerated device is the default device.
//
// Some backends and platforms may only support default playback and capture devices.
//
// Return Value:
//   MAL_SUCCESS if successful; any other error code otherwise.
//
// Thread Safety: SAFE, SEE NOTES.
//   This API uses an application-defined buffer for output. This is thread-safe so long as the
//   application ensures mutal exclusion to the output buffer at their level.
//
// Efficiency: LOW
mal_result mal_enumerate_devices(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_uint32* pCount, mal_device_info* pInfo);

// Initializes a device.
//
// The device ID (pDeviceID) can be null, in which case the default device is used. Otherwise, you
// can retrieve the ID by calling mal_enumerate_devices() and using the ID from the returned data.
// Set pDeviceID to NULL to use the default device. Do _not_ rely on the first device ID returned
// by mal_enumerate_devices() to be the default device.
//
// This will try it's hardest to create a valid device, even if it means adjusting input arguments.
// Look at pDevice->internalChannels, pDevice->internalSampleRate, etc. to determine the actual
// properties after initialization.
//
// If <bufferSizeInFrames> is 0, it will default to MAL_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE_IN_MILLISECONDS. If
// <periods> is set to 0 it will default to MAL_DEFAULT_PERIODS.
//
// The <periods> property controls how frequently the background thread is woken to check for more
// data. It's tied to the buffer size, so as an example, if your buffer size is equivalent to 10
// milliseconds and you have 2 periods, the CPU will wake up approximately every 5 milliseconds.
//
// Use mal_device_config_init(), mal_device_config_init_playback(), etc. to initialize a
// mal_device_config object.
//
// When compiling for UWP you must ensure you call this function on the main UI thread because the
// operating system may need to present the user with a message asking for permissions. Please refer
// to the official documentation for ActivateAudioInterfaceAsync() for more information.
//
// Return Value:
//   MAL_SUCCESS if successful; any other error code otherwise.
//
// Thread Safety: UNSAFE
//   It is not safe to call this function simultaneously for different devices because some backends
//   depend on and mutate global state (such as OpenSL|ES). The same applies to calling this as the
//   same time as mal_device_uninit().
//
//   Results are undefined if you try using a device before this function has returned.
//
// Efficiency: LOW
//   This is just slow due to the nature of it being an initialization API.
mal_result mal_device_init(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_device_id* pDeviceID, const mal_device_config* pConfig, void* pUserData, mal_device* pDevice);

// Uninitializes a device.
//
// This will explicitly stop the device. You do not need to call mal_device_stop() beforehand, but it's
// harmless if you do.
//
// Return Value:
//   MAL_SUCCESS if successful; any other error code otherwise.
//
// Thread Safety: UNSAFE
//   As soon as this API is called the device should be considered undefined. All bets are off if you
//   try using the device at the same time as uninitializing it.
//
// Efficiency: LOW
//   This will stop the device with mal_device_stop() which is a slow, synchronized call. It also needs
//   to destroy internal objects like the backend-specific objects and the background thread.
void mal_device_uninit(mal_device* pDevice);

// Sets the callback to use when the application has received data from the device.
//
// Thread Safety: SAFE
//   This API is implemented as a simple atomic assignment.
//
// Efficiency: HIGH
//   This is just an atomic assignment.
void mal_device_set_recv_callback(mal_device* pDevice, mal_recv_proc proc);

// Sets the callback to use when the application needs to send data to the device for playback.
//
// Note that the implementation of this callback must copy over as many samples as is available. The
// return value specifies how many samples were written to the output buffer. The backend will fill
// any leftover samples with silence.
//
// Thread Safety: SAFE
//   This API is implemented as a simple atomic assignment.
//
// Efficiency: HIGH
//   This is just an atomic assignment.
void mal_device_set_send_callback(mal_device* pDevice, mal_send_proc proc);

// Sets the callback to use when the device has stopped, either explicitly or as a result of an error.
//
// Thread Safety: SAFE
//   This API is implemented as a simple atomic assignment.
//
// Efficiency: HIGH
//   This is just an atomic assignment.
void mal_device_set_stop_callback(mal_device* pDevice, mal_stop_proc proc);

// Activates the device. For playback devices this begins playback. For capture devices it begins
// recording.
//
// For a playback device, this will retrieve an initial chunk of audio data from the client before
// returning. The reason for this is to ensure there is valid audio data in the buffer, which needs
// to be done _before_ the device begins playback.
//
// Return Value:
//   - MAL_SUCCESS if successful; any other error code otherwise.
//   - MAL_INVALID_ARGS
//       One or more of the input arguments is invalid.
//   - MAL_DEVICE_NOT_INITIALIZED
//       The device is not currently or was never initialized.
//   - MAL_DEVICE_BUSY
//       The device is in the process of stopping. This will only happen if mal_device_start() and
//       mal_device_stop() is called simultaneous on separate threads. This will never be returned in
//       single-threaded applications.
//   - MAL_DEVICE_ALREADY_STARTING
//       The device is already in the process of starting. This will never be returned in single-threaded
//       applications.
//   - MAL_DEVICE_ALREADY_STARTED
//       The device is already started.
//   - MAL_FAILED_TO_READ_DATA_FROM_CLIENT
//       Failed to read the initial chunk of audio data from the client. This initial chunk of data is
//       required so that the device has valid audio data as soon as it starts playing. This will never
//       be returned for capture devices.
//   - MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE
//       There was a backend-specific error starting the device.
//
// Thread Safety: SAFE
//
// Efficiency: LOW
//   This API waits until the backend device has been started for real by the worker thread. It also
//   waits on a mutex for thread-safety.
mal_result mal_device_start(mal_device* pDevice);

// Puts the device to sleep, but does not uninitialize it. Use mal_device_start() to start it up again.
//
// Return Value:
//   - MAL_SUCCESS if successful; any other error code otherwise.
//   - MAL_INVALID_ARGS
//       One or more of the input arguments is invalid.
//   - MAL_DEVICE_NOT_INITIALIZED
//       The device is not currently or was never initialized.
//   - MAL_DEVICE_BUSY
//       The device is in the process of starting. This will only happen if mal_device_start() and
//       mal_device_stop() is called simultaneous on separate threads. This will never be returned in
//       single-threaded applications.
//   - MAL_DEVICE_ALREADY_STOPPING
//       The device is already in the process of stopping. This will never be returned in single-threaded
//       applications.
//   - MAL_DEVICE_ALREADY_STOPPED
//       The device is already stopped.
//   - MAL_FAILED_TO_STOP_BACKEND_DEVICE
//       There was a backend-specific error stopping the device.
//
// Thread Safety: SAFE
//
// Efficiency: LOW
//   This API needs to wait on the worker thread to stop the backend device properly before returning. It
//   also waits on a mutex for thread-safety.
//
//   In addition, some backends need to wait for the device to finish playback/recording of the current
//   fragment which can take some time (usually proportionate to the buffer size used when initializing
//   the device).
mal_result mal_device_stop(mal_device* pDevice);

// Determines whether or not the device is started.
//
// Return Value:
//   True if the device is started, false otherwise.
//
// Thread Safety: SAFE
//   If another thread calls mal_device_start() or mal_device_stop() at this same time as this function
//   is called, there's a very small chance the return value will be out of sync.
//
// Efficiency: HIGH
//   This is implemented with a simple accessor.
mal_bool32 mal_device_is_started(mal_device* pDevice);

// Retrieves the size of the buffer in bytes for the given device.
//
// Thread Safety: SAFE
//   This is calculated from constant values which are set at initialization time and never change.
//
// Efficiency: HIGH
//   This is implemented with just a few 32-bit integer multiplications.
mal_uint32 mal_device_get_buffer_size_in_bytes(mal_device* pDevice);

// Retrieves the size of a sample in bytes for the given format.
//
// Thread Safety: SAFE
//   This is API is pure.
//
// Efficiency: HIGH
//   This is implemented with a lookup table.
mal_uint32 mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(mal_format format);

// Helper function for initializing a mal_context_config object.
mal_context_config mal_context_config_init(mal_log_proc onLog);

// Helper function for initializing a mal_device_config object.
//
// This is just a helper API, and as such the returned object can be safely modified as needed.
//
// The default channel mapping is based on the channel count, as per the table below. Note that these
// can be freely changed after this function returns if you are needing something in particular.
//
// |---------------|------------------------------|
// | Channel Count | Mapping                      |
// |---------------|------------------------------|
// | 1 (Mono)      | 0: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER  |
// |---------------|------------------------------|
// | 2 (Stereo)    | 0: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT    |
// |               | 1: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT   |
// |---------------|------------------------------|
// | 3 (2.1)       | 0: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT    |
// |               | 1: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT   |
// |               | 2: MAL_CHANNEL_LFE           |
// |---------------|------------------------------|
// | 4 (Quad)      | 0: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT    |
// |               | 1: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT   |
// |               | 2: MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT     |
// |               | 3: MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT    |
// |---------------|------------------------------|
// | 5 (4.1)       | 0: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT    |
// |               | 1: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT   |
// |               | 2: MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT     |
// |               | 3: MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT    |
// |               | 4: MAL_CHANNEL_LFE           |
// |---------------|------------------------------|
// | 6 (5.1)       | 0: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT    |
// |               | 1: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT   |
// |               | 2: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER  |
// |               | 3: MAL_CHANNEL_LFE           |
// |               | 4: MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT     |
// |               | 5: MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT    |
// |---------------|------------------------------|
// | 8 (7.1)       | 0: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT    |
// |               | 1: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT   |
// |               | 2: MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER  |
// |               | 3: MAL_CHANNEL_LFE           |
// |               | 4: MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT     |
// |               | 5: MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT    |
// |               | 6: MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT     |
// |               | 7: MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT    |
// |---------------|------------------------------|
// | Other         | All channels set to 0. This  |
// |               | is equivalent to the same    |
// |               | mapping as the device.       |
// |---------------|------------------------------|
//
// Thread Safety: SAFE
//
// Efficiency: HIGH
//   This just returns a stack allocated object and consists of just a few assignments.
mal_device_config mal_device_config_init(mal_format format, mal_uint32 channels, mal_uint32 sampleRate, mal_recv_proc onRecvCallback, mal_send_proc onSendCallback);

// A simplified version of mal_device_config_init() for capture devices.
static inline mal_device_config mal_device_config_init_capture(mal_format format, mal_uint32 channels, mal_uint32 sampleRate, mal_recv_proc onRecvCallback) { return mal_device_config_init(format, channels, sampleRate, onRecvCallback, NULL); }

// A simplified version of mal_device_config_init() for playback devices.
static inline mal_device_config mal_device_config_init_playback(mal_format format, mal_uint32 channels, mal_uint32 sampleRate, mal_send_proc onSendCallback) { return mal_device_config_init(format, channels, sampleRate, NULL, onSendCallback); }




///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// SRC
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Initializes a sample rate conversion object.
mal_result mal_src_init(mal_src_config* pConfig, mal_src_read_proc onRead, void* pUserData, mal_src* pSRC);

// Dynamically adjusts the output sample rate.
//
// This is useful for dynamically adjust pitch. Keep in mind, however, that this will speed up or slow down the sound. If this
// is not acceptable you will need to use your own algorithm.
mal_result mal_src_set_output_sample_rate(mal_src* pSRC, mal_uint32 sampleRateOut);

// Reads a number of frames.
//
// Returns the number of frames actually read.
mal_uint32 mal_src_read_frames(mal_src* pSRC, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut);

// The same mal_src_read_frames() with extra control over whether or not the internal buffers should be flushed at the end.
//
// Internally there exists a buffer that keeps track of the previous and next samples for sample rate conversion. The simple
// version of this function does _not_ flush this buffer because otherwise it causes glitches for streaming based conversion
// pipelines. The problem, however, is that sometimes you need those last few samples (such as if you're doing a bulk conversion
// of a static file). Enabling flushing will fix this for you.
mal_uint32 mal_src_read_frames_ex(mal_src* pSRC, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut, mal_bool32 flush);



///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// DSP
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Initializes a DSP object.
mal_result mal_dsp_init(mal_dsp_config* pConfig, mal_dsp_read_proc onRead, void* pUserData, mal_dsp* pDSP);

// Dynamically adjusts the output sample rate.
//
// This is useful for dynamically adjust pitch. Keep in mind, however, that this will speed up or slow down the sound. If this
// is not acceptable you will need to use your own algorithm.
mal_result mal_dsp_set_output_sample_rate(mal_dsp* pDSP, mal_uint32 sampleRateOut);

// Reads a number of frames and runs them through the DSP processor.
//
// This this _not_ flush the internal buffers which means you may end up with a few less frames than you may expect. Look at
// mal_dsp_read_frames_ex() if you want to flush the buffers at the end of the read.
mal_uint32 mal_dsp_read_frames(mal_dsp* pDSP, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut);

// The same mal_dsp_read_frames() with extra control over whether or not the internal buffers should be flushed at the end.
//
// See documentation for mal_src_read_frames_ex() for an explanation on flushing.
mal_uint32 mal_dsp_read_frames_ex(mal_dsp* pDSP, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut, mal_bool32 flush);

// High-level helper for doing a full format conversion in one go. Returns the number of output frames. Call this with pOut set to NULL to
// determine the required size of the output buffer.
//
// A return value of 0 indicates an error.
//
// This function is useful for one-off bulk conversions, but if you're streaming data you should use the DSP APIs instead.
mal_uint32 mal_convert_frames(void* pOut, mal_format formatOut, mal_uint32 channelsOut, mal_uint32 sampleRateOut, const void* pIn, mal_format formatIn, mal_uint32 channelsIn, mal_uint32 sampleRateIn, mal_uint32 frameCountIn);

// Helper for initializing a mal_dsp_config object.
mal_dsp_config mal_dsp_config_init(mal_format formatIn, mal_uint32 channelsIn, mal_uint32 sampleRateIn, mal_format formatOut, mal_uint32 channelsOut, mal_uint32 sampleRateOut);



///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Utiltities
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Creates a mutex.
//
// A mutex must be created from a valid context. A mutex is initially unlocked.
mal_result mal_mutex_init(mal_context* pContext, mal_mutex* pMutex);

// Deletes a mutex.
void mal_mutex_uninit(mal_mutex* pMutex);

// Locks a mutex with an infinite timeout.
void mal_mutex_lock(mal_mutex* pMutex);

// Unlocks a mutex.
void mal_mutex_unlock(mal_mutex* pMutex);



///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Miscellaneous Helpers
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Retrieves a friendly name for a backend.
const char* mal_get_backend_name(mal_backend backend);

// Retrieves a friendly name for a format.
const char* mal_get_format_name(mal_format format);

// Blends two frames in floating point format.
void mal_blend_f32(float* pOut, float* pInA, float* pInB, float factor, mal_uint32 channels);



///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Format Conversion
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void mal_pcm_u8_to_s16(short* pOut, const unsigned char* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_u8_to_s24(void* pOut, const unsigned char* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_u8_to_s32(int* pOut, const unsigned char* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_u8_to_f32(float* pOut, const unsigned char* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s16_to_u8(unsigned char* pOut, const short* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s16_to_s24(void* pOut, const short* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s16_to_s32(int* pOut, const short* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s16_to_f32(float* pOut, const short* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s24_to_u8(unsigned char* pOut, const void* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s24_to_s16(short* pOut, const void* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s24_to_s32(int* pOut, const void* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s24_to_f32(float* pOut, const void* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s32_to_u8(unsigned char* pOut, const int* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s32_to_s16(short* pOut, const int* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s32_to_s24(void* pOut, const int* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s32_to_f32(float* pOut, const int* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_f32_to_u8(unsigned char* pOut, const float* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_f32_to_s16(short* pOut, const float* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_f32_to_s24(void* pOut, const float* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_f32_to_s32(int* pOut, const float* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_convert(void* pOut, mal_format formatOut, const void* pIn, mal_format formatIn, unsigned int sampleCount);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif  //mini_al_h


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// IMPLEMENTATION
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifdef MAL_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <assert.h>

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
#include <windows.h>
#else
#include <stdlib.h> // For malloc()/free()
#include <string.h> // For memset()
#endif

#ifdef MAL_POSIX
#include <unistd.h>
#include <dlfcn.h>
#endif

#if !defined(MAL_64BIT) && !defined(MAL_32BIT)
#ifdef _WIN32
#ifdef _WIN64
#define MAL_64BIT
#else
#define MAL_32BIT
#endif
#endif
#endif

#if !defined(MAL_64BIT) && !defined(MAL_32BIT)
#ifdef __GNUC__
#ifdef __LP64__
#define MAL_64BIT
#else
#define MAL_32BIT
#endif
#endif
#endif

#if !defined(MAL_64BIT) && !defined(MAL_32BIT)
#include <stdint.h>
#if INTPTR_MAX == INT64_MAX
#define MAL_64BIT
#else
#define MAL_32BIT
#endif
#endif


// Disable run-time linking on certain backends.
#ifndef MAL_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING
    #if defined(MAL_ANDROID) || defined(MAL_EMSCRIPTEN)
        #define MAL_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING
    #endif
#endif

// Check if we have the necessary development packages for each backend at the top so we can use this to determine whether or not
// certain unused functions and variables can be excluded from the build to avoid warnings.
#ifdef MAL_ENABLE_WASAPI
    #define MAL_HAS_WASAPI
    #ifdef __has_include
        #if !__has_include(<audioclient.h>)
            #undef MAL_HAS_WASAPI
        #endif
    #endif
#endif
#ifdef MAL_ENABLE_DSOUND
    #define MAL_HAS_DSOUND
    #ifdef __has_include
        #if !__has_include(<dsound.h>)
            #undef MAL_HAS_DSOUND
        #endif
    #endif
#endif
#ifdef MAL_ENABLE_WINMM
    #define MAL_HAS_WINMM   // Every compiler I'm aware of supports WinMM.
#endif
#ifdef MAL_ENABLE_ALSA
    #define MAL_HAS_ALSA
    #ifdef __has_include
        #if !__has_include(<alsa/asoundlib.h>)
            #undef MAL_HAS_ALSA
        #endif
    #endif
#endif
#ifdef MAL_ENABLE_COREAUDIO
    #define MAL_HAS_COREAUDIO
#endif
#ifdef MAL_ENABLE_OSS
    #define MAL_HAS_OSS     // OSS is the only supported backend for Unix and BSD, so it must be present else this library is useless.
#endif
#ifdef MAL_ENABLE_OPENSL
    #define MAL_HAS_OPENSL  // Like OSS, OpenSL is the only supported backend for Android. It must be present.
#endif
#ifdef MAL_ENABLE_OPENAL
    #define MAL_HAS_OPENAL
    #ifdef MAL_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING
        #ifdef __has_include
            #if !__has_include(<AL/al.h>)
                #undef MAL_HAS_OPENAL
            #endif
        #endif
    #endif
#endif
#ifdef MAL_ENABLE_SDL
    #define MAL_HAS_SDL

    // SDL headers are necessary if using compile-time linking.
    #ifdef MAL_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING
        #ifdef __has_include
            #ifdef MAL_EMSCRIPTEN
                #if !__has_include(<SDL/SDL_audio.h>)
                    #undef MAL_HAS_SDL
                #endif
            #else
                #if !__has_include(<SDL2/SDL_audio.h>)
                    #undef MAL_HAS_SDL
                #endif
            #endif
        #endif
    #endif
#endif
#ifdef MAL_ENABLE_NULL
    #define MAL_HAS_NULL    // Everything supports the null backend.
#endif


#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    #define MAL_THREADCALL WINAPI
    typedef unsigned long mal_thread_result;
#else
    #define MAL_THREADCALL
    typedef void* mal_thread_result;
#endif
typedef mal_thread_result (MAL_THREADCALL * mal_thread_entry_proc)(void* pData);

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
typedef HRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_CoInitializeEx)(LPVOID pvReserved, DWORD  dwCoInit);
typedef void    (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_CoUninitialize)();
typedef HRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_CoCreateInstance)(REFCLSID rclsid, LPUNKNOWN pUnkOuter, DWORD dwClsContext, REFIID riid, LPVOID *ppv);
typedef void    (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_CoTaskMemFree)(LPVOID pv);
typedef HRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_PropVariantClear)(PROPVARIANT *pvar);

typedef HWND (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_GetForegroundWindow)();
typedef HWND (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_GetDesktopWindow)();
#endif


#define MAL_STATE_UNINITIALIZED     0
#define MAL_STATE_STOPPED           1   // The device's default state after initialization.
#define MAL_STATE_STARTED           2   // The worker thread is in it's main loop waiting for the driver to request or deliver audio data.
#define MAL_STATE_STARTING          3   // Transitioning from a stopped state to started.
#define MAL_STATE_STOPPING          4   // Transitioning from a started state to stopped.


// The default size of the device's buffer in milliseconds.
//
// If this is too small you may get underruns and overruns in which case you'll need to either increase
// this value or use an explicit buffer size.
#ifndef MAL_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE_IN_MILLISECONDS
#define MAL_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE_IN_MILLISECONDS     25
#endif

// Default periods when none is specified in mal_device_init(). More periods means more work on the CPU.
#ifndef MAL_DEFAULT_PERIODS
#define MAL_DEFAULT_PERIODS                         2
#endif


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Standard Library Stuff
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifndef mal_zero_memory
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
#define mal_zero_memory(p, sz) ZeroMemory((p), (sz))
#else
#define mal_zero_memory(p, sz) memset((p), 0, (sz))
#endif
#endif

#define mal_zero_object(p) mal_zero_memory((p), sizeof(*(p)))

#ifndef mal_copy_memory
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
#define mal_copy_memory(dst, src, sz) CopyMemory((dst), (src), (sz))
#else
#define mal_copy_memory(dst, src, sz) memcpy((dst), (src), (sz))
#endif
#endif

#ifndef mal_malloc
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
#define mal_malloc(sz) HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), 0, (sz))
#else
#define mal_malloc(sz) malloc((sz))
#endif
#endif

#ifndef mal_realloc
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
#define mal_realloc(p, sz) (((sz) > 0) ? ((p) ? HeapReAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), 0, (p), (sz)) : HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), 0, (sz))) : ((VOID*)(SIZE_T)(HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, (p)) & 0)))
#else
#define mal_realloc(p, sz) realloc((p), (sz))
#endif
#endif

#ifndef mal_free
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
#define mal_free(p) HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, (p))
#else
#define mal_free(p) free((p))
#endif
#endif

#ifndef mal_assert
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
#define mal_assert(condition) assert(condition)
#else
#define mal_assert(condition) assert(condition)
#endif
#endif

#define mal_countof(x)  (sizeof(x) / sizeof(x[0]))
#define mal_max(x, y)   (((x) > (y)) ? (x) : (y))
#define mal_min(x, y)   (((x) < (y)) ? (x) : (y))

#define mal_buffer_frame_capacity(buffer, channels, format) (sizeof(buffer) / mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(format) / (channels))

// Some of these string utility functions are unused on some platforms.
#if defined(__GNUC__)
    #pragma GCC diagnostic push
    #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-function"
#endif
// Return Values:
//   0:  Success
//   22: EINVAL
//   34: ERANGE
//
// Not using symbolic constants for errors because I want to avoid #including errno.h
static int mal_strcpy_s(char* dst, size_t dstSizeInBytes, const char* src)
{
    if (dst == 0) {
        return 22;
    }
    if (dstSizeInBytes == 0) {
        return 34;
    }
    if (src == 0) {
        dst[0] = '\0';
        return 22;
    }

    size_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < dstSizeInBytes && src[i] != '\0'; ++i) {
        dst[i] = src[i];
    }

    if (i < dstSizeInBytes) {
        dst[i] = '\0';
        return 0;
    }

    dst[0] = '\0';
    return 34;
}

static int mal_strncpy_s(char* dst, size_t dstSizeInBytes, const char* src, size_t count)
{
    if (dst == 0) {
        return 22;
    }
    if (dstSizeInBytes == 0) {
        return 34;
    }
    if (src == 0) {
        dst[0] = '\0';
        return 22;
    }

    size_t maxcount = count;
    if (count == ((size_t)-1) || count >= dstSizeInBytes) {        // -1 = _TRUNCATE
        maxcount = dstSizeInBytes - 1;
    }

    size_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < maxcount && src[i] != '\0'; ++i) {
        dst[i] = src[i];
    }

    if (src[i] == '\0' || i == count || count == ((size_t)-1)) {
        dst[i] = '\0';
        return 0;
    }

    dst[0] = '\0';
    return 34;
}

static int mal_strcat_s(char* dst, size_t dstSizeInBytes, const char* src)
{
    if (dst == 0) {
        return 22;
    }
    if (dstSizeInBytes == 0) {
        return 34;
    }
    if (src == 0) {
        dst[0] = '\0';
        return 22;
    }

    char* dstorig = dst;

    while (dstSizeInBytes > 0 && dst[0] != '\0') {
        dst += 1;
        dstSizeInBytes -= 1;
    }

    if (dstSizeInBytes == 0) {
        return 22;  // Unterminated.
    }


    while (dstSizeInBytes > 0 && src[0] != '\0') {
        *dst++ = *src++;
        dstSizeInBytes -= 1;
    }

    if (dstSizeInBytes > 0) {
        dst[0] = '\0';
    } else {
        dstorig[0] = '\0';
        return 34;
    }

    return 0;
}

static int mal_itoa_s(int value, char* dst, size_t dstSizeInBytes, int radix)
{
    if (dst == NULL || dstSizeInBytes == 0) {
        return 22;
    }
    if (radix < 2 || radix > 36) {
        dst[0] = '\0';
        return 22;
    }

    int sign = (value < 0 && radix == 10) ? -1 : 1;     // The negative sign is only used when the base is 10.

    unsigned int valueU;
    if (value < 0) {
        valueU = -value;
    } else {
        valueU = value;
    }

    char* dstEnd = dst;
    do
    {
        int remainder = valueU % radix;
        if (remainder > 9) {
            *dstEnd = (char)((remainder - 10) + 'a');
        } else {
            *dstEnd = (char)(remainder + '0');
        }

        dstEnd += 1;
        dstSizeInBytes -= 1;
        valueU /= radix;
    } while (dstSizeInBytes > 0 && valueU > 0);

    if (dstSizeInBytes == 0) {
        dst[0] = '\0';
        return 22;  // Ran out of room in the output buffer.
    }

    if (sign < 0) {
        *dstEnd++ = '-';
        dstSizeInBytes -= 1;
    }

    if (dstSizeInBytes == 0) {
        dst[0] = '\0';
        return 22;  // Ran out of room in the output buffer.
    }

    *dstEnd = '\0';


    // At this point the string will be reversed.
    dstEnd -= 1;
    while (dst < dstEnd) {
        char temp = *dst;
        *dst = *dstEnd;
        *dstEnd = temp;

        dst += 1;
        dstEnd -= 1;
    }

    return 0;
}

static int mal_strcmp(const char* str1, const char* str2)
{
    if (str1 == str2) return  0;

    // These checks differ from the standard implementation. It's not important, but I prefer
    // it just for sanity.
    if (str1 == NULL) return -1;
    if (str2 == NULL) return  1;

    for (;;) {
        if (str1[0] == '\0') {
            break;
        }
        if (str1[0] != str2[0]) {
            break;
        }

        str1 += 1;
        str2 += 1;
    }

    return ((unsigned char*)str1)[0] - ((unsigned char*)str2)[0];
}
#if defined(__GNUC__)
    #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif


// Thanks to good old Bit Twiddling Hacks for this one: http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#RoundUpPowerOf2
static inline unsigned int mal_next_power_of_2(unsigned int x)
{
    x--;
    x |= x >> 1;
    x |= x >> 2;
    x |= x >> 4;
    x |= x >> 8;
    x |= x >> 16;
    x++;

    return x;
}

static inline unsigned int mal_prev_power_of_2(unsigned int x)
{
    return mal_next_power_of_2(x) >> 1;
}

static inline unsigned int mal_round_to_power_of_2(unsigned int x)
{
    unsigned int prev = mal_prev_power_of_2(x);
    unsigned int next = mal_next_power_of_2(x);
    if ((next - x) > (x - prev)) {
        return prev;
    } else {
        return next;
    }
}



// Clamps an f32 sample to -1..1
static inline float mal_clip_f32(float x)
{
    if (x < -1) return -1;
    if (x > +1) return +1;
    return x;
}

static inline float mal_mix_f32(float x, float y, float a)
{
    return x*(1-a) + y*a;
}


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Atomics
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(_MSC_VER)
#define mal_memory_barrier()            MemoryBarrier()
#define mal_atomic_exchange_32(a, b)    InterlockedExchange((LONG*)a, (LONG)b)
#define mal_atomic_exchange_64(a, b)    InterlockedExchange64((LONGLONG*)a, (LONGLONG)b)
#define mal_atomic_increment_32(a)      InterlockedIncrement((LONG*)a)
#define mal_atomic_decrement_32(a)      InterlockedDecrement((LONG*)a)
#else
#define mal_memory_barrier()            __sync_synchronize()
#define mal_atomic_exchange_32(a, b)    (void)__sync_lock_test_and_set(a, b); __sync_synchronize()
#define mal_atomic_exchange_64(a, b)    (void)__sync_lock_test_and_set(a, b); __sync_synchronize()
#define mal_atomic_increment_32(a)      __sync_add_and_fetch(a, 1)
#define mal_atomic_decrement_32(a)      __sync_sub_and_fetch(a, 1)
#endif

#ifdef MAL_64BIT
#define mal_atomic_exchange_ptr mal_atomic_exchange_64
#endif
#ifdef MAL_32BIT
#define mal_atomic_exchange_ptr mal_atomic_exchange_32
#endif


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Timing
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
static LARGE_INTEGER g_mal_TimerFrequency = {{0}};
void mal_timer_init(mal_timer* pTimer)
{
    if (g_mal_TimerFrequency.QuadPart == 0) {
        QueryPerformanceFrequency(&g_mal_TimerFrequency);
    }

    LARGE_INTEGER counter;
    QueryPerformanceCounter(&counter);
    pTimer->counter = (mal_uint64)counter.QuadPart;
}

double mal_timer_get_time_in_seconds(mal_timer* pTimer)
{
    LARGE_INTEGER counter;
    if (!QueryPerformanceCounter(&counter)) {
        return 0;
    }

    return (counter.QuadPart - pTimer->counter) / (double)g_mal_TimerFrequency.QuadPart;
}
#else
void mal_timer_init(mal_timer* pTimer)
{
    struct timespec newTime;
    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &newTime);

    pTimer->counter = (newTime.tv_sec * 1000000000) + newTime.tv_nsec;
}

double mal_timer_get_time_in_seconds(mal_timer* pTimer)
{
    struct timespec newTime;
    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &newTime);

    uint64_t newTimeCounter = (newTime.tv_sec * 1000000000) + newTime.tv_nsec;
    uint64_t oldTimeCounter = pTimer->counter;

    return (newTimeCounter - oldTimeCounter) / 1000000000.0;
}
#endif


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Dynamic Linking
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
mal_handle mal_dlopen(const char* filename)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
#ifdef MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP
    return (mal_handle)LoadLibraryA(filename);
#else
    // *sigh* It appears there is no ANSI version of LoadPackagedLibrary()...
    WCHAR filenameW[4096];
    if (MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, filename, -1, filenameW, sizeof(filenameW)) == 0) {
        return NULL;
    }

    return (mal_handle)LoadPackagedLibrary(filenameW, 0);
#endif
#else
    return (mal_handle)dlopen(filename, RTLD_NOW);
#endif
}

void mal_dlclose(mal_handle handle)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    FreeLibrary((HMODULE)handle);
#else
    dlclose((void*)handle);
#endif
}

mal_proc mal_dlsym(mal_handle handle, const char* symbol)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    return (mal_proc)GetProcAddress((HMODULE)handle, symbol);
#else
    return (mal_proc)dlsym((void*)handle, symbol);
#endif
}


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Threading
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
mal_result mal_thread_create__win32(mal_context* pContext, mal_thread* pThread, mal_thread_entry_proc entryProc, void* pData)
{
    (void)pContext;

    pThread->win32.hThread = CreateThread(NULL, 0, entryProc, pData, 0, NULL);
    if (pThread->win32.hThread == NULL) {
        return MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_THREAD;
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

void mal_thread_wait__win32(mal_thread* pThread)
{
    WaitForSingleObject(pThread->win32.hThread, INFINITE);
}

void mal_sleep__win32(mal_uint32 milliseconds)
{
    Sleep((DWORD)milliseconds);
}


mal_result mal_mutex_init__win32(mal_context* pContext, mal_mutex* pMutex)
{
    (void)pContext;

    pMutex->win32.hMutex = CreateEventA(NULL, FALSE, TRUE, NULL);
    if (pMutex->win32.hMutex == NULL) {
        return MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_MUTEX;
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

void mal_mutex_uninit__win32(mal_mutex* pMutex)
{
    CloseHandle(pMutex->win32.hMutex);
}

void mal_mutex_lock__win32(mal_mutex* pMutex)
{
    WaitForSingleObject(pMutex->win32.hMutex, INFINITE);
}

void mal_mutex_unlock__win32(mal_mutex* pMutex)
{
    SetEvent(pMutex->win32.hMutex);
}


mal_result mal_event_init__win32(mal_context* pContext, mal_event* pEvent)
{
    (void)pContext;

    pEvent->win32.hEvent = CreateEventW(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
    if (pEvent->win32.hEvent == NULL) {
        return MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_EVENT;
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

void mal_event_uninit__win32(mal_event* pEvent)
{
    CloseHandle(pEvent->win32.hEvent);
}

mal_bool32 mal_event_wait__win32(mal_event* pEvent)
{
    return WaitForSingleObject(pEvent->win32.hEvent, INFINITE) == WAIT_OBJECT_0;
}

mal_bool32 mal_event_signal__win32(mal_event* pEvent)
{
    return SetEvent(pEvent->win32.hEvent);
}
#endif


#ifdef MAL_POSIX
typedef int (* mal_pthread_create_proc)(pthread_t *thread, const pthread_attr_t *attr, void *(*start_routine) (void *), void *arg);
typedef int (* mal_pthread_join_proc)(pthread_t thread, void **retval);
typedef int (* mal_pthread_mutex_init_proc)(pthread_mutex_t *__mutex, const pthread_mutexattr_t *__mutexattr);
typedef int (* mal_pthread_mutex_destroy_proc)(pthread_mutex_t *__mutex);
typedef int (* mal_pthread_mutex_lock_proc)(pthread_mutex_t *__mutex);
typedef int (* mal_pthread_mutex_unlock_proc)(pthread_mutex_t *__mutex);
typedef int (* mal_pthread_cond_init_proc)(pthread_cond_t *__restrict __cond, const pthread_condattr_t *__restrict __cond_attr);
typedef int (* mal_pthread_cond_destroy_proc)(pthread_cond_t *__cond);
typedef int (* mal_pthread_cond_signal_proc)(pthread_cond_t *__cond);
typedef int (* mal_pthread_cond_wait_proc)(pthread_cond_t *__restrict __cond, pthread_mutex_t *__restrict __mutex);

mal_bool32 mal_thread_create__posix(mal_context* pContext, mal_thread* pThread, mal_thread_entry_proc entryProc, void* pData)
{
    int result = ((mal_pthread_create_proc)pContext->posix.pthread_create)(&pThread->posix.thread, NULL, entryProc, pData);
    if (result != 0) {
        return MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_THREAD;
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

void mal_thread_wait__posix(mal_thread* pThread)
{
    ((mal_pthread_join_proc)pThread->pContext->posix.pthread_join)(pThread->posix.thread, NULL);
}

void mal_sleep__posix(mal_uint32 milliseconds)
{
    usleep(milliseconds * 1000);    // <-- usleep is in microseconds.
}


mal_result mal_mutex_init__posix(mal_context* pContext, mal_mutex* pMutex)
{
    int result = ((mal_pthread_mutex_init_proc)pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_init)(&pMutex->posix.mutex, NULL);
    if (result != 0) {
        return MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_MUTEX;
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

void mal_mutex_uninit__posix(mal_mutex* pMutex)
{
    ((mal_pthread_mutex_destroy_proc)pMutex->pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_destroy)(&pMutex->posix.mutex);
}

void mal_mutex_lock__posix(mal_mutex* pMutex)
{
    ((mal_pthread_mutex_lock_proc)pMutex->pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_lock)(&pMutex->posix.mutex);
}

void mal_mutex_unlock__posix(mal_mutex* pMutex)
{
    ((mal_pthread_mutex_unlock_proc)pMutex->pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_unlock)(&pMutex->posix.mutex);
}


mal_result mal_event_init__posix(mal_context* pContext, mal_event* pEvent)
{
    if (((mal_pthread_mutex_init_proc)pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_init)(&pEvent->posix.mutex, NULL) != 0) {
        return MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_MUTEX;
    }

    if (((mal_pthread_cond_init_proc)pContext->posix.pthread_cond_init)(&pEvent->posix.condition, NULL) != 0) {
        return MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_EVENT;
    }

    pEvent->posix.value = 0;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

void mal_event_uninit__posix(mal_event* pEvent)
{
    ((mal_pthread_cond_destroy_proc)pEvent->pContext->posix.pthread_cond_destroy)(&pEvent->posix.condition);
    ((mal_pthread_mutex_destroy_proc)pEvent->pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_destroy)(&pEvent->posix.mutex);
}

mal_bool32 mal_event_wait__posix(mal_event* pEvent)
{
    ((mal_pthread_mutex_lock_proc)pEvent->pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_lock)(&pEvent->posix.mutex);
    {
        while (pEvent->posix.value == 0) {
            ((mal_pthread_cond_wait_proc)pEvent->pContext->posix.pthread_cond_wait)(&pEvent->posix.condition, &pEvent->posix.mutex);
        }

        pEvent->posix.value = 0;  // Auto-reset.
    }
    ((mal_pthread_mutex_unlock_proc)pEvent->pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_unlock)(&pEvent->posix.mutex);

    return MAL_TRUE;
}

mal_bool32 mal_event_signal__posix(mal_event* pEvent)
{
    ((mal_pthread_mutex_lock_proc)pEvent->pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_lock)(&pEvent->posix.mutex);
    {
        pEvent->posix.value = 1;
        ((mal_pthread_cond_signal_proc)pEvent->pContext->posix.pthread_cond_signal)(&pEvent->posix.condition);
    }
    ((mal_pthread_mutex_unlock_proc)pEvent->pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_unlock)(&pEvent->posix.mutex);

    return MAL_TRUE;
}
#endif

mal_result mal_thread_create(mal_context* pContext, mal_thread* pThread, mal_thread_entry_proc entryProc, void* pData)
{
    if (pContext == NULL || pThread == NULL || entryProc == NULL) return MAL_FALSE;

    pThread->pContext = pContext;

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    return mal_thread_create__win32(pContext, pThread, entryProc, pData);
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
    return mal_thread_create__posix(pContext, pThread, entryProc, pData);
#endif
}

void mal_thread_wait(mal_thread* pThread)
{
    if (pThread == NULL) return;

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    mal_thread_wait__win32(pThread);
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
    mal_thread_wait__posix(pThread);
#endif
}

void mal_sleep(mal_uint32 milliseconds)
{
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    mal_sleep__win32(milliseconds);
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
    mal_sleep__posix(milliseconds);
#endif
}


mal_result mal_mutex_init(mal_context* pContext, mal_mutex* pMutex)
{
    if (pContext == NULL || pMutex == NULL) return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;

    pMutex->pContext = pContext;

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    return mal_mutex_init__win32(pContext, pMutex);
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
    return mal_mutex_init__posix(pContext, pMutex);
#endif
}

void mal_mutex_uninit(mal_mutex* pMutex)
{
    if (pMutex == NULL || pMutex->pContext == NULL) return;

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    mal_mutex_uninit__win32(pMutex);
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
    mal_mutex_uninit__posix(pMutex);
#endif
}

void mal_mutex_lock(mal_mutex* pMutex)
{
    if (pMutex == NULL || pMutex->pContext == NULL) return;

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    mal_mutex_lock__win32(pMutex);
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
    mal_mutex_lock__posix(pMutex);
#endif
}

void mal_mutex_unlock(mal_mutex* pMutex)
{
    if (pMutex == NULL || pMutex->pContext == NULL) return;

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    mal_mutex_unlock__win32(pMutex);
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
    mal_mutex_unlock__posix(pMutex);
#endif
}


mal_result mal_event_init(mal_context* pContext, mal_event* pEvent)
{
    if (pContext == NULL || pEvent == NULL) return MAL_FALSE;

    pEvent->pContext = pContext;

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    return mal_event_init__win32(pContext, pEvent);
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
    return mal_event_init__posix(pContext, pEvent);
#endif
}

void mal_event_uninit(mal_event* pEvent)
{
    if (pEvent == NULL || pEvent->pContext == NULL) return;

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    mal_event_uninit__win32(pEvent);
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
    mal_event_uninit__posix(pEvent);
#endif
}

mal_bool32 mal_event_wait(mal_event* pEvent)
{
    if (pEvent == NULL || pEvent->pContext == NULL) return MAL_FALSE;

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    return mal_event_wait__win32(pEvent);
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
    return mal_event_wait__posix(pEvent);
#endif
}

mal_bool32 mal_event_signal(mal_event* pEvent)
{
    if (pEvent == NULL || pEvent->pContext == NULL) return MAL_FALSE;

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    return mal_event_signal__win32(pEvent);
#endif
#ifdef MAL_POSIX
    return mal_event_signal__posix(pEvent);
#endif
}


// Posts a log message.
static void mal_log(mal_context* pContext, mal_device* pDevice, const char* message)
{
    if (pContext == NULL) return;

    mal_log_proc onLog = pContext->config.onLog;
    if (onLog) {
        onLog(pContext, pDevice, message);
    }
}

// Posts an error. Throw a breakpoint in here if you're needing to debug. The return value is always "resultCode".
static mal_result mal_context_post_error(mal_context* pContext, mal_device* pDevice, const char* message, mal_result resultCode)
{
    // Derive the context from the device if necessary.
    if (pContext == NULL) {
        if (pDevice != NULL) {
            pContext = pDevice->pContext;
        }
    }

    mal_log(pContext, pDevice, message);
    return resultCode;
}

static mal_result mal_post_error(mal_device* pDevice, const char* message, mal_result resultCode)
{
    return mal_context_post_error(NULL, pDevice, message, resultCode);
}


#if !defined(MAL_ANDROID)
static void mal_get_default_channel_mapping(mal_backend backend, mal_uint32 channels, mal_channel channelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS])
{
    if (channels == 1) {           // Mono
        channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
    } else if (channels == 2) {    // Stereo
        channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
        channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
    } else if (channels == 3) {    // 2.1
        channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
        channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
        channelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
    } else if (channels == 4) {    // 4.0
        channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
        channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
        channelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT;
        channelMap[3] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT;
    } else if (channels == 5) {    // Not sure about this one. 4.1?
        channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
        channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
        channelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT;
        channelMap[3] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT;
        channelMap[4] = MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
    } else if (channels >= 6) {    // 5.1
        // Some backends use different default layouts.
        if (backend == mal_backend_wasapi || backend == mal_backend_dsound || backend == mal_backend_winmm || backend == mal_backend_oss) {
            channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
            channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
            channelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
            channelMap[3] = MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
            channelMap[4] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT;
            channelMap[5] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT;
        } else {
            channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
            channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
            channelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT;
            channelMap[3] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT;
            channelMap[4] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
            channelMap[5] = MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
        }

        if (channels == 7) {    // Not sure about this one.
            channelMap[6] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_CENTER;
        } else {
            // I don't know what mapping to use in this case, but I'm making it upwards compatible with 7.1. Good luck!
            mal_assert(channels >= 8);
            channelMap[6] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT;
            channelMap[7] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT;

            // Beyond 7.1 I'm just guessing...
            if (channels == 9) {
                channelMap[8] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_CENTER;
            } else if (channels == 10) {
                channelMap[8] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT_CENTER;
                channelMap[9] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT_CENTER;
            } else if (channels == 11) {
                channelMap[ 8] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT_CENTER;
                channelMap[ 9] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT_CENTER;
                channelMap[10] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_CENTER;
            } else {
                mal_assert(channels >= 12);
                for (mal_uint8 iChannel = 11; iChannel < channels && iChannel < MAL_MAX_CHANNELS; ++iChannel) {
                    channelMap[iChannel] = iChannel + 1;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
#endif


// The callback for reading from the client -> DSP -> device.
static inline mal_uint32 mal_device__on_read_from_client(mal_dsp* pDSP, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut, void* pUserData)
{
    (void)pDSP;

    mal_device* pDevice = (mal_device*)pUserData;
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    mal_send_proc onSend = pDevice->onSend;
    if (onSend) {
        return onSend(pDevice, frameCount, pFramesOut);
    }

    return 0;
}

// The callback for reading from the device -> DSP -> client.
static inline mal_uint32 mal_device__on_read_from_device(mal_dsp* pDSP, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut, void* pUserData)
{
    (void)pDSP;

    mal_device* pDevice = (mal_device*)pUserData;
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pDevice->_dspFrameCount == 0) {
        return 0;   // Nothing left.
    }

    mal_uint32 framesToRead = frameCount;
    if (framesToRead > pDevice->_dspFrameCount) {
        framesToRead = pDevice->_dspFrameCount;
    }

    mal_uint32 bytesToRead = framesToRead * pDevice->internalChannels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat);
    mal_copy_memory(pFramesOut, pDevice->_dspFrames, bytesToRead);
    pDevice->_dspFrameCount -= framesToRead;
    pDevice->_dspFrames += bytesToRead;

    return framesToRead;
}

// A helper function for reading sample data from the client. Returns the number of samples read from the client. Remaining samples
// are filled with silence.
static inline mal_uint32 mal_device__read_frames_from_client(mal_device* pDevice, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pSamples)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    mal_assert(frameCount > 0);
    mal_assert(pSamples != NULL);

    mal_uint32 framesRead = mal_dsp_read_frames(&pDevice->dsp, frameCount, pSamples);
    mal_uint32 samplesRead = framesRead * pDevice->internalChannels;
    mal_uint32 sampleSize = mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat);
    mal_uint32 consumedBytes = samplesRead*sampleSize;
    mal_uint32 remainingBytes = ((frameCount * pDevice->internalChannels) - samplesRead)*sampleSize;
    mal_zero_memory((mal_uint8*)pSamples + consumedBytes, remainingBytes);

    return samplesRead;
}

// A helper for sending sample data to the client.
static inline void mal_device__send_frames_to_client(mal_device* pDevice, mal_uint32 frameCount, const void* pSamples)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    mal_assert(frameCount > 0);
    mal_assert(pSamples != NULL);

    mal_recv_proc onRecv = pDevice->onRecv;
    if (onRecv) {
        pDevice->_dspFrameCount = frameCount;
        pDevice->_dspFrames = (const mal_uint8*)pSamples;

        mal_uint8 chunkBuffer[4096];
        mal_uint32 chunkFrameCount = sizeof(chunkBuffer) / mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format) / pDevice->channels;

        for (;;) {
            mal_uint32 framesJustRead = mal_dsp_read_frames(&pDevice->dsp, chunkFrameCount, chunkBuffer);
            if (framesJustRead == 0) {
                break;
            }

            onRecv(pDevice, framesJustRead, chunkBuffer);

            if (framesJustRead < chunkFrameCount) {
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}

// A helper for changing the state of the device.
static inline void mal_device__set_state(mal_device* pDevice, mal_uint32 newState)
{
    mal_atomic_exchange_32(&pDevice->state, newState);
}

// A helper for getting the state of the device.
static inline mal_uint32 mal_device__get_state(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    return pDevice->state;
}


#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    #if defined(MAL_HAS_WASAPI) || defined(MAL_HAS_DSOUND)
    static GUID MAL_GUID_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM        = {0x00000001, 0x0000, 0x0010, {0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71}};
    static GUID MAL_GUID_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT = {0x00000003, 0x0000, 0x0010, {0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71}};
    //static GUID MAL_GUID_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_ALAW       = {0x00000006, 0x0000, 0x0010, {0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71}};
    //static GUID MAL_GUID_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_MULAW      = {0x00000007, 0x0000, 0x0010, {0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71}};
    #endif
#endif


// Generic function for retrieving the name of a device by it's ID.
//
// This function simply enumerates every device and then retrieves the name of the first device that has the same ID.
static mal_result mal_context__try_get_device_name_by_id(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, const mal_device_id* pDeviceID, char* pName, size_t nameBufferSize)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);
    mal_assert(pName != NULL);

    if (pDeviceID == NULL) {
        return MAL_NO_DEVICE;
    }

    mal_uint32 deviceCount;
    mal_result result = mal_enumerate_devices(pContext, type, &deviceCount, NULL);
    if (result != MAL_SUCCESS) {
        return result;
    }

    mal_device_info* pInfos = (mal_device_info*)mal_malloc(sizeof(*pInfos) * deviceCount);
    if (pInfos == NULL) {
        return MAL_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    }

    result = mal_enumerate_devices(pContext, type, &deviceCount, pInfos);
    if (result != MAL_SUCCESS) {
        mal_free(pInfos);
        return result;
    }

    mal_bool32 found = MAL_FALSE;
    for (mal_uint32 iDevice = 0; iDevice < deviceCount; ++iDevice) {
        // Prefer backend specific comparisons for efficiency and accuracy, but fall back to a generic method if a backend-specific comparison
        // is not implemented.
        switch (pContext->backend)
        {
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_WASAPI
            case mal_backend_wasapi:
            {
                if (memcmp(pDeviceID->wasapi, &pInfos[iDevice].id.wasapi, sizeof(pDeviceID->wasapi)) == 0) {
                    found = MAL_TRUE;
                }
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_DSOUND
            case mal_backend_dsound:
            {
                if (memcmp(pDeviceID->dsound, &pInfos[iDevice].id.dsound, sizeof(pDeviceID->dsound)) == 0) {
                    found = MAL_TRUE;
                }
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_WINMM
            case mal_backend_winmm:
            {
                if (pInfos[iDevice].id.winmm == pDeviceID->winmm) {
                    found = MAL_TRUE;
                }
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_ALSA
            case mal_backend_alsa:
            {
                if (mal_strcmp(pInfos[iDevice].id.alsa, pDeviceID->alsa) == 0) {
                    found = MAL_TRUE;
                }
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_COREAUDIO
            //case mal_backend_coreaudio:
            //{
            //    // TODO: Implement me.
            //} break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_OSS
            case mal_backend_oss:
            {
                if (mal_strcmp(pInfos[iDevice].id.oss, pDeviceID->oss) == 0) {
                    found = MAL_TRUE;
                }
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENSL
            case mal_backend_opensl:
            {
                if (pInfos[iDevice].id.opensl == pDeviceID->opensl) {
                    found = MAL_TRUE;
                }
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENAL
            case mal_backend_openal:
            {
                if (mal_strcmp(pInfos[iDevice].id.openal, pDeviceID->openal) == 0) {
                    found = MAL_TRUE;
                }
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_SDL
            case mal_backend_sdl:
            {
                if (pInfos[iDevice].id.sdl == pDeviceID->sdl) {
                    found = MAL_TRUE;
                }
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_NULL
            case mal_backend_null:
            {
                if (pInfos[iDevice].id.nullbackend == pDeviceID->nullbackend) {
                    found = MAL_TRUE;
                }
            } break;
        #endif

            // Fall back to a generic memory comparison.
            default:
            {
                if (memcmp(pDeviceID, &pInfos[iDevice].id, sizeof(*pDeviceID)) == 0) {
                    found = MAL_TRUE;
                }
            } break;
        }

        if (found) {
            mal_strncpy_s(pName, nameBufferSize, pInfos[iDevice].name, (size_t)-1);
            result = MAL_SUCCESS;
            break;
        }
    }

    mal_free(pInfos);
    return result;
}


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Null Backend
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifdef MAL_HAS_NULL
mal_result mal_context_init__null(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);

    // The null backend always works.
    (void)pContext;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_context_uninit__null(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);
    mal_assert(pContext->backend == mal_backend_null);

    (void)pContext;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_enumerate_devices__null(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_uint32* pCount, mal_device_info* pInfo)
{
    (void)pContext;

    mal_uint32 infoSize = *pCount;
    *pCount = 1;    // There's only one "device" each for playback and recording for the null backend.

    if (pInfo != NULL && infoSize > 0) {
        mal_zero_object(pInfo);

        if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
            mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), "NULL Playback Device", (size_t)-1);
        } else {
            mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), "NULL Capture Device", (size_t)-1);
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static void mal_device_uninit__null(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    mal_free(pDevice->null_device.pBuffer);
}

static mal_result mal_device_init__null(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_device_id* pDeviceID, const mal_device_config* pConfig, mal_device* pDevice)
{
    (void)pContext;
    (void)type;
    (void)pDeviceID;

    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    mal_zero_object(&pDevice->null_device);

    pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames = pConfig->bufferSizeInFrames;
    pDevice->periods = pConfig->periods;

    pDevice->null_device.pBuffer = (mal_uint8*)mal_malloc(pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames * pDevice->channels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format));
    if (pDevice->null_device.pBuffer == NULL) {
        return MAL_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    }

    mal_zero_memory(pDevice->null_device.pBuffer, mal_device_get_buffer_size_in_bytes(pDevice));

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__start_backend__null(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    mal_timer_init(&pDevice->null_device.timer);
    pDevice->null_device.lastProcessedFrame = 0;

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__stop_backend__null(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    (void)pDevice;

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__break_main_loop__null(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    pDevice->null_device.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_TRUE;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_bool32 mal_device__get_current_frame__null(mal_device* pDevice, mal_uint32* pCurrentPos)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    mal_assert(pCurrentPos != NULL);
    *pCurrentPos = 0;

    mal_uint64 currentFrameAbs = (mal_uint64)(mal_timer_get_time_in_seconds(&pDevice->null_device.timer) * pDevice->sampleRate) / pDevice->channels;

    *pCurrentPos = (mal_uint32)(currentFrameAbs % pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames);
    return MAL_TRUE;
}

static mal_uint32 mal_device__get_available_frames__null(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    mal_uint32 currentFrame;
    if (!mal_device__get_current_frame__null(pDevice, &currentFrame)) {
        return 0;
    }

    // In a playback device the last processed frame should always be ahead of the current frame. The space between
    // the last processed and current frame (moving forward, starting from the last processed frame) is the amount
    // of space available to write.
    //
    // For a recording device it's the other way around - the last processed frame is always _behind_ the current
    // frame and the space between is the available space.
    mal_uint32 totalFrameCount = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames;
    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        mal_uint32 committedBeg = currentFrame;
        mal_uint32 committedEnd = pDevice->null_device.lastProcessedFrame;
        if (committedEnd <= committedBeg) {
            committedEnd += totalFrameCount;    // Wrap around.
        }

        mal_uint32 committedSize = (committedEnd - committedBeg);
        mal_assert(committedSize <= totalFrameCount);

        return totalFrameCount - committedSize;
    } else {
        mal_uint32 validBeg = pDevice->null_device.lastProcessedFrame;
        mal_uint32 validEnd = currentFrame;
        if (validEnd < validBeg) {
            validEnd += totalFrameCount;        // Wrap around.
        }

        mal_uint32 validSize = (validEnd - validBeg);
        mal_assert(validSize <= totalFrameCount);

        return validSize;
    }
}

static mal_uint32 mal_device__wait_for_frames__null(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    while (!pDevice->null_device.breakFromMainLoop) {
        mal_uint32 framesAvailable = mal_device__get_available_frames__null(pDevice);
        if (framesAvailable > 0) {
            return framesAvailable;
        }

        mal_sleep(16);
    }

    // We'll get here if the loop was terminated. Just return whatever's available.
    return mal_device__get_available_frames__null(pDevice);
}

static mal_result mal_device__main_loop__null(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    pDevice->null_device.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_FALSE;
    while (!pDevice->null_device.breakFromMainLoop) {
        mal_uint32 framesAvailable = mal_device__wait_for_frames__null(pDevice);
        if (framesAvailable == 0) {
            continue;
        }

        // If it's a playback device, don't bother grabbing more data if the device is being stopped.
        if (pDevice->null_device.breakFromMainLoop && pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
            return MAL_FALSE;
        }

        if (framesAvailable + pDevice->null_device.lastProcessedFrame > pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames) {
            framesAvailable = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames - pDevice->null_device.lastProcessedFrame;
        }

        mal_uint32 sampleCount = framesAvailable * pDevice->channels;
        mal_uint32 lockOffset  = pDevice->null_device.lastProcessedFrame * pDevice->channels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format);
        mal_uint32 lockSize    = sampleCount * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format);

        if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
            if (pDevice->null_device.breakFromMainLoop) {
                return MAL_FALSE;
            }

            mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, framesAvailable, pDevice->null_device.pBuffer + lockOffset);
        } else {
            mal_zero_memory(pDevice->null_device.pBuffer + lockOffset, lockSize);
            mal_device__send_frames_to_client(pDevice, framesAvailable, pDevice->null_device.pBuffer + lockOffset);
        }

        pDevice->null_device.lastProcessedFrame = (pDevice->null_device.lastProcessedFrame + framesAvailable) % pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames;
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}
#endif


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// WIN32 COMMON
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#if defined(MAL_WIN32)
#include "objbase.h"
#if defined(MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP)
    #define mal_CoInitializeEx(pContext, pvReserved, dwCoInit)                          ((MAL_PFN_CoInitializeEx)pContext->win32.CoInitializeEx)(pvReserved, dwCoInit)
    #define mal_CoUninitialize(pContext)                                                ((MAL_PFN_CoUninitialize)pContext->win32.CoUninitialize)()
    #define mal_CoCreateInstance(pContext, rclsid, pUnkOuter, dwClsContext, riid, ppv)  ((MAL_PFN_CoCreateInstance)pContext->win32.CoCreateInstance)(rclsid, pUnkOuter, dwClsContext, riid, ppv)
    #define mal_CoTaskMemFree(pContext, pv)                                             ((MAL_PFN_CoTaskMemFree)pContext->win32.CoTaskMemFree)(pv)
    #define mal_PropVariantClear(pContext, pvar)                                        ((MAL_PFN_PropVariantClear)pContext->win32.PropVariantClear)(pvar)
#else
    #define mal_CoInitializeEx(pContext, pvReserved, dwCoInit)                          CoInitializeEx(pvReserved, dwCoInit)
    #define mal_CoUninitialize(pContext)                                                CoUninitialize()
    #define mal_CoCreateInstance(pContext, rclsid, pUnkOuter, dwClsContext, riid, ppv)  CoCreateInstance(rclsid, pUnkOuter, dwClsContext, riid, ppv)
    #define mal_CoTaskMemFree(pContext, pv)                                             CoTaskMemFree(pv)
    #define mal_PropVariantClear(pContext, pvar)                                        PropVariantClear(pvar)
#endif
#endif

#if defined(MAL_HAS_WASAPI) || defined(MAL_HAS_DSOUND)
#include <mmreg.h>

#ifndef SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT
#define SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT            0x1
#define SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT           0x2
#define SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER          0x4
#define SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY         0x8
#define SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT             0x10
#define SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT            0x20
#define SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT_OF_CENTER  0x40
#define SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT_OF_CENTER 0x80
#define SPEAKER_BACK_CENTER           0x100
#define SPEAKER_SIDE_LEFT             0x200
#define SPEAKER_SIDE_RIGHT            0x400
#define SPEAKER_TOP_CENTER            0x800
#define SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_LEFT        0x1000
#define SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_CENTER      0x2000
#define SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_RIGHT       0x4000
#define SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_LEFT         0x8000
#define SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_CENTER       0x10000
#define SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_RIGHT        0x20000
#endif

// The SDK that comes with old versions of MSVC (VC6, for example) does not appear to define WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE. We
// define our own implementation in this case.
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(_WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE_)
typedef struct
{
    WAVEFORMATEX Format;
    union
    {
        WORD wValidBitsPerSample;
        WORD wSamplesPerBlock;
        WORD wReserved;
    } Samples;
    DWORD dwChannelMask;
    GUID SubFormat;
} WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE;
#endif

#ifndef WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE
#define WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE 0xFFFE
#endif

// Converts an individual Win32-style channel identifier (SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT, etc.) to mini_al.
static mal_uint8 mal_channel_id_to_mal__win32(DWORD id)
{
    switch (id)
    {
        case SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT:            return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
        case SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT:           return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
        case SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER:          return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
        case SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY:         return MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
        case SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT:             return MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT;
        case SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT:            return MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT;
        case SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT_OF_CENTER:  return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT_CENTER;
        case SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT_OF_CENTER: return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT_CENTER;
        case SPEAKER_BACK_CENTER:           return MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_CENTER;
        case SPEAKER_SIDE_LEFT:             return MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT;
        case SPEAKER_SIDE_RIGHT:            return MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT;
        case SPEAKER_TOP_CENTER:            return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_CENTER;
        case SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_LEFT:        return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_LEFT;
        case SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_CENTER:      return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_CENTER;
        case SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_RIGHT:       return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_RIGHT;
        case SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_LEFT:         return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_LEFT;
        case SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_CENTER:       return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_CENTER;
        case SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_RIGHT:        return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_RIGHT;
        default: return 0;
    }
}

// Converts an individual mini_al channel identifier (MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT, etc.) to Win32-style.
static DWORD mal_channel_id_to_win32(DWORD id)
{
    switch (id)
    {
        case MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT:         return SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT:        return SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER:       return SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_LFE:                return SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT:          return SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT:         return SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT_CENTER:  return SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT_OF_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT_CENTER: return SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT_OF_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_CENTER:        return SPEAKER_BACK_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT:          return SPEAKER_SIDE_LEFT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT:         return SPEAKER_SIDE_RIGHT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_CENTER:         return SPEAKER_TOP_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_LEFT:     return SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_LEFT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_CENTER:   return SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_RIGHT:    return SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_RIGHT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_LEFT:      return SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_LEFT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_CENTER:    return SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_RIGHT:     return SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_RIGHT;
        default: return 0;
    }
}

// Converts a channel mapping to a Win32-style channel mask.
static DWORD mal_channel_map_to_channel_mask__win32(const mal_uint8 channelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS], mal_uint32 channels)
{
    DWORD dwChannelMask = 0;
    for (mal_uint32 iChannel = 0; iChannel < channels; ++iChannel) {
        dwChannelMask |= mal_channel_id_to_win32(channelMap[iChannel]);
    }

    return dwChannelMask;
}

// Converts a Win32-style channel mask to a mini_al channel map.
static void mal_channel_mask_to_channel_map__win32(DWORD dwChannelMask, mal_uint32 channels, mal_uint8 channelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS])
{
    if (channels == 1 && dwChannelMask == 0) {
        channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
    } else if (channels == 2 && dwChannelMask == 0) {
        channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
        channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
    } else {
        // Just iterate over each bit.
        mal_uint32 iChannel = 0;
        for (mal_uint32 iBit = 0; iBit < 32; ++iBit) {
            DWORD bitValue = (dwChannelMask & (1 << iBit));
            if (bitValue != 0) {
                // The bit is set.
                channelMap[iChannel] = mal_channel_id_to_mal__win32(bitValue);
                iChannel += 1;
            }
        }
    }
}
#endif


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// WASAPI Backend
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifdef MAL_HAS_WASAPI
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
    #pragma warning(push)
    #pragma warning(disable:4091)   // 'typedef ': ignored on left of '' when no variable is declared
#endif
#include <audioclient.h>
#include <audiopolicy.h>
#include <mmdeviceapi.h>
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
    #pragma warning(pop)
#endif

const PROPERTYKEY g_malPKEY_Device_FriendlyName      = {{0xa45c254e, 0xdf1c, 0x4efd, {0x80, 0x20, 0x67, 0xd1, 0x46, 0xa8, 0x50, 0xe0}}, 14};
const PROPERTYKEY g_malPKEY_AudioEngine_DeviceFormat = {{0xf19f064d, 0x82c,  0x4e27, {0xbc, 0x73, 0x68, 0x82, 0xa1, 0xbb, 0x8e, 0x4c}},  0};

const IID g_malCLSID_MMDeviceEnumerator_Instance = {0xBCDE0395, 0xE52F, 0x467C, {0x8E, 0x3D, 0xC4, 0x57, 0x92, 0x91, 0x69, 0x2E}}; // BCDE0395-E52F-467C-8E3D-C4579291692E = __uuidof(MMDeviceEnumerator)
const IID g_malIID_IMMDeviceEnumerator_Instance  = {0xA95664D2, 0x9614, 0x4F35, {0xA7, 0x46, 0xDE, 0x8D, 0xB6, 0x36, 0x17, 0xE6}}; // A95664D2-9614-4F35-A746-DE8DB63617E6 = __uuidof(IMMDeviceEnumerator)
const IID g_malIID_IAudioClient_Instance         = {0x1CB9AD4C, 0xDBFA, 0x4C32, {0xB1, 0x78, 0xC2, 0xF5, 0x68, 0xA7, 0x03, 0xB2}}; // 1CB9AD4C-DBFA-4C32-B178-C2F568A703B2 = __uuidof(IAudioClient)
const IID g_malIID_IAudioRenderClient_Instance   = {0xF294ACFC, 0x3146, 0x4483, {0xA7, 0xBF, 0xAD, 0xDC, 0xA7, 0xC2, 0x60, 0xE2}}; // F294ACFC-3146-4483-A7BF-ADDCA7C260E2 = __uuidof(IAudioRenderClient)
const IID g_malIID_IAudioCaptureClient_Instance  = {0xC8ADBD64, 0xE71E, 0x48A0, {0xA4, 0xDE, 0x18, 0x5C, 0x39, 0x5C, 0xD3, 0x17}}; // C8ADBD64-E71E-48A0-A4DE-185C395CD317 = __uuidof(IAudioCaptureClient)

#ifndef MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP
const IID g_malIID_DEVINTERFACE_AUDIO_RENDER  = {0xE6327CAD, 0xDCEC, 0x4949, {0xAE, 0x8A, 0x99, 0x1E, 0x97, 0x6A, 0x79, 0xD2}}; // E6327CAD-DCEC-4949-AE8A-991E976A79D2
const IID g_malIID_DEVINTERFACE_AUDIO_CAPTURE = {0x2EEF81BE, 0x33FA, 0x4800, {0x96, 0x70, 0x1C, 0xD4, 0x74, 0x97, 0x2C, 0x3F}}; // 2EEF81BE-33FA-4800-9670-1CD474972C3F
#endif

#ifdef __cplusplus
#define g_malCLSID_MMDeviceEnumerator g_malCLSID_MMDeviceEnumerator_Instance
#define g_malIID_IMMDeviceEnumerator  g_malIID_IMMDeviceEnumerator_Instance
#define g_malIID_IAudioClient         g_malIID_IAudioClient_Instance
#define g_malIID_IAudioRenderClient   g_malIID_IAudioRenderClient_Instance
#define g_malIID_IAudioCaptureClient  g_malIID_IAudioCaptureClient_Instance
#else
#define g_malCLSID_MMDeviceEnumerator &g_malCLSID_MMDeviceEnumerator_Instance
#define g_malIID_IMMDeviceEnumerator  &g_malIID_IMMDeviceEnumerator_Instance
#define g_malIID_IAudioClient         &g_malIID_IAudioClient_Instance
#define g_malIID_IAudioRenderClient   &g_malIID_IAudioRenderClient_Instance
#define g_malIID_IAudioCaptureClient  &g_malIID_IAudioCaptureClient_Instance
#endif

#ifdef __cplusplus
#define mal_is_guid_equal(a, b) IsEqualGUID(a, b)
#else
#define mal_is_guid_equal(a, b) IsEqualGUID(&a, &b)
#endif

#ifdef MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP
    // IMMDeviceEnumerator
    #ifdef __cplusplus
        #define IMMDeviceEnumerator_Release(p) ((IMMDeviceEnumerator*)p)->Release()
    #else
        #define IMMDeviceEnumerator_Release(p) ((IMMDeviceEnumerator*)p)->lpVtbl->Release((IMMDeviceEnumerator*)p)
    #endif
    #ifdef __cplusplus
        #define IMMDeviceEnumerator_EnumAudioEndpoints(p, a, b, c) ((IMMDeviceEnumerator*)p)->EnumAudioEndpoints(a, b, c)
    #else
        #define IMMDeviceEnumerator_EnumAudioEndpoints(p, a, b, c) ((IMMDeviceEnumerator*)p)->lpVtbl->EnumAudioEndpoints(p, a, b, c)
    #endif
    #ifdef __cplusplus
        #define IMMDeviceEnumerator_GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(p, a, b, c) ((IMMDeviceEnumerator*)p)->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(a, b, c)
    #else
        #define IMMDeviceEnumerator_GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(p, a, b, c) ((IMMDeviceEnumerator*)p)->lpVtbl->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(p, a, b, c)
    #endif
    #ifdef __cplusplus
        #define IMMDeviceEnumerator_GetDevice(p, a, b) ((IMMDeviceEnumerator*)p)->GetDevice(a, b)
    #else
        #define IMMDeviceEnumerator_GetDevice(p, a, b) ((IMMDeviceEnumerator*)p)->lpVtbl->GetDevice(p, a, b)
    #endif

    // IMMDeviceCollection
    #ifdef __cplusplus
        #define IMMDeviceCollection_Release(p) ((IMMDeviceCollection*)p)->Release()
    #else
        #define IMMDeviceCollection_Release(p) ((IMMDeviceCollection*)p)->lpVtbl->Release((IMMDeviceCollection*)p)
    #endif
    #ifdef __cplusplus
        #define IMMDeviceCollection_GetCount(p, a) ((IMMDeviceCollection*)p)->GetCount(a)
    #else
        #define IMMDeviceCollection_GetCount(p, a) ((IMMDeviceCollection*)p)->lpVtbl->GetCount((IMMDeviceCollection*)p, a)
    #endif
    #ifdef __cplusplus
        #define IMMDeviceCollection_Item(p, a, b) ((IMMDeviceCollection*)p)->Item(a, b)
    #else
        #define IMMDeviceCollection_Item(p, a, b) ((IMMDeviceCollection*)p)->lpVtbl->Item((IMMDeviceCollection*)p, a, b)
    #endif

    // IMMDevice
    #ifdef __cplusplus
        #define IMMDevice_Release(p) ((IMMDevice*)p)->Release()
    #else
        #define IMMDevice_Release(p) ((IMMDevice*)p)->lpVtbl->Release((IMMDevice*)p)
    #endif
    #ifdef __cplusplus
        #define IMMDevice_GetId(p, a) ((IMMDevice*)p)->GetId(a)
    #else
        #define IMMDevice_GetId(p, a) ((IMMDevice*)p)->lpVtbl->GetId((IMMDevice*)p, a)
    #endif
    #ifdef __cplusplus
        #define IMMDevice_OpenPropertyStore(p, a, b) ((IMMDevice*)p)->OpenPropertyStore(a, b)
    #else
        #define IMMDevice_OpenPropertyStore(p, a, b) ((IMMDevice*)p)->lpVtbl->OpenPropertyStore((IMMDevice*)p, a, b)
    #endif
    #ifdef __cplusplus
        #define IMMDevice_Activate(p, a, b, c, d) ((IMMDevice*)p)->Activate(a, b, c, d)
    #else
        #define IMMDevice_Activate(p, a, b, c, d) ((IMMDevice*)p)->lpVtbl->Activate((IMMDevice*)p, a, b, c, d)
    #endif
#else
    // IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation
    #ifdef __cplusplus
        #define IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation_Release(p) ((IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation*)p)->Release()
    #else
        #define IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation_Release(p) ((IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation*)p)->lpVtbl->Release((IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation*)p)
    #endif
    #ifdef __cplusplus
        #define IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation_GetActivateResult(p, a, b) ((IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation*)p)->GetActivateResult(a, b)
    #else
        #define IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation_GetActivateResult(p, a, b) ((IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation*)p)->lpVtbl->GetActivateResult((IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation*)p, a, b)
    #endif
#endif

// IPropertyStore
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IPropertyStore_Release(p) ((IPropertyStore*)p)->Release()
#else
    #define IPropertyStore_Release(p) ((IPropertyStore*)p)->lpVtbl->Release((IPropertyStore*)p)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IPropertyStore_GetValue(p, a, b) ((IPropertyStore*)p)->GetValue(a, b)
#else
    #define IPropertyStore_GetValue(p, a, b) ((IPropertyStore*)p)->lpVtbl->GetValue((IPropertyStore*)p, &a, b)
#endif

// IAudioClient
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioClient_Release(p) ((IAudioClient*)p)->Release()
#else
    #define IAudioClient_Release(p) ((IAudioClient*)p)->lpVtbl->Release((IAudioClient*)p)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioClient_IsFormatSupported(p, a, b, c) ((IAudioClient*)p)->IsFormatSupported(a, b, c)
#else
    #define IAudioClient_IsFormatSupported(p, a, b, c) ((IAudioClient*)p)->lpVtbl->IsFormatSupported((IAudioClient*)p, a, b, c)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioClient_GetMixFormat(p, a) ((IAudioClient*)p)->GetMixFormat(a)
#else
    #define IAudioClient_GetMixFormat(p, a) ((IAudioClient*)p)->lpVtbl->GetMixFormat((IAudioClient*)p, a)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioClient_Initialize(p, a, b, c, d, e, f) ((IAudioClient*)p)->Initialize(a, b, c, d, e, f)
#else
    #define IAudioClient_Initialize(p, a, b, c, d, e, f) ((IAudioClient*)p)->lpVtbl->Initialize((IAudioClient*)p, a, b, c, d, e, f)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioClient_GetBufferSize(p, a) ((IAudioClient*)p)->GetBufferSize(a)
#else
    #define IAudioClient_GetBufferSize(p, a) ((IAudioClient*)p)->lpVtbl->GetBufferSize((IAudioClient*)p, a)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioClient_GetService(p, a, b) ((IAudioClient*)p)->GetService(a, b)
#else
    #define IAudioClient_GetService(p, a, b) ((IAudioClient*)p)->lpVtbl->GetService((IAudioClient*)p, a, b)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioClient_Start(p) ((IAudioClient*)p)->Start()
#else
    #define IAudioClient_Start(p) ((IAudioClient*)p)->lpVtbl->Start((IAudioClient*)p)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioClient_Stop(p) ((IAudioClient*)p)->Stop()
#else
    #define IAudioClient_Stop(p) ((IAudioClient*)p)->lpVtbl->Stop((IAudioClient*)p)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioClient_GetCurrentPadding(p, a) ((IAudioClient*)p)->GetCurrentPadding(a)
#else
    #define IAudioClient_GetCurrentPadding(p, a) ((IAudioClient*)p)->lpVtbl->GetCurrentPadding((IAudioClient*)p, a)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioClient_SetEventHandle(p, a) ((IAudioClient*)p)->SetEventHandle(a)
#else
    #define IAudioClient_SetEventHandle(p, a) ((IAudioClient*)p)->lpVtbl->SetEventHandle((IAudioClient*)p, a)
#endif

// IAudioRenderClient
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioRenderClient_Release(p) ((IAudioRenderClient*)p)->Release()
#else
    #define IAudioRenderClient_Release(p) ((IAudioRenderClient*)p)->lpVtbl->Release((IAudioRenderClient*)p)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioRenderClient_GetBuffer(p, a, b) ((IAudioRenderClient*)p)->GetBuffer(a, b)
#else
    #define IAudioRenderClient_GetBuffer(p, a, b) ((IAudioRenderClient*)p)->lpVtbl->GetBuffer((IAudioRenderClient*)p, a, b)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioRenderClient_ReleaseBuffer(p, a, b) ((IAudioRenderClient*)p)->ReleaseBuffer(a, b)
#else
    #define IAudioRenderClient_ReleaseBuffer(p, a, b) ((IAudioRenderClient*)p)->lpVtbl->ReleaseBuffer((IAudioRenderClient*)p, a, b)
#endif

// IAudioCaptureClient
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioCaptureClient_Release(p) ((IAudioCaptureClient*)p)->Release()
#else
    #define IAudioCaptureClient_Release(p) ((IAudioCaptureClient*)p)->lpVtbl->Release((IAudioCaptureClient*)p)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioCaptureClient_GetNextPacketSize(p, a) ((IAudioCaptureClient*)p)->GetNextPacketSize(a)
#else
    #define IAudioCaptureClient_GetNextPacketSize(p, a) ((IAudioCaptureClient*)p)->lpVtbl->GetNextPacketSize((IAudioCaptureClient*)p, a)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioCaptureClient_GetBuffer(p, a, b, c, d, e) ((IAudioCaptureClient*)p)->GetBuffer(a, b, c, d, e)
#else
    #define IAudioCaptureClient_GetBuffer(p, a, b, c, d, e) ((IAudioCaptureClient*)p)->lpVtbl->GetBuffer((IAudioCaptureClient*)p, a, b, c, d, e)
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
    #define IAudioCaptureClient_ReleaseBuffer(p, a) ((IAudioCaptureClient*)p)->ReleaseBuffer(a)
#else
    #define IAudioCaptureClient_ReleaseBuffer(p, a) ((IAudioCaptureClient*)p)->lpVtbl->ReleaseBuffer((IAudioCaptureClient*)p, a)
#endif

mal_result mal_context_init__wasapi(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);
    (void)pContext;

#ifdef MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP
    // WASAPI is only supported in Vista SP1 and newer. The reason for SP1 and not the base version of Vista is that event-driven
    // exclusive mode does not work until SP1.
    OSVERSIONINFOEXW osvi;
    mal_zero_object(&osvi);
    osvi.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(osvi);
    osvi.dwMajorVersion = HIBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_VISTA);
    osvi.dwMinorVersion = LOBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_VISTA);
    osvi.wServicePackMajor = 1;
    if (VerifyVersionInfoW(&osvi, VER_MAJORVERSION | VER_MINORVERSION | VER_SERVICEPACKMAJOR, VerSetConditionMask(VerSetConditionMask(VerSetConditionMask(0, VER_MAJORVERSION, VER_GREATER_EQUAL), VER_MINORVERSION, VER_GREATER_EQUAL), VER_SERVICEPACKMAJOR, VER_GREATER_EQUAL))) {
        return MAL_SUCCESS;
    } else {
        return MAL_NO_BACKEND;
    }
#else
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
#endif
}

mal_result mal_context_uninit__wasapi(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);
    mal_assert(pContext->backend == mal_backend_wasapi);
    (void)pContext;

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_enumerate_devices__wasapi(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_uint32* pCount, mal_device_info* pInfo)
{
    mal_uint32 infoSize = *pCount;
    *pCount = 0;

#ifdef MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP
    IMMDeviceEnumerator* pDeviceEnumerator;
    HRESULT hr = mal_CoCreateInstance(pContext, g_malCLSID_MMDeviceEnumerator, NULL, CLSCTX_ALL, g_malIID_IMMDeviceEnumerator, (void**)&pDeviceEnumerator);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        return mal_context_post_error(pContext, NULL, "[WASAPI] Failed to create device enumerator.", MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_CREATE_DEVICE_ENUMERATOR);
    }

    IMMDeviceCollection* pDeviceCollection;
    hr = IMMDeviceEnumerator_EnumAudioEndpoints(pDeviceEnumerator, (type == mal_device_type_playback) ? eRender : eCapture, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &pDeviceCollection);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        IMMDeviceEnumerator_Release(pDeviceEnumerator);
        return mal_context_post_error(pContext, NULL, "[WASAPI] Failed to enumerate audio endpoints.", MAL_NO_DEVICE);
    }

    IMMDeviceEnumerator_Release(pDeviceEnumerator);

    UINT count;
    hr = IMMDeviceCollection_GetCount(pDeviceCollection, &count);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        IMMDeviceCollection_Release(pDeviceCollection);
        return mal_context_post_error(pContext, NULL, "[WASAPI] Failed to get device count.", MAL_NO_DEVICE);
    }

    for (mal_uint32 iDevice = 0; iDevice < count; ++iDevice) {
        if (pInfo != NULL) {
            if (infoSize > 0) {
                mal_zero_object(pInfo);

                IMMDevice* pDevice;
                hr = IMMDeviceCollection_Item(pDeviceCollection, iDevice, &pDevice);
                if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
                    // ID.
                    LPWSTR id;
                    hr = IMMDevice_GetId(pDevice, &id);
                    if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
                        size_t idlen = wcslen(id);
                        if (idlen+sizeof(wchar_t) > sizeof(pInfo->id.wasapi)) {
                            mal_CoTaskMemFree(pContext, id);
                            mal_assert(MAL_FALSE);  // NOTE: If this is triggered, please report it. It means the format of the ID must haved change and is too long to fit in our fixed sized buffer.
                            continue;
                        }

                        memcpy(pInfo->id.wasapi, id, idlen * sizeof(wchar_t));
                        pInfo->id.wasapi[idlen] = '\0';

                        mal_CoTaskMemFree(pContext, id);
                    }

                    // Description / Friendly Name.
                    IPropertyStore *pProperties;
                    hr = IMMDevice_OpenPropertyStore(pDevice, STGM_READ, &pProperties);
                    if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
                        PROPVARIANT varName;
                        PropVariantInit(&varName);
                        hr = IPropertyStore_GetValue(pProperties, g_malPKEY_Device_FriendlyName, &varName);
                        if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
                            WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, varName.pwszVal, -1, pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), 0, FALSE);
                            mal_PropVariantClear(pContext, &varName);
                        }

                        IPropertyStore_Release(pProperties);
                    }
                }

                pInfo += 1;
                infoSize -= 1;
                *pCount += 1;
            }
        } else {
            *pCount += 1;
        }
    }

    IMMDeviceCollection_Release(pDeviceCollection);
#else
    // The MMDevice API is only supported on desktop applications. For now, while I'm still figuring out how to properly enumerate
    // over devices without using MMDevice, I'm restricting devices to defaults.
    if (pInfo != NULL) {
        if (infoSize > 0) {
            if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
                mal_copy_memory(pInfo->id.wasapi, &g_malIID_DEVINTERFACE_AUDIO_RENDER, sizeof(g_malIID_DEVINTERFACE_AUDIO_RENDER));
                mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), "Default Playback Device", (size_t)-1);
            } else {
                mal_copy_memory(pInfo->id.wasapi, &g_malIID_DEVINTERFACE_AUDIO_CAPTURE, sizeof(g_malIID_DEVINTERFACE_AUDIO_CAPTURE));
                mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), "Default Capture Device", (size_t)-1);
            }

            pInfo += 1;
            *pCount += 1;
        }
    } else {
        *pCount += 1;
    }
#endif

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static void mal_device_uninit__wasapi(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pDevice->wasapi.pRenderClient) {
        IAudioRenderClient_Release(pDevice->wasapi.pRenderClient);
    }
    if (pDevice->wasapi.pCaptureClient) {
        IAudioCaptureClient_Release(pDevice->wasapi.pCaptureClient);
    }
    if (pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient) {
        IAudioClient_Release(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient);
    }

    if (pDevice->wasapi.hEvent) {
        CloseHandle(pDevice->wasapi.hEvent);
    }
    if (pDevice->wasapi.hStopEvent) {
        CloseHandle(pDevice->wasapi.hStopEvent);
    }
}

#ifndef MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP
    #ifdef __cplusplus
    #include <wrl\implements.h>
    class malCompletionHandler : public Microsoft::WRL::RuntimeClass< Microsoft::WRL::RuntimeClassFlags< Microsoft::WRL::ClassicCom >, Microsoft::WRL::FtmBase, IActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler >
    {
    public:

        malCompletionHandler()
            : m_hEvent(NULL)
        {
        }

        mal_result Init()
        {
            m_hEvent = CreateEventA(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
            if (m_hEvent == NULL) {
                return MAL_ERROR;
            }

            return MAL_SUCCESS;
        }

        void Uninit()
        {
            if (m_hEvent != NULL) {
                CloseHandle(m_hEvent);
            }
        }

        void Wait()
        {
            WaitForSingleObject(m_hEvent, INFINITE);
        }

        HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE ActivateCompleted(IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation *activateOperation)
        {
            (void)activateOperation;
            SetEvent(m_hEvent);
            return S_OK;
        }

    private:
        HANDLE m_hEvent;  // This is created in Init(), deleted in Uninit(), waited on in Wait() and signaled in ActivateCompleted().
    };
    #else
    #error "The UWP build is currently only supported in C++."
    #endif
#endif  // !MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP

static mal_result mal_device_init__wasapi(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_device_id* pDeviceID, const mal_device_config* pConfig, mal_device* pDevice)
{
    (void)pContext;

    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    mal_zero_object(&pDevice->wasapi);

    HRESULT hr;
    mal_result result = MAL_SUCCESS;
    const char* errorMsg = "";
    AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE shareMode = AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED;

    WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE wf;
    mal_zero_object(&wf);
    wf.Format.cbSize               = sizeof(wf);
    wf.Format.wFormatTag           = WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE;
    wf.Format.nChannels            = (WORD)pDevice->channels;
    wf.Format.nSamplesPerSec       = (DWORD)pDevice->sampleRate;
    wf.Format.wBitsPerSample       = (WORD)mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format)*8;
    wf.Format.nBlockAlign          = (wf.Format.nChannels * wf.Format.wBitsPerSample) / 8;
    wf.Format.nAvgBytesPerSec      = wf.Format.nBlockAlign * wf.Format.nSamplesPerSec;
    wf.Samples.wValidBitsPerSample = wf.Format.wBitsPerSample;
    wf.dwChannelMask               = mal_channel_map_to_channel_mask__win32(pDevice->channelMap, pDevice->channels);
    if (pDevice->format == mal_format_f32) {
        wf.SubFormat = MAL_GUID_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT;
    } else {
        wf.SubFormat = MAL_GUID_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM;
    }

#ifdef MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP
    IMMDevice* pMMDevice = NULL;

    IMMDeviceEnumerator* pDeviceEnumerator;
    hr = mal_CoCreateInstance(pContext, g_malCLSID_MMDeviceEnumerator, NULL, CLSCTX_ALL, g_malIID_IMMDeviceEnumerator, (void**)&pDeviceEnumerator);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to create IMMDeviceEnumerator.", result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_CREATE_DEVICE_ENUMERATOR;
        goto done;
    }

    if (pDeviceID == NULL) {
        hr = IMMDeviceEnumerator_GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(pDeviceEnumerator, (type == mal_device_type_playback) ? eRender : eCapture, eConsole, &pMMDevice);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            IMMDeviceEnumerator_Release(pDeviceEnumerator);
            errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to create default backend device.", result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_CREATE_DEVICE;
            goto done;
        }
    } else {
        hr = IMMDeviceEnumerator_GetDevice(pDeviceEnumerator, pDeviceID->wasapi, &pMMDevice);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            IMMDeviceEnumerator_Release(pDeviceEnumerator);
            errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to create backend device.", result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_CREATE_DEVICE;
            goto done;
        }
    }

    IMMDeviceEnumerator_Release(pDeviceEnumerator);

    hr = IMMDevice_Activate(pMMDevice, g_malIID_IAudioClient, CLSCTX_ALL, NULL, &pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to activate device.", result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_ACTIVATE_DEVICE;
        goto done;
    }
#else
    IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation *pAsyncOp = NULL;
    malCompletionHandler completionHandler;

    IID iid;
    if (pDeviceID != NULL) {
        mal_copy_memory(&iid, pDeviceID->wasapi, sizeof(iid));
    } else {
        if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
            iid = g_malIID_DEVINTERFACE_AUDIO_RENDER;
        } else {
            iid = g_malIID_DEVINTERFACE_AUDIO_CAPTURE;
        }
    }

    LPOLESTR iidStr;
    hr = StringFromIID(iid, &iidStr);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to convert device IID to string for ActivateAudioInterfaceAsync(). Out of memory.", result = MAL_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
        goto done;
    }

    result = completionHandler.Init();
    if (result != MAL_SUCCESS) {
        mal_CoTaskMemFree(pContext, iidStr);

        errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to create event for waiting for ActivateAudioInterfaceAsync().", result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_ACTIVATE_DEVICE;
        goto done;
    }

    hr = ActivateAudioInterfaceAsync(iidStr, g_malIID_IAudioClient, NULL, &completionHandler, &pAsyncOp);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        completionHandler.Uninit();
        mal_CoTaskMemFree(pContext, iidStr);

        errorMsg = "[WASAPI] ActivateAudioInterfaceAsync() failed.", result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_ACTIVATE_DEVICE;
        goto done;
    }

    mal_CoTaskMemFree(pContext, iidStr);

    // Wait for the async operation for finish.
    completionHandler.Wait();
    completionHandler.Uninit();

    HRESULT activateResult;
    IUnknown* pActivatedInterface;
    hr = IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation_GetActivateResult(pAsyncOp, &activateResult, &pActivatedInterface);
    if (FAILED(hr) || FAILED(activateResult)) {
        errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to activate device.", result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_ACTIVATE_DEVICE;
        goto done;
    }

    // Here is where we grab the IAudioClient interface.
    hr = pActivatedInterface->QueryInterface(g_malIID_IAudioClient, &pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to query IAudioClient interface.", result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_ACTIVATE_DEVICE;
        goto done;
    }
#endif

    // Here is where we try to determine the best format to use with the device. If the client if wanting exclusive mode, first try finding the best format for that. If this fails, fall back to shared mode.
    WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE* pBestFormatTemp = NULL;
    result = MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED;
    if (pConfig->preferExclusiveMode) {
        hr = IAudioClient_IsFormatSupported(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE, (WAVEFORMATEX*)&wf, NULL);
    #ifdef MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP
        if (hr == AUDCLNT_E_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT) {
            // The format isn't supported, so retrieve the actual format from the property store and try that.
            IPropertyStore* pStore = NULL;
            hr = IMMDevice_OpenPropertyStore(pMMDevice, STGM_READ, &pStore);
            if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
                PROPVARIANT prop;
                PropVariantInit(&prop);
                hr = IPropertyStore_GetValue(pStore, g_malPKEY_AudioEngine_DeviceFormat, &prop);
                if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
                    WAVEFORMATEX* pActualFormat = (WAVEFORMATEX*)prop.blob.pBlobData;
                    hr = IAudioClient_IsFormatSupported(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE, pActualFormat, NULL);
                    if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
                        mal_copy_memory(&wf, pActualFormat, sizeof(WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE));
                    }

                    mal_PropVariantClear(pDevice->pContext, &prop);
                }

                IPropertyStore_Release(pStore);
            }
        }
    #endif

        if (hr == S_OK) {
            shareMode = AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE;
            result = MAL_SUCCESS;
        }
    }

    // Fall back to shared mode if necessary.
    if (result != MAL_SUCCESS) {
        hr = IAudioClient_IsFormatSupported(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED, (WAVEFORMATEX*)&wf, (WAVEFORMATEX**)&pBestFormatTemp);
        if (hr != S_OK && hr != S_FALSE) {
            hr = IAudioClient_GetMixFormat(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, (WAVEFORMATEX**)&pBestFormatTemp);
            if (hr != S_OK) {
                result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_FIND_BEST_FORMAT;
            } else {
                result = MAL_SUCCESS;
            }
        } else {
            result = MAL_SUCCESS;
        }

        shareMode = AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED;
    }

    // Return an error if we still haven't found a format.
    if (result != MAL_SUCCESS) {
        errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to find best device mix format.", result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_ACTIVATE_DEVICE;
        goto done;
    }

    if (pBestFormatTemp != NULL) {
        mal_copy_memory(&wf, pBestFormatTemp, sizeof(wf));
        mal_CoTaskMemFree(pDevice->pContext, pBestFormatTemp);
    }


    REFERENCE_TIME bufferDurationInMicroseconds = ((mal_uint64)pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames * 1000 * 1000) / pConfig->sampleRate;

    if (mal_is_guid_equal(wf.SubFormat, MAL_GUID_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT)) {
        pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_f32;
    } else {
        if (wf.Format.wBitsPerSample == 32) {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s32;
        } else if (wf.Format.wBitsPerSample == 24) {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s24;
        } else if (wf.Format.wBitsPerSample == 16) {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s16;
        } else if (wf.Format.wBitsPerSample == 8) {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_u8;
        } else {
            errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Device's native format is not supported.", result = MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED;
            goto done;
        }
    }

    pDevice->internalChannels = wf.Format.nChannels;
    pDevice->internalSampleRate = wf.Format.nSamplesPerSec;

    // Get the internal channel map based on the channel mask.
    mal_channel_mask_to_channel_map__win32(wf.dwChannelMask, pDevice->internalChannels, pDevice->internalChannelMap);

    // Slightly different initialization for shared and exclusive modes.
    if (shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED) {
        // Shared.
        REFERENCE_TIME bufferDuration = bufferDurationInMicroseconds*10;
        hr = IAudioClient_Initialize(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, shareMode, AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK, bufferDuration, 0, (WAVEFORMATEX*)&wf, NULL);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            if (hr == E_ACCESSDENIED) {
                errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to initialize device. Access denied.", result = MAL_ACCESS_DENIED;
            } else {
                errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to initialize device.", result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_INITIALIZE_DEVICE;
            }

            goto done;
        }
    } else {
        // Exclusive.
        REFERENCE_TIME bufferDuration = bufferDurationInMicroseconds*10;
        hr = IAudioClient_Initialize(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, shareMode, AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK, bufferDuration, bufferDuration, (WAVEFORMATEX*)&wf, NULL);
        if (hr == AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_SIZE_NOT_ALIGNED) {
            UINT bufferSizeInFrames;
            hr = IAudioClient_GetBufferSize(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, &bufferSizeInFrames);
            if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
                bufferDuration = (REFERENCE_TIME)((10000.0 * 1000 / wf.Format.nSamplesPerSec * bufferSizeInFrames) + 0.5);

                // Unfortunately we need to release and re-acquire the audio client according to MSDN. Seems silly - why not just call IAudioClient_Initialize() again?!
                IAudioClient_Release(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient);

            #ifdef MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP
                hr = IMMDevice_Activate(pMMDevice, g_malIID_IAudioClient, CLSCTX_ALL, NULL, &pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient);
            #else
                hr = pActivatedInterface->QueryInterface(g_malIID_IAudioClient, &pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient);
            #endif

                if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
                    hr = IAudioClient_Initialize(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, shareMode, AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK, bufferDuration, bufferDuration, (WAVEFORMATEX*)&wf, NULL);
                }
            }
        }

        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to initialize device.", result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_INITIALIZE_DEVICE;
            goto done;
        }
    }

    hr = IAudioClient_GetBufferSize(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, &pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to get audio client's actual buffer size.", result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_INITIALIZE_DEVICE;
        goto done;
    }

    if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        hr = IAudioClient_GetService((IAudioClient*)pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, g_malIID_IAudioRenderClient, &pDevice->wasapi.pRenderClient);
    } else {
        hr = IAudioClient_GetService((IAudioClient*)pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, g_malIID_IAudioCaptureClient, &pDevice->wasapi.pCaptureClient);
    }

    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to get audio client service.", result = MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_INITIALIZE_DEVICE;
        goto done;
    }


    if (shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED) {
        pDevice->exclusiveMode = MAL_FALSE;
    } else /*if (shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE)*/ {
        pDevice->exclusiveMode = MAL_TRUE;
    }


    // We need to create and set the event for event-driven mode. This event is signalled whenever a new chunk of audio
    // data needs to be written or read from the device.
    pDevice->wasapi.hEvent = CreateEventA(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
    if (pDevice->wasapi.hEvent == NULL) {
        errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to create main event for main loop.", result = MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_EVENT;
        goto done;
    }

    IAudioClient_SetEventHandle(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, pDevice->wasapi.hEvent);


    // When the device is playing the worker thread will be waiting on a bunch of notification events. To return from
    // this wait state we need to signal a special event.
    pDevice->wasapi.hStopEvent = CreateEventA(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
    if (pDevice->wasapi.hStopEvent == NULL) {
        errorMsg = "[WASAPI] Failed to create stop event for main loop break notification.", result = MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_EVENT;
        goto done;
    }

    result = MAL_SUCCESS;

done:
    // Clean up.
#ifdef MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP
    if (pMMDevice != NULL) {
        IMMDevice_Release(pMMDevice);
    }
#else
    if (pAsyncOp != NULL) {
        IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation_Release(pAsyncOp);
    }
#endif

    if (result != MAL_SUCCESS) {
        mal_device_uninit__wasapi(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, errorMsg, result);
    } else {
        return MAL_SUCCESS;
    }
}

static mal_result mal_device__start_backend__wasapi(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    // Playback devices need to have an initial chunk of data loaded.
    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        BYTE* pData;
        HRESULT hr = IAudioRenderClient_GetBuffer(pDevice->wasapi.pRenderClient, pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames, &pData);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WASAPI] Failed to retrieve buffer from internal playback device.", MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_GET_INTERNAL_BUFFER);
        }

        mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames, pData);

        hr = IAudioRenderClient_ReleaseBuffer(pDevice->wasapi.pRenderClient, pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames, 0);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WASAPI] Failed to release internal buffer for playback device.", MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_RELEASE_INTERNAL_BUFFER);
        }
    }

    HRESULT hr = IAudioClient_Start(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WASAPI] Failed to start internal device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE);
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__stop_backend__wasapi(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    HRESULT hr = IAudioClient_Stop(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WASAPI] Failed to stop internal device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_STOP_BACKEND_DEVICE);
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__break_main_loop__wasapi(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    // The main loop will be waiting on a bunch of events via the WaitForMultipleObjects() API. One of those events
    // is a special event we use for forcing that function to return.
    pDevice->wasapi.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_TRUE;
    SetEvent(pDevice->wasapi.hStopEvent);
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_uint32 mal_device__get_available_frames__wasapi(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

#if 1
    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        UINT32 paddingFramesCount;
        HRESULT hr = IAudioClient_GetCurrentPadding(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, &paddingFramesCount);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            return 0;
        }

        if (pDevice->exclusiveMode) {
            return paddingFramesCount;
        } else {
            return pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames - paddingFramesCount;
        }
    } else {
        UINT32 framesAvailable;
        HRESULT hr = IAudioCaptureClient_GetNextPacketSize(pDevice->wasapi.pCaptureClient, &framesAvailable);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            return 0;
        }

        return framesAvailable;
    }
#else
    UINT32 paddingFramesCount;
    HRESULT hr = IAudioClient_GetCurrentPadding(pDevice->wasapi.pAudioClient, &paddingFramesCount);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        return 0;
    }

    if (pDevice->exclusiveMode) {
        return paddingFramesCount;
    } else {
        return pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames - paddingFramesCount;
    }
#endif
}

static mal_uint32 mal_device__wait_for_frames__wasapi(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    while (!pDevice->wasapi.breakFromMainLoop) {
        // Wait for a buffer to become available or for the stop event to be signalled.
        HANDLE hEvents[2];
        hEvents[0] = (HANDLE)pDevice->wasapi.hEvent;
        hEvents[1] = (HANDLE)pDevice->wasapi.hStopEvent;
        if (WaitForMultipleObjects(mal_countof(hEvents), hEvents, FALSE, INFINITE) == WAIT_FAILED) {
            break;
        }

        // Break from the main loop if the device isn't started anymore. Likely what's happened is the application
        // has requested that the device be stopped.
        if (!mal_device_is_started(pDevice)) {
            break;
        }

        mal_uint32 framesAvailable = mal_device__get_available_frames__wasapi(pDevice);
        if (framesAvailable > 0) {
            return framesAvailable;
        }
    }

    // We'll get here if the loop was terminated. Just return whatever's available.
    return mal_device__get_available_frames__wasapi(pDevice);
}

static mal_result mal_device__main_loop__wasapi(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    // Make sure the stop event is not signaled to ensure we don't end up immediately returning from WaitForMultipleObjects().
    ResetEvent(pDevice->wasapi.hStopEvent);

    pDevice->wasapi.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_FALSE;
    while (!pDevice->wasapi.breakFromMainLoop) {
        mal_uint32 framesAvailable = mal_device__wait_for_frames__wasapi(pDevice);
        if (framesAvailable == 0) {
            continue;
        }

        // If it's a playback device, don't bother grabbing more data if the device is being stopped.
        if (pDevice->wasapi.breakFromMainLoop && pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
            return MAL_FALSE;
        }

        if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
            BYTE* pData;
            HRESULT hr = IAudioRenderClient_GetBuffer(pDevice->wasapi.pRenderClient, framesAvailable, &pData);
            if (FAILED(hr)) {
                return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WASAPI] Failed to retrieve internal buffer from playback device in preparation for sending new data to the device.", MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_GET_INTERNAL_BUFFER);
            }

            mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, framesAvailable, pData);

            hr = IAudioRenderClient_ReleaseBuffer(pDevice->wasapi.pRenderClient, framesAvailable, 0);
            if (FAILED(hr)) {
                return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WASAPI] Failed to release internal buffer from playback device in preparation for sending new data to the device.", MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_RELEASE_INTERNAL_BUFFER);
            }
        } else {
            UINT32 framesRemaining = framesAvailable;
            while (framesRemaining > 0) {
                BYTE* pData;
                UINT32 framesToSend;
                DWORD flags;
                HRESULT hr = IAudioCaptureClient_GetBuffer(pDevice->wasapi.pCaptureClient, &pData, &framesToSend, &flags, NULL, NULL);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WASAPI] WARNING: Failed to retrieve internal buffer from capture device in preparation for sending new data to the client.", MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_GET_INTERNAL_BUFFER);
                    break;
                }

                if (hr != AUDCLNT_S_BUFFER_EMPTY) {
                    mal_device__send_frames_to_client(pDevice, framesToSend, pData);

                    hr = IAudioCaptureClient_ReleaseBuffer(pDevice->wasapi.pCaptureClient, framesToSend);
                    if (FAILED(hr)) {
                        mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WASAPI] WARNING: Failed to release internal buffer from capture device in preparation for sending new data to the client.", MAL_WASAPI_FAILED_TO_RELEASE_INTERNAL_BUFFER);
                        break;
                    }

                    if (framesRemaining >= framesToSend) {
                        framesRemaining -= framesToSend;
                    } else {
                        framesRemaining = 0;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}
#endif

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// DirectSound Backend
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifdef MAL_HAS_DSOUND
#include <dsound.h>

#if 0   // MAL_GUID_NULL is not currently used, but leaving it here in case I need to add it back again.
static GUID MAL_GUID_NULL                          = {0x00000000, 0x0000, 0x0000, {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};
#endif
static GUID MAL_GUID_IID_DirectSoundNotify         = {0xb0210783, 0x89cd, 0x11d0, {0xaf, 0x08, 0x00, 0xa0, 0xc9, 0x25, 0xcd, 0x16}};
static GUID MAL_GUID_IID_IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer = {0xb0210782, 0x89cd, 0x11d0, {0xaf, 0x08, 0x00, 0xa0, 0xc9, 0x25, 0xcd, 0x16}};

typedef HRESULT (WINAPI * mal_DirectSoundCreateProc)(const GUID* pcGuidDevice, LPDIRECTSOUND *ppDS8, LPUNKNOWN pUnkOuter);
typedef HRESULT (WINAPI * mal_DirectSoundEnumerateAProc)(LPDSENUMCALLBACKA pDSEnumCallback, LPVOID pContext);
typedef HRESULT (WINAPI * mal_DirectSoundCaptureCreateProc)(const GUID* pcGuidDevice, LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE *ppDSC8, LPUNKNOWN pUnkOuter);
typedef HRESULT (WINAPI * mal_DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateAProc)(LPDSENUMCALLBACKA pDSEnumCallback, LPVOID pContext);

static HMODULE mal_open_dsound_dll()
{
    return LoadLibraryW(L"dsound.dll");
}

static void mal_close_dsound_dll(HMODULE hModule)
{
    FreeLibrary(hModule);
}


mal_result mal_context_init__dsound(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);

    (void)pContext;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_context_uninit__dsound(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);
    mal_assert(pContext->backend == mal_backend_dsound);

    (void)pContext;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}


typedef struct
{
    mal_uint32 deviceCount;
    mal_uint32 infoCount;
    mal_device_info* pInfo;
} mal_device_enum_data__dsound;

static BOOL CALLBACK mal_enum_devices_callback__dsound(LPGUID lpGuid, LPCSTR lpcstrDescription, LPCSTR lpcstrModule, LPVOID lpContext)
{
    (void)lpcstrModule;

    mal_device_enum_data__dsound* pData = (mal_device_enum_data__dsound*)lpContext;
    mal_assert(pData != NULL);

    if (pData->pInfo != NULL) {
        if (pData->infoCount > 0) {
            mal_zero_object(pData->pInfo);
            mal_strncpy_s(pData->pInfo->name, sizeof(pData->pInfo->name), lpcstrDescription, (size_t)-1);

            if (lpGuid != NULL) {
                mal_copy_memory(pData->pInfo->id.dsound, lpGuid, 16);
            } else {
                mal_zero_memory(pData->pInfo->id.dsound, 16);
            }

            pData->pInfo += 1;
            pData->infoCount -= 1;
            pData->deviceCount += 1;
        }
    } else {
        pData->deviceCount += 1;
    }

    return TRUE;
}

static mal_result mal_enumerate_devices__dsound(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_uint32* pCount, mal_device_info* pInfo)
{
    (void)pContext;

    mal_uint32 infoSize = *pCount;
    *pCount = 0;

    mal_device_enum_data__dsound enumData;
    enumData.deviceCount = 0;
    enumData.infoCount = infoSize;
    enumData.pInfo = pInfo;

    HMODULE dsoundDLL = mal_open_dsound_dll();
    if (dsoundDLL == NULL) {
        return MAL_NO_BACKEND;
    }

    if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        mal_DirectSoundEnumerateAProc pDirectSoundEnumerateA = (mal_DirectSoundEnumerateAProc)GetProcAddress(dsoundDLL, "DirectSoundEnumerateA");
        if (pDirectSoundEnumerateA) {
            pDirectSoundEnumerateA(mal_enum_devices_callback__dsound, &enumData);
        }
    } else {
        mal_DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateAProc pDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA = (mal_DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateAProc)GetProcAddress(dsoundDLL, "DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA");
        if (pDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA) {
            pDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA(mal_enum_devices_callback__dsound, &enumData);
        }
    }


    mal_close_dsound_dll(dsoundDLL);

    *pCount = enumData.deviceCount;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static void mal_device_uninit__dsound(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pDevice->dsound.hDSoundDLL != NULL) {
        if (pDevice->dsound.pNotify) {
            IDirectSoundNotify_Release((LPDIRECTSOUNDNOTIFY)pDevice->dsound.pNotify);
        }

        if (pDevice->dsound.hStopEvent) {
            CloseHandle(pDevice->dsound.hStopEvent);
        }
        for (mal_uint32 i = 0; i < pDevice->periods; ++i) {
            if (pDevice->dsound.pNotifyEvents[i]) {
                CloseHandle(pDevice->dsound.pNotifyEvents[i]);
            }
        }

        if (pDevice->dsound.pCaptureBuffer) {
            IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Release((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pCaptureBuffer);
        }
        if (pDevice->dsound.pCapture) {
            IDirectSoundCapture_Release((LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE)pDevice->dsound.pCapture);
        }

        if (pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackBuffer) {
            IDirectSoundBuffer_Release((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackBuffer);
        }
        if (pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackPrimaryBuffer) {
            IDirectSoundBuffer_Release((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackPrimaryBuffer);
        }
        if (pDevice->dsound.pPlayback != NULL) {
            IDirectSound_Release((LPDIRECTSOUND)pDevice->dsound.pPlayback);
        }

        mal_close_dsound_dll((HMODULE)pDevice->dsound.hDSoundDLL);
    }
}

static mal_result mal_device_init__dsound(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_device_id* pDeviceID, const mal_device_config* pConfig, mal_device* pDevice)
{
    (void)pContext;

#ifdef __cplusplus
    GUID _MAL_GUID_IID_DirectSoundNotify           = MAL_GUID_IID_DirectSoundNotify;
    GUID _MAL_GUID_IID_IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer   = MAL_GUID_IID_IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer;
#else
    GUID* _MAL_GUID_IID_DirectSoundNotify          = &MAL_GUID_IID_DirectSoundNotify;
    GUID* _MAL_GUID_IID_IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer  = &MAL_GUID_IID_IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer;
#endif

    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    mal_zero_object(&pDevice->dsound);

    pDevice->dsound.hDSoundDLL = (mal_handle)mal_open_dsound_dll();
    if (pDevice->dsound.hDSoundDLL == NULL) {
        return MAL_NO_BACKEND;
    }

    // Check that we have a valid format.
    GUID subformat;
    switch (pConfig->format)
    {
        case mal_format_u8:
        case mal_format_s16:
        case mal_format_s24:
        case mal_format_s32:
        {
            subformat = MAL_GUID_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM;
        } break;

        case mal_format_f32:
        {
            subformat = MAL_GUID_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT;
        } break;

        default:
        return MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED;
    }


    WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE wf;
    mal_zero_object(&wf);
    wf.Format.cbSize               = sizeof(wf);
    wf.Format.wFormatTag           = WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE;
    wf.Format.nChannels            = (WORD)pConfig->channels;
    wf.Format.nSamplesPerSec       = (DWORD)pConfig->sampleRate;
    wf.Format.wBitsPerSample       = (WORD)mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pConfig->format)*8;
    wf.Format.nBlockAlign          = (wf.Format.nChannels * wf.Format.wBitsPerSample) / 8;
    wf.Format.nAvgBytesPerSec      = wf.Format.nBlockAlign * wf.Format.nSamplesPerSec;
    wf.Samples.wValidBitsPerSample = wf.Format.wBitsPerSample;
    wf.dwChannelMask               = mal_channel_map_to_channel_mask__win32(pConfig->channelMap, pConfig->channels);
    wf.SubFormat                   = subformat;

    DWORD bufferSizeInBytes = 0;

    // Unfortunately DirectSound uses different APIs and data structures for playback and catpure devices :(
    if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        mal_DirectSoundCreateProc pDirectSoundCreate = (mal_DirectSoundCreateProc)GetProcAddress((HMODULE)pDevice->dsound.hDSoundDLL, "DirectSoundCreate");
        if (pDirectSoundCreate == NULL) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] Could not find DirectSoundCreate().", MAL_API_NOT_FOUND);
        }

        if (FAILED(pDirectSoundCreate((pDeviceID == NULL) ? NULL : (const GUID*)pDeviceID->dsound, (LPDIRECTSOUND*)&pDevice->dsound.pPlayback, NULL))) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] DirectSoundCreate() failed for playback device.", MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_CREATE_DEVICE);
        }

        // The cooperative level must be set before doing anything else.
        HWND hWnd = ((MAL_PFN_GetForegroundWindow)pContext->win32.GetForegroundWindow)();
        if (hWnd == NULL) {
            hWnd = ((MAL_PFN_GetDesktopWindow)pContext->win32.GetDesktopWindow)();
        }
        if (FAILED(IDirectSound_SetCooperativeLevel((LPDIRECTSOUND)pDevice->dsound.pPlayback, hWnd, (pConfig->preferExclusiveMode) ? DSSCL_EXCLUSIVE : DSSCL_PRIORITY))) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSound_SetCooperateiveLevel() failed for playback device.", MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_SET_COOP_LEVEL);
        }

        DSBUFFERDESC descDSPrimary;
        mal_zero_object(&descDSPrimary);
        descDSPrimary.dwSize  = sizeof(DSBUFFERDESC);
        descDSPrimary.dwFlags = DSBCAPS_PRIMARYBUFFER | DSBCAPS_CTRLVOLUME;
        if (FAILED(IDirectSound_CreateSoundBuffer((LPDIRECTSOUND)pDevice->dsound.pPlayback, &descDSPrimary, (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER*)&pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackPrimaryBuffer, NULL))) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSound_CreateSoundBuffer() failed for playback device's primary buffer.", MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_CREATE_BUFFER);
        }

        // From MSDN:
        //
        // The method succeeds even if the hardware does not support the requested format; DirectSound sets the buffer to the closest
        // supported format. To determine whether this has happened, an application can call the GetFormat method for the primary buffer
        // and compare the result with the format that was requested with the SetFormat method.
        if (FAILED(IDirectSoundBuffer_SetFormat((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackPrimaryBuffer, (WAVEFORMATEX*)&wf))) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] Failed to set format of playback device's primary buffer.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
        }

        // Get the _actual_ properties of the buffer. This is silly API design...
        DWORD requiredSize;
        if (FAILED(IDirectSoundBuffer_GetFormat((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackPrimaryBuffer, NULL, 0, &requiredSize))) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] Failed to retrieve the actual format of the playback device's primary buffer.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
        }

        char rawdata[1024];
        WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE* pActualFormat = (WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE*)rawdata;
        if (FAILED(IDirectSoundBuffer_GetFormat((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackPrimaryBuffer, (WAVEFORMATEX*)pActualFormat, requiredSize, NULL))) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] Failed to retrieve the actual format of the playback device's primary buffer.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
        }

        pDevice->internalChannels = pActualFormat->Format.nChannels;
        pDevice->internalSampleRate = pActualFormat->Format.nSamplesPerSec;
        bufferSizeInBytes = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames * pDevice->internalChannels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format);

        // Get the internal channel map based on the channel mask.
        mal_channel_mask_to_channel_map__win32(pActualFormat->dwChannelMask, pDevice->internalChannels, pDevice->internalChannelMap);


        // Meaning of dwFlags (from MSDN):
        //
        // DSBCAPS_CTRLPOSITIONNOTIFY
        //   The buffer has position notification capability.
        //
        // DSBCAPS_GLOBALFOCUS
        //   With this flag set, an application using DirectSound can continue to play its buffers if the user switches focus to
        //   another application, even if the new application uses DirectSound.
        //
        // DSBCAPS_GETCURRENTPOSITION2
        //   In the first version of DirectSound, the play cursor was significantly ahead of the actual playing sound on emulated
        //   sound cards; it was directly behind the write cursor. Now, if the DSBCAPS_GETCURRENTPOSITION2 flag is specified, the
        //   application can get a more accurate play cursor.
        DSBUFFERDESC descDS;
        mal_zero_object(&descDS);
        descDS.dwSize = sizeof(DSBUFFERDESC);
        descDS.dwFlags = DSBCAPS_CTRLPOSITIONNOTIFY | DSBCAPS_GLOBALFOCUS | DSBCAPS_GETCURRENTPOSITION2;
        descDS.dwBufferBytes = bufferSizeInBytes;
        descDS.lpwfxFormat = (WAVEFORMATEX*)&wf;
        if (FAILED(IDirectSound_CreateSoundBuffer((LPDIRECTSOUND)pDevice->dsound.pPlayback, &descDS, (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER*)&pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackBuffer, NULL))) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSound_CreateSoundBuffer() failed for playback device's secondary buffer.", MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_CREATE_BUFFER);
        }

        // Notifications are set up via a DIRECTSOUNDNOTIFY object which is retrieved from the buffer.
        if (FAILED(IDirectSoundBuffer_QueryInterface((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackBuffer, _MAL_GUID_IID_DirectSoundNotify, (void**)&pDevice->dsound.pNotify))) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSoundBuffer_QueryInterface() failed for playback device's IDirectSoundNotify object.", MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_QUERY_INTERFACE);
        }
    } else {
        // The default buffer size is treated slightly differently for DirectSound which, for some reason, seems to
        // have worse latency with capture than playback (sometimes _much_ worse).
        if (pDevice->usingDefaultBufferSize) {
            pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames *= 2; // <-- Might need to fiddle with this to find a more ideal value. May even be able to just add a fixed amount rather than scaling.
        }

        mal_DirectSoundCaptureCreateProc pDirectSoundCaptureCreate = (mal_DirectSoundCaptureCreateProc)GetProcAddress((HMODULE)pDevice->dsound.hDSoundDLL, "DirectSoundCaptureCreate");
        if (pDirectSoundCaptureCreate == NULL) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] Could not find DirectSoundCreate().", MAL_API_NOT_FOUND);
        }

        if (FAILED(pDirectSoundCaptureCreate((pDeviceID == NULL) ? NULL : (const GUID*)pDeviceID->dsound, (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE*)&pDevice->dsound.pCapture, NULL))) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] DirectSoundCaptureCreate() failed for capture device.", MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_CREATE_DEVICE);
        }

        bufferSizeInBytes = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames * pDevice->channels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format);

        DSCBUFFERDESC descDS;
        mal_zero_object(&descDS);
        descDS.dwSize = sizeof(descDS);
        descDS.dwFlags = 0;
        descDS.dwBufferBytes = bufferSizeInBytes;
        descDS.lpwfxFormat = (WAVEFORMATEX*)&wf;
        LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER pDSCB_Temp;
        if (FAILED(IDirectSoundCapture_CreateCaptureBuffer((LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE)pDevice->dsound.pCapture, &descDS, &pDSCB_Temp, NULL))) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSoundCapture_CreateCaptureBuffer() failed for capture device.", MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_CREATE_BUFFER);
        }

        HRESULT hr = IDirectSoundCapture_QueryInterface(pDSCB_Temp, _MAL_GUID_IID_IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer, (LPVOID*)&pDevice->dsound.pCaptureBuffer);
        IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Release(pDSCB_Temp);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSoundCapture_QueryInterface() failed for capture device's IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer8 object.", MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_QUERY_INTERFACE);
        }

        // Notifications are set up via a DIRECTSOUNDNOTIFY object which is retrieved from the buffer.
        if (FAILED(IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_QueryInterface((LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pCaptureBuffer, _MAL_GUID_IID_DirectSoundNotify, (void**)&pDevice->dsound.pNotify))) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_QueryInterface() failed for capture device's IDirectSoundNotify object.", MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_QUERY_INTERFACE);
        }
    }

    // We need a notification for each period. The notification offset is slightly different depending on whether or not the
    // device is a playback or capture device. For a playback device we want to be notified when a period just starts playing,
    // whereas for a capture device we want to be notified when a period has just _finished_ capturing.
    mal_uint32 periodSizeInBytes = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames / pDevice->periods;
    DSBPOSITIONNOTIFY notifyPoints[MAL_MAX_PERIODS_DSOUND];  // One notification event for each period.
    for (mal_uint32 i = 0; i < pDevice->periods; ++i) {
        pDevice->dsound.pNotifyEvents[i] = CreateEventA(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
        if (pDevice->dsound.pNotifyEvents[i] == NULL) {
            mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] Failed to create event for buffer notifications.", MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_EVENT);
        }

        // The notification offset is in bytes.
        notifyPoints[i].dwOffset = i * periodSizeInBytes;
        notifyPoints[i].hEventNotify = pDevice->dsound.pNotifyEvents[i];
    }

    if (FAILED(IDirectSoundNotify_SetNotificationPositions((LPDIRECTSOUNDNOTIFY)pDevice->dsound.pNotify, pDevice->periods, notifyPoints))) {
        mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSoundNotify_SetNotificationPositions() failed.", MAL_DSOUND_FAILED_TO_SET_NOTIFICATIONS);
    }

    // When the device is playing the worker thread will be waiting on a bunch of notification events. To return from
    // this wait state we need to signal a special event.
    pDevice->dsound.hStopEvent = CreateEventA(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
    if (pDevice->dsound.hStopEvent == NULL) {
        mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] Failed to create event for main loop break notification.", MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_EVENT);
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}


static mal_result mal_device__start_backend__dsound(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        // Before playing anything we need to grab an initial group of samples from the client.
        mal_uint32 framesToRead = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames / pDevice->periods;
        mal_uint32 desiredLockSize = framesToRead * pDevice->channels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format);

        void* pLockPtr;
        DWORD actualLockSize;
        void* pLockPtr2;
        DWORD actualLockSize2;
        if (SUCCEEDED(IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackBuffer, 0, desiredLockSize, &pLockPtr, &actualLockSize, &pLockPtr2, &actualLockSize2, 0))) {
            framesToRead = actualLockSize / mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format) / pDevice->channels;
            mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, framesToRead, pLockPtr);
            IDirectSoundBuffer_Unlock((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackBuffer, pLockPtr, actualLockSize, pLockPtr2, actualLockSize2);

            pDevice->dsound.lastProcessedFrame = framesToRead;
            if (FAILED(IDirectSoundBuffer_Play((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackBuffer, 0, 0, DSBPLAY_LOOPING))) {
                return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSoundBuffer_Play() failed.", MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE);
            }
        } else {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock() failed.", MAL_FAILED_TO_MAP_DEVICE_BUFFER);
        }
    } else {
        if (FAILED(IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Start((LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pCaptureBuffer, DSCBSTART_LOOPING))) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Start() failed.", MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__stop_backend__dsound(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        if (FAILED(IDirectSoundBuffer_Stop((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackBuffer))) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSoundBuffer_Stop() failed.", MAL_FAILED_TO_STOP_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }

        IDirectSoundBuffer_SetCurrentPosition((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackBuffer, 0);
    } else {
        if (FAILED(IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Stop((LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pCaptureBuffer))) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Stop() failed.", MAL_FAILED_TO_STOP_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__break_main_loop__dsound(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    // The main loop will be waiting on a bunch of events via the WaitForMultipleObjects() API. One of those events
    // is a special event we use for forcing that function to return.
    pDevice->dsound.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_TRUE;
    SetEvent(pDevice->dsound.hStopEvent);
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_bool32 mal_device__get_current_frame__dsound(mal_device* pDevice, mal_uint32* pCurrentPos)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    mal_assert(pCurrentPos != NULL);
    *pCurrentPos = 0;

    DWORD dwCurrentPosition;
    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        if (FAILED(IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackBuffer, NULL, &dwCurrentPosition))) {
            return MAL_FALSE;
        }
    } else {
        if (FAILED(IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_GetCurrentPosition((LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pCaptureBuffer, &dwCurrentPosition, NULL))) {
            return MAL_FALSE;
        }
    }

    *pCurrentPos = (mal_uint32)dwCurrentPosition / mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format) / pDevice->channels;
    return MAL_TRUE;
}

static mal_uint32 mal_device__get_available_frames__dsound(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    mal_uint32 currentFrame;
    if (!mal_device__get_current_frame__dsound(pDevice, &currentFrame)) {
        return 0;
    }

    // In a playback device the last processed frame should always be ahead of the current frame. The space between
    // the last processed and current frame (moving forward, starting from the last processed frame) is the amount
    // of space available to write.
    //
    // For a recording device it's the other way around - the last processed frame is always _behind_ the current
    // frame and the space between is the available space.
    mal_uint32 totalFrameCount = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames;
    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        mal_uint32 committedBeg = currentFrame;
        mal_uint32 committedEnd;
        committedEnd = pDevice->dsound.lastProcessedFrame;
        if (committedEnd <= committedBeg) {
            committedEnd += totalFrameCount;
        }

        mal_uint32 committedSize = (committedEnd - committedBeg);
        mal_assert(committedSize <= totalFrameCount);

        return totalFrameCount - committedSize;
    } else {
        mal_uint32 validBeg = pDevice->dsound.lastProcessedFrame;
        mal_uint32 validEnd = currentFrame;
        if (validEnd < validBeg) {
            validEnd += totalFrameCount;        // Wrap around.
        }

        mal_uint32 validSize = (validEnd - validBeg);
        mal_assert(validSize <= totalFrameCount);

        return validSize;
    }
}

static mal_uint32 mal_device__wait_for_frames__dsound(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    // The timeout to use for putting the thread to sleep is based on the size of the buffer and the period count.
    DWORD timeoutInMilliseconds = (pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames / (pDevice->sampleRate/1000)) / pDevice->periods;
    if (timeoutInMilliseconds < 1) {
        timeoutInMilliseconds = 1;
    }

    unsigned int eventCount = pDevice->periods + 1;
    HANDLE pEvents[MAL_MAX_PERIODS_DSOUND + 1];   // +1 for the stop event.
    mal_copy_memory(pEvents, pDevice->dsound.pNotifyEvents, sizeof(HANDLE) * pDevice->periods);
    pEvents[eventCount-1] = pDevice->dsound.hStopEvent;

    while (!pDevice->dsound.breakFromMainLoop) {
        mal_uint32 framesAvailable = mal_device__get_available_frames__dsound(pDevice);
        if (framesAvailable > 0) {
            return framesAvailable;
        }

        // If we get here it means we weren't able to find any frames. We'll just wait here for a bit.
        WaitForMultipleObjects(eventCount, pEvents, FALSE, timeoutInMilliseconds);
    }

    // We'll get here if the loop was terminated. Just return whatever's available.
    return mal_device__get_available_frames__dsound(pDevice);
}

static mal_result mal_device__main_loop__dsound(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    // Make sure the stop event is not signaled to ensure we don't end up immediately returning from WaitForMultipleObjects().
    ResetEvent(pDevice->dsound.hStopEvent);

    pDevice->dsound.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_FALSE;
    while (!pDevice->dsound.breakFromMainLoop) {
        mal_uint32 framesAvailable = mal_device__wait_for_frames__dsound(pDevice);
        if (framesAvailable == 0) {
            continue;
        }

        // If it's a playback device, don't bother grabbing more data if the device is being stopped.
        if (pDevice->dsound.breakFromMainLoop && pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
            return MAL_FALSE;
        }

        DWORD lockOffset = pDevice->dsound.lastProcessedFrame * pDevice->channels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format);
        DWORD lockSize   = framesAvailable * pDevice->channels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format);

        if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
            void* pLockPtr;
            DWORD actualLockSize;
            void* pLockPtr2;
            DWORD actualLockSize2;
            if (FAILED(IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackBuffer, lockOffset, lockSize, &pLockPtr, &actualLockSize, &pLockPtr2, &actualLockSize2, 0))) {
                return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock() failed.", MAL_FAILED_TO_MAP_DEVICE_BUFFER);
            }

            mal_uint32 frameCount = actualLockSize / mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format) / pDevice->channels;
            mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, frameCount, pLockPtr);
            pDevice->dsound.lastProcessedFrame = (pDevice->dsound.lastProcessedFrame + frameCount) % pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames;

            IDirectSoundBuffer_Unlock((LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pPlaybackBuffer, pLockPtr, actualLockSize, pLockPtr2, actualLockSize2);
        } else {
            void* pLockPtr;
            DWORD actualLockSize;
            void* pLockPtr2;
            DWORD actualLockSize2;
            if (FAILED(IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Lock((LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pCaptureBuffer, lockOffset, lockSize, &pLockPtr, &actualLockSize, &pLockPtr2, &actualLockSize2, 0))) {
                return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[DirectSound] IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Lock() failed.", MAL_FAILED_TO_MAP_DEVICE_BUFFER);
            }

            mal_uint32 frameCount = actualLockSize / mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format) / pDevice->channels;
            mal_device__send_frames_to_client(pDevice, frameCount, pLockPtr);
            pDevice->dsound.lastProcessedFrame = (pDevice->dsound.lastProcessedFrame + frameCount) % pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames;

            IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Unlock((LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER)pDevice->dsound.pCaptureBuffer, pLockPtr, actualLockSize, pLockPtr2, actualLockSize2);
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}
#endif



///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// WinMM Backend
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifdef MAL_HAS_WINMM
#include <mmsystem.h>

#if !defined(MAXULONG_PTR)
typedef size_t DWORD_PTR;
#endif

#if !defined(WAVE_FORMAT_44M08)
#define WAVE_FORMAT_44M08 0x00000100
#define WAVE_FORMAT_44S08 0x00000200
#define WAVE_FORMAT_44M16 0x00000400
#define WAVE_FORMAT_44S16 0x00000800
#define WAVE_FORMAT_48M08 0x00001000
#define WAVE_FORMAT_48S08 0x00002000
#define WAVE_FORMAT_48M16 0x00004000
#define WAVE_FORMAT_48S16 0x00008000
#define WAVE_FORMAT_96M08 0x00010000
#define WAVE_FORMAT_96S08 0x00020000
#define WAVE_FORMAT_96M16 0x00040000
#define WAVE_FORMAT_96S16 0x00080000
#endif

typedef UINT     (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveOutGetNumDevs)(void);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveOutGetDevCapsA)(UINT_PTR uDeviceID, LPWAVEOUTCAPSA pwoc, UINT cbwoc);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveOutOpen)(LPHWAVEOUT phwo, UINT uDeviceID, LPCWAVEFORMATEX pwfx, DWORD_PTR dwCallback, DWORD_PTR dwInstance, DWORD fdwOpen);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveOutClose)(HWAVEOUT hwo);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveOutPrepareHeader)(HWAVEOUT hwo, LPWAVEHDR pwh, UINT cbwh);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveOutUnprepareHeader)(HWAVEOUT hwo, LPWAVEHDR pwh, UINT cbwh);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveOutWrite)(HWAVEOUT hwo, LPWAVEHDR pwh, UINT cbwh);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveOutReset)(HWAVEOUT hwo);
typedef UINT     (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveInGetNumDevs)(void);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveInGetDevCapsA)(UINT_PTR uDeviceID, LPWAVEINCAPSA pwic, UINT cbwic);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveInOpen)(LPHWAVEIN phwi, UINT uDeviceID, LPCWAVEFORMATEX pwfx, DWORD_PTR dwCallback, DWORD_PTR dwInstance, DWORD fdwOpen);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveInClose)(HWAVEIN hwi);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveInPrepareHeader)(HWAVEIN hwi, LPWAVEHDR pwh, UINT cbwh);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveInUnprepareHeader)(HWAVEIN hwi, LPWAVEHDR pwh, UINT cbwh);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveInAddBuffer)(HWAVEIN hwi, LPWAVEHDR pwh, UINT cbwh);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveInStart)(HWAVEIN hwi);
typedef MMRESULT (WINAPI * MAL_PFN_waveInReset)(HWAVEIN hwi);

mal_result mal_result_from_MMRESULT(MMRESULT resultMM)
{
    switch (resultMM) {
        case MMSYSERR_NOERROR:      return MAL_SUCCESS;
        case MMSYSERR_BADDEVICEID:  return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;
        case MMSYSERR_INVALHANDLE:  return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;
        case MMSYSERR_NOMEM:        return MAL_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
        case MMSYSERR_INVALFLAG:    return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;
        case MMSYSERR_INVALPARAM:   return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;
        case MMSYSERR_HANDLEBUSY:   return MAL_DEVICE_BUSY;
        case MMSYSERR_ERROR:        return MAL_ERROR;
        default:                    return MAL_ERROR;
    }
}

mal_result mal_context_init__winmm(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);

    pContext->winmm.hWinMM = mal_dlopen("winmm.dll");
    if (pContext->winmm.hWinMM == NULL) {
        return MAL_NO_BACKEND;
    }

    pContext->winmm.waveOutGetNumDevs      = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveOutGetNumDevs");
    pContext->winmm.waveOutGetDevCapsA     = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveOutGetDevCapsA");
    pContext->winmm.waveOutOpen            = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveOutOpen");
    pContext->winmm.waveOutClose           = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveOutClose");
    pContext->winmm.waveOutPrepareHeader   = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveOutPrepareHeader");
    pContext->winmm.waveOutUnprepareHeader = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveOutUnprepareHeader");
    pContext->winmm.waveOutWrite           = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveOutWrite");
    pContext->winmm.waveOutReset           = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveOutReset");
    pContext->winmm.waveInGetNumDevs       = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveInGetNumDevs");
    pContext->winmm.waveInGetDevCapsA      = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveInGetDevCapsA");
    pContext->winmm.waveInOpen             = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveInOpen");
    pContext->winmm.waveInClose            = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveInClose");
    pContext->winmm.waveInPrepareHeader    = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveInPrepareHeader");
    pContext->winmm.waveInUnprepareHeader  = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveInUnprepareHeader");
    pContext->winmm.waveInAddBuffer        = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveInAddBuffer");
    pContext->winmm.waveInStart            = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveInStart");
    pContext->winmm.waveInReset            = mal_dlsym(pContext->winmm.hWinMM, "waveInReset");

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_context_uninit__winmm(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);
    mal_assert(pContext->backend == mal_backend_winmm);

    mal_dlclose(pContext->winmm.hWinMM);
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_enumerate_devices__winmm(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_uint32* pCount, mal_device_info* pInfo)
{
    (void)pContext;

    mal_uint32 infoSize = *pCount;
    *pCount = 0;

    if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        UINT deviceCount = ((MAL_PFN_waveOutGetNumDevs)pContext->winmm.waveOutGetNumDevs)();
        for (UINT iDevice = 0; iDevice < deviceCount; ++iDevice) {
            if (pInfo != NULL) {
                if (infoSize > 0) {
                    WAVEOUTCAPSA caps;
                    MMRESULT result = ((MAL_PFN_waveOutGetDevCapsA)pContext->winmm.waveOutGetDevCapsA)(iDevice, &caps, sizeof(caps));
                    if (result == MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                        pInfo->id.winmm = iDevice;
                        mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), caps.szPname, (size_t)-1);
                    }

                    pInfo += 1;
                    infoSize -= 1;
                    *pCount += 1;
                }
            } else {
                *pCount += 1;
            }
        }
    } else {
        UINT deviceCount = ((MAL_PFN_waveInGetNumDevs)pContext->winmm.waveInGetNumDevs)();
        for (UINT iDevice = 0; iDevice < deviceCount; ++iDevice) {
            if (pInfo != NULL) {
                if (infoSize > 0) {
                    WAVEINCAPSA caps;
                    MMRESULT result = ((MAL_PFN_waveInGetDevCapsA)pContext->winmm.waveInGetDevCapsA)(iDevice, &caps, sizeof(caps));
                    if (result == MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                        pInfo->id.winmm = iDevice;
                        mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), caps.szPname, (size_t)-1);
                    }

                    pInfo += 1;
                    infoSize -= 1;
                    *pCount += 1;
                }
            } else {
                *pCount += 1;
            }
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static void mal_device_uninit__winmm(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        ((MAL_PFN_waveOutClose)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveOutClose)((HWAVEOUT)pDevice->winmm.hDevice);
    } else {
        ((MAL_PFN_waveInClose)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveInClose)((HWAVEIN)pDevice->winmm.hDevice);
    }

    mal_free(pDevice->winmm._pHeapData);
    CloseHandle((HANDLE)pDevice->winmm.hEvent);
}

static mal_result mal_device_init__winmm(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_device_id* pDeviceID, const mal_device_config* pConfig, mal_device* pDevice)
{
    (void)pContext;

    mal_uint32 heapSize;
    mal_uint32 iBit;

    WORD closestBitsPerSample = 0;
    WORD closestChannels = 0;
    DWORD closestSampleRate = 0;

    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    mal_zero_object(&pDevice->winmm);

    UINT winMMDeviceID = 0;
    if (pDeviceID != NULL) {
        winMMDeviceID = (UINT)pDeviceID->winmm;
    }

    const char* errorMsg = "";
    mal_result errorCode = MAL_ERROR;


    // WinMM doesn't seem to have a good way to query the format of the device. Therefore, we'll restrict the formats to the
    // standard formats documented here https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd743855(v=vs.85).aspx. If
    // that link goes stale, just look up the documentation for WAVEOUTCAPS or WAVEINCAPS.
    WAVEFORMATEX wf;
    mal_zero_object(&wf);
    wf.cbSize          = sizeof(wf);
    wf.wFormatTag      = WAVE_FORMAT_PCM;
    wf.nChannels       = (WORD)pConfig->channels;
    wf.nSamplesPerSec  = (DWORD)pConfig->sampleRate;
    wf.wBitsPerSample  = (WORD)mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pConfig->format)*8;

    if (wf.nChannels > 2) {
        wf.nChannels = 2;
    }

    if (wf.wBitsPerSample != 8 && wf.wBitsPerSample != 16) {
        if (wf.wBitsPerSample <= 8) {
            wf.wBitsPerSample = 8;
        } else {
            wf.wBitsPerSample = 16;
        }
    }

    if (wf.nSamplesPerSec <= 11025) {
        wf.nSamplesPerSec = 11025;
    } else if (wf.nSamplesPerSec <= 22050) {
        wf.nSamplesPerSec = 22050;
    } else if (wf.nSamplesPerSec <= 44100) {
        wf.nSamplesPerSec = 44100;
    } else if (wf.nSamplesPerSec <= 48000) {
        wf.nSamplesPerSec = 48000;
    } else {
        wf.nSamplesPerSec = 96000;
    }


    // Change the format based on the closest match of the supported standard formats.
    DWORD dwFormats = 0;
    if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        WAVEOUTCAPSA caps;
        if (((MAL_PFN_waveOutGetDevCapsA)pContext->winmm.waveOutGetDevCapsA)(winMMDeviceID, &caps, sizeof(caps)) == MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
            dwFormats = caps.dwFormats;
        } else {
            errorMsg = "[WinMM] Failed to retrieve internal device caps.", errorCode = MAL_WINMM_FAILED_TO_GET_DEVICE_CAPS;
            goto on_error;
        }
    } else {
        WAVEINCAPSA caps;
        if (((MAL_PFN_waveInGetDevCapsA)pContext->winmm.waveInGetDevCapsA)(winMMDeviceID, &caps, sizeof(caps)) == MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
            dwFormats = caps.dwFormats;
        } else {
            errorMsg = "[WinMM] Failed to retrieve internal device caps.", errorCode = MAL_WINMM_FAILED_TO_GET_DEVICE_CAPS;
            goto on_error;
        }
    }

    if (dwFormats == 0) {
        errorMsg = "[WinMM] Failed to retrieve the supported formats for the internal device.", errorCode = MAL_WINMM_FAILED_TO_GET_SUPPORTED_FORMATS;
        goto on_error;
    }

    for (iBit = 0; iBit < 32; ++iBit) {
        WORD formatBitsPerSample = 0;
        WORD formatChannels = 0;
        DWORD formatSampleRate = 0;

        DWORD format = (dwFormats & (1 << iBit));
        if (format != 0) {
            switch (format)
            {
                case WAVE_FORMAT_1M08:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 8;
                    formatChannels = 1;
                    formatSampleRate = 110025;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_1M16:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 16;
                    formatChannels = 1;
                    formatSampleRate = 110025;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_1S08:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 8;
                    formatChannels = 2;
                    formatSampleRate = 110025;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_1S16:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 16;
                    formatChannels = 2;
                    formatSampleRate = 110025;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_2M08:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 8;
                    formatChannels = 1;
                    formatSampleRate = 22050;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_2M16:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 16;
                    formatChannels = 1;
                    formatSampleRate = 22050;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_2S08:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 8;
                    formatChannels = 2;
                    formatSampleRate = 22050;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_2S16:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 16;
                    formatChannels = 2;
                    formatSampleRate = 22050;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_44M08:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 8;
                    formatChannels = 1;
                    formatSampleRate = 44100;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_44M16:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 16;
                    formatChannels = 1;
                    formatSampleRate = 44100;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_44S08:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 8;
                    formatChannels = 2;
                    formatSampleRate = 44100;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_44S16:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 16;
                    formatChannels = 2;
                    formatSampleRate = 44100;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_48M08:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 8;
                    formatChannels = 1;
                    formatSampleRate = 48000;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_48M16:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 16;
                    formatChannels = 1;
                    formatSampleRate = 48000;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_48S08:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 8;
                    formatChannels = 2;
                    formatSampleRate = 48000;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_48S16:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 16;
                    formatChannels = 2;
                    formatSampleRate = 48000;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_96M08:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 8;
                    formatChannels = 1;
                    formatSampleRate = 96000;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_96M16:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 16;
                    formatChannels = 1;
                    formatSampleRate = 96000;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_96S08:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 8;
                    formatChannels = 2;
                    formatSampleRate = 96000;
                } break;
                case WAVE_FORMAT_96S16:
                {
                    formatBitsPerSample = 16;
                    formatChannels = 2;
                    formatSampleRate = 96000;
                } break;
                default:
                {
                    errorMsg =  "[WinMM] The internal device does not support any of the standard formats.", errorCode = MAL_ERROR;    // <-- Should never hit this.
                    goto on_error;
                } break;
            }

            if (formatBitsPerSample == wf.wBitsPerSample && formatChannels == wf.nChannels && formatSampleRate == wf.nSamplesPerSec) {
                break;  // It's an exact match.
            } else {
                // It's not an exact match. Compare it with the closest match.
                if (closestBitsPerSample == 0) {
                    // This is the first format, so nothing to compare against.
                    closestBitsPerSample = formatBitsPerSample;
                    closestChannels = formatChannels;
                    closestSampleRate = formatSampleRate;
                } else {
                    // Prefer the channel count be the same over the others.
                    if (formatChannels != closestChannels) {
                        // Channels aren't equal. Favour the one equal to our desired channel count.
                        if (formatChannels == wf.nChannels) {
                            closestBitsPerSample = formatBitsPerSample;
                            closestChannels = formatChannels;
                            closestSampleRate = formatSampleRate;
                        }
                    } else {
                        // The channels are equal. Look at the format now.
                        if (formatBitsPerSample != closestBitsPerSample) {
                            if (formatBitsPerSample == wf.wBitsPerSample) {
                                closestBitsPerSample = formatBitsPerSample;
                                closestChannels = formatChannels;
                                closestSampleRate = formatSampleRate;
                            }
                        } else {
                            // Both the channels and formats are the same, so now just favour whichever's sample rate is closest to the requested rate.
                            mal_uint32 closestRateDiff = (closestSampleRate > wf.nSamplesPerSec) ? (closestSampleRate - wf.nSamplesPerSec) : (wf.nSamplesPerSec - closestSampleRate);
                            mal_uint32 formatRateDiff  = (formatSampleRate  > wf.nSamplesPerSec) ? (formatSampleRate  - wf.nSamplesPerSec) : (wf.nSamplesPerSec - formatSampleRate);
                            if (formatRateDiff < closestRateDiff) {
                                closestBitsPerSample = formatBitsPerSample;
                                closestChannels = formatChannels;
                                closestSampleRate = formatSampleRate;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    wf.wBitsPerSample  = closestBitsPerSample;
    wf.nChannels       = closestChannels;
    wf.nSamplesPerSec  = closestSampleRate;
    wf.nBlockAlign     = (wf.nChannels * wf.wBitsPerSample) / 8;
    wf.nAvgBytesPerSec = wf.nBlockAlign * wf.nSamplesPerSec;


    // We use an event to know when a new fragment needs to be enqueued.
    pDevice->winmm.hEvent = (mal_handle)CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, TRUE, NULL);
    if (pDevice->winmm.hEvent == NULL) {
        errorMsg = "[WinMM] Failed to create event for fragment enqueing.", errorCode = MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_EVENT;
        goto on_error;
    }


    if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        MMRESULT result = ((MAL_PFN_waveOutOpen)pContext->winmm.waveOutOpen)((LPHWAVEOUT)&pDevice->winmm.hDevice, winMMDeviceID, &wf, (DWORD_PTR)pDevice->winmm.hEvent, (DWORD_PTR)pDevice, CALLBACK_EVENT | WAVE_ALLOWSYNC);
        if (result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
            errorMsg = "[WinMM] Failed to open playback device.", errorCode = MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE;
            goto on_error;
        }
    } else {
        MMRESULT result = ((MAL_PFN_waveInOpen)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveInOpen)((LPHWAVEIN)&pDevice->winmm.hDevice, winMMDeviceID, &wf, (DWORD_PTR)pDevice->winmm.hEvent, (DWORD_PTR)pDevice, CALLBACK_EVENT | WAVE_ALLOWSYNC);
        if (result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
            errorMsg = "[WinMM] Failed to open capture device.", errorCode = MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE;
            goto on_error;
        }
    }


    // The internal formats need to be set based on the wf object.
    if (wf.wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_PCM) {
        switch (wf.wBitsPerSample) {
            case 8:  pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_u8;  break;
            case 16: pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s16; break;
            case 24: pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s24; break;
            case 32: pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s32; break;
            default: mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] The device's internal format is not supported by mini_al.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
        }
    } else {
        errorMsg = "[WinMM] The device's internal format is not supported by mini_al.", errorCode = MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED;
        goto on_error;
    }

    pDevice->internalChannels = wf.nChannels;
    pDevice->internalSampleRate = wf.nSamplesPerSec;


    // Just use the default channel mapping. WinMM only supports mono or stereo anyway so it'll reliably be left/right order for stereo.
    mal_get_default_channel_mapping(pDevice->pContext->backend, pDevice->internalChannels, pDevice->internalChannelMap);


    // Latency with WinMM seems pretty bad from my testing... Need to increase the default buffer size.
    if (pDevice->usingDefaultBufferSize) {
        if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
            pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames *= 4; // <-- Might need to fiddle with this to find a more ideal value. May even be able to just add a fixed amount rather than scaling.
        } else {
            pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames *= 2;
        }
    }

    // The size of the intermediary buffer needs to be able to fit every fragment.
    pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInFrames = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames / pDevice->periods;
    pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInBytes = pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInFrames * pDevice->internalChannels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat);

    heapSize = (sizeof(WAVEHDR) * pDevice->periods) + (pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInBytes * pDevice->periods);
    pDevice->winmm._pHeapData = (mal_uint8*)mal_malloc(heapSize);
    if (pDevice->winmm._pHeapData == NULL) {
        errorMsg = "[WinMM] Failed to allocate memory for the intermediary buffer.", errorCode = MAL_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
        goto on_error;
    }

    mal_zero_memory(pDevice->winmm._pHeapData, pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInBytes * pDevice->periods);

    pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR = pDevice->winmm._pHeapData;
    pDevice->winmm.pIntermediaryBuffer = pDevice->winmm._pHeapData + (sizeof(WAVEHDR) * pDevice->periods);


    return MAL_SUCCESS;

on_error:
    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        ((MAL_PFN_waveOutClose)pContext->winmm.waveOutClose)((HWAVEOUT)pDevice->winmm.hDevice);
    } else {
        ((MAL_PFN_waveInClose)pContext->winmm.waveInClose)((HWAVEIN)pDevice->winmm.hDevice);
    }

    mal_free(pDevice->winmm._pHeapData);
    return mal_post_error(pDevice, errorMsg, errorCode);
}


static mal_result mal_device__start_backend__winmm(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        // Playback. The device is started when we call waveOutWrite() with a block of data. From MSDN:
        //
        //     Unless the device is paused by calling the waveOutPause function, playback begins when the first data block is sent to the device.
        //
        // When starting the device we commit every fragment. We signal the event before calling waveOutWrite().
        mal_uint32 i;
        for (i = 0; i < pDevice->periods; ++i) {
            mal_zero_object(&((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i]);
            ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].lpData = (LPSTR)(pDevice->winmm.pIntermediaryBuffer + (pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInBytes * i));
            ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwBufferLength = pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInBytes;
            ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwFlags = 0L;
            ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwLoops = 0L;
            mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInFrames, ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].lpData);

            if (((MAL_PFN_waveOutPrepareHeader)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveOutPrepareHeader)((HWAVEOUT)pDevice->winmm.hDevice, &((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i], sizeof(WAVEHDR)) != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] Failed to start backend device. Failed to prepare header.", MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE);
            }
        }

        ResetEvent(pDevice->winmm.hEvent);

        for (i = 0; i < pDevice->periods; ++i) {
            if (((MAL_PFN_waveOutWrite)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveOutWrite)((HWAVEOUT)pDevice->winmm.hDevice, &((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i], sizeof(WAVEHDR)) != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] Failed to start backend device. Failed to send data to the backend device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE);
            }
        }
    } else {
        // Capture.
        for (mal_uint32 i = 0; i < pDevice->periods; ++i) {
            mal_zero_object(&((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i]);
            ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].lpData = (LPSTR)(pDevice->winmm.pIntermediaryBuffer + (pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInBytes * i));
            ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwBufferLength = pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInBytes;
            ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwFlags = 0L;
            ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwLoops = 0L;

            MMRESULT resultMM = ((MAL_PFN_waveInPrepareHeader)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveInPrepareHeader)((HWAVEIN)pDevice->winmm.hDevice, &((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i], sizeof(WAVEHDR));
            if (resultMM != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] Failed to prepare header for capture device in preparation for adding a new capture buffer for the device.", mal_result_from_MMRESULT(resultMM));
                break;
            }

            resultMM = ((MAL_PFN_waveInAddBuffer)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveInAddBuffer)((HWAVEIN)pDevice->winmm.hDevice, &((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i], sizeof(WAVEHDR));
            if (resultMM != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] Failed to add new capture buffer to the internal capture device.", mal_result_from_MMRESULT(resultMM));
                break;
            }
        }

        ResetEvent(pDevice->winmm.hEvent);

        if (((MAL_PFN_waveInStart)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveInStart)((HWAVEIN)pDevice->winmm.hDevice) != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] Failed to start backend device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }
    }

    pDevice->winmm.iNextHeader = 0;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__stop_backend__winmm(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        MMRESULT resultMM = ((MAL_PFN_waveOutReset)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveOutReset)((HWAVEOUT)pDevice->winmm.hDevice);
        if (resultMM != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
            mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] WARNING: Failed to reset playback device.", mal_result_from_MMRESULT(resultMM));
        }

        // Unprepare all WAVEHDR structures.
        for (mal_uint32 i = 0; i < pDevice->periods; ++i) {
            resultMM = ((MAL_PFN_waveOutUnprepareHeader)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveOutUnprepareHeader)((HWAVEOUT)pDevice->winmm.hDevice, &((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i], sizeof(WAVEHDR));
            if (resultMM != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] WARNING: Failed to unprepare header for playback device.", mal_result_from_MMRESULT(resultMM));
            }
        }
    } else {
        MMRESULT resultMM = ((MAL_PFN_waveInReset)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveInReset)((HWAVEIN)pDevice->winmm.hDevice);
        if (resultMM != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
            mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] WARNING: Failed to reset capture device.", mal_result_from_MMRESULT(resultMM));
        }

        // Unprepare all WAVEHDR structures.
        for (mal_uint32 i = 0; i < pDevice->periods; ++i) {
            resultMM = ((MAL_PFN_waveInUnprepareHeader)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveInUnprepareHeader)((HWAVEIN)pDevice->winmm.hDevice, &((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i], sizeof(WAVEHDR));
            if (resultMM != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] WARNING: Failed to unprepare header for playback device.", mal_result_from_MMRESULT(resultMM));
            }
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__break_main_loop__winmm(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    pDevice->winmm.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_TRUE;
    SetEvent((HANDLE)pDevice->winmm.hEvent);

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__main_loop__winmm(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    mal_uint32 counter;

    pDevice->winmm.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_FALSE;
    while (!pDevice->winmm.breakFromMainLoop) {
        // Wait for a block of data to finish processing...
        if (WaitForSingleObject((HANDLE)pDevice->winmm.hEvent, INFINITE) != WAIT_OBJECT_0) {
            break;
        }

        // Break from the main loop if the device isn't started anymore. Likely what's happened is the application
        // has requested that the device be stopped.
        if (!mal_device_is_started(pDevice)) {
            break;
        }

        // Any headers that are marked as done need to be handled. We start by processing the completed blocks. Then we reset the event
        // and then write or add replacement buffers to the device.
        mal_uint32 iFirstHeader = pDevice->winmm.iNextHeader;
        for (counter = 0; counter < pDevice->periods; ++counter) {
            mal_uint32 i = pDevice->winmm.iNextHeader;
            if ((((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwFlags & WHDR_DONE) == 0) {
                break;
            }

            if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
                // Playback.
                MMRESULT resultMM = ((MAL_PFN_waveOutUnprepareHeader)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveOutUnprepareHeader)((HWAVEOUT)pDevice->winmm.hDevice, &((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i], sizeof(WAVEHDR));
                if (resultMM != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                    mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] Failed to unprepare header for playback device in preparation for sending a new block of data to the device for playback.", mal_result_from_MMRESULT(resultMM));
                    break;
                }

                mal_zero_object(&((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i]);
                ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].lpData = (LPSTR)(pDevice->winmm.pIntermediaryBuffer + (pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInBytes * i));
                ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwBufferLength = pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInBytes;
                ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwFlags = 0L;
                ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwLoops = 0L;
                ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwUser = 1;     // <-- Used in the next section to identify the buffers that needs to be re-written to the device.
                mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInFrames, ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].lpData);

                resultMM = ((MAL_PFN_waveOutPrepareHeader)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveOutPrepareHeader)((HWAVEOUT)pDevice->winmm.hDevice, &((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i], sizeof(WAVEHDR));
                if (resultMM != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                    mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] Failed to prepare header for playback device in preparation for sending a new block of data to the device for playback.", mal_result_from_MMRESULT(resultMM));
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                // Capture.
                mal_uint32 framesCaptured = (mal_uint32)(((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwBytesRecorded) / pDevice->internalChannels / mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat);
                if (framesCaptured > 0) {
                    mal_device__send_frames_to_client(pDevice, framesCaptured, ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].lpData);
                }

                MMRESULT resultMM = ((MAL_PFN_waveInUnprepareHeader)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveInUnprepareHeader)((HWAVEIN)pDevice->winmm.hDevice, &((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i], sizeof(WAVEHDR));
                if (resultMM != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                    mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] Failed to unprepare header for capture device in preparation for adding a new capture buffer for the device.", mal_result_from_MMRESULT(resultMM));
                    break;
                }

                mal_zero_object(&((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i]);
                ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].lpData = (LPSTR)(pDevice->winmm.pIntermediaryBuffer + (pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInBytes * i));
                ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwBufferLength = pDevice->winmm.fragmentSizeInBytes;
                ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwFlags = 0L;
                ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwLoops = 0L;
                ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwUser = 1;     // <-- Used in the next section to identify the buffers that needs to be re-added to the device.

                resultMM = ((MAL_PFN_waveInPrepareHeader)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveInPrepareHeader)((HWAVEIN)pDevice->winmm.hDevice, &((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i], sizeof(WAVEHDR));
                if (resultMM != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                    mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] Failed to prepare header for capture device in preparation for adding a new capture buffer for the device.", mal_result_from_MMRESULT(resultMM));
                    break;
                }
            }

            pDevice->winmm.iNextHeader = (pDevice->winmm.iNextHeader + 1) % pDevice->periods;
        }

        ResetEvent((HANDLE)pDevice->winmm.hEvent);

        for (counter = 0; counter < pDevice->periods; ++counter) {
            mal_uint32 i = (iFirstHeader + counter) % pDevice->periods;

            if (((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwUser == 1) {
                ((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i].dwUser = 0;

                if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
                    // Playback.
                    MMRESULT resultMM = ((MAL_PFN_waveOutWrite)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveOutWrite)((HWAVEOUT)pDevice->winmm.hDevice, &((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i], sizeof(WAVEHDR));
                    if (resultMM != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                        mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] Failed to write data to the internal playback device.", mal_result_from_MMRESULT(resultMM));
                        break;
                    }
                } else {
                    // Capture.
                    MMRESULT resultMM = ((MAL_PFN_waveInAddBuffer)pDevice->pContext->winmm.waveInAddBuffer)((HWAVEIN)pDevice->winmm.hDevice, &((LPWAVEHDR)pDevice->winmm.pWAVEHDR)[i], sizeof(WAVEHDR));
                    if (resultMM != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
                        mal_post_error(pDevice, "[WinMM] Failed to add new capture buffer to the internal capture device.", mal_result_from_MMRESULT(resultMM));
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}
#endif



///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// ALSA Backend
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifdef MAL_HAS_ALSA
#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>

// This array allows mini_al to control device-specific default buffer sizes. This uses a scaling factor. Order is important. If
// any part of the string is present in the device's name, the associated scale will be used.
struct
{
    const char* name;
    float scale;
} g_malDefaultBufferSizeScalesALSA[] = {
    {"bcm2835 IEC958/HDMI", 20},
    {"bcm2835 ALSA",        20}
};

static float mal_find_default_buffer_size_scale__alsa(const char* deviceName)
{
    if (deviceName == NULL) {
        return 1;
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < mal_countof(g_malDefaultBufferSizeScalesALSA); ++i) {
        if (strstr(g_malDefaultBufferSizeScalesALSA[i].name, deviceName) != NULL) {
            return g_malDefaultBufferSizeScalesALSA[i].scale;
        }
    }

    return 1;
}


typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_open_proc)                          (snd_pcm_t **pcm, const char *name, snd_pcm_stream_t stream, int mode);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_close_proc)                         (snd_pcm_t *pcm);
typedef size_t            (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_sizeof_proc)              (void);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_any_proc)                 (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format_proc)          (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, snd_pcm_format_t val);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format_first_proc)    (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, snd_pcm_format_t *format);
typedef void              (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format_mask_proc)     (snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, snd_pcm_format_mask_t *mask);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels_near_proc)   (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, unsigned int *val);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_resample_proc)   (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, unsigned int val);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near_proc)       (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, unsigned int *val, int *dir);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near_proc)(snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, snd_pcm_uframes_t *val);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near_proc)    (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, unsigned int *val, int *dir);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access_proc)          (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, snd_pcm_access_t _access);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format_proc)          (snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, snd_pcm_format_t *format);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels_proc)        (snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, unsigned int *val);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate_proc)            (snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, unsigned int *rate, int *dir);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size_proc)     (snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, snd_pcm_uframes_t *val);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_get_periods_proc)         (snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, unsigned int *val, int *dir);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_get_access_proc)          (snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params, snd_pcm_access_t *_access);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_proc)                     (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params);
typedef size_t            (* mal_snd_pcm_sw_params_sizeof_proc)              (void);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_sw_params_current_proc)             (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_sw_params_t *params);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min_proc)       (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_sw_params_t *params, snd_pcm_uframes_t val);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold_proc) (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_sw_params_t *params, snd_pcm_uframes_t val);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_sw_params_proc)                     (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_sw_params_t *params);
typedef size_t            (* mal_snd_pcm_format_mask_sizeof_proc)            (void);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_format_mask_test_proc)              (const snd_pcm_format_mask_t *mask, snd_pcm_format_t val);
typedef snd_pcm_chmap_t * (* mal_snd_pcm_get_chmap_proc)                     (snd_pcm_t *pcm);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_prepare_proc)                       (snd_pcm_t *pcm);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_start_proc)                         (snd_pcm_t *pcm);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_drop_proc)                          (snd_pcm_t *pcm);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_device_name_hint_proc)                  (int card, const char *iface, void ***hints);
typedef char *            (* mal_snd_device_name_get_hint_proc)              (const void *hint, const char *id);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_card_get_index_proc)                    (const char *name);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_device_name_free_hint_proc)             (void **hints);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_mmap_begin_proc)                    (snd_pcm_t *pcm, const snd_pcm_channel_area_t **areas, snd_pcm_uframes_t *offset, snd_pcm_uframes_t *frames);
typedef snd_pcm_sframes_t (* mal_snd_pcm_mmap_commit_proc)                   (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_uframes_t offset, snd_pcm_uframes_t frames);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_recover_proc)                       (snd_pcm_t *pcm, int err, int silent);
typedef snd_pcm_sframes_t (* mal_snd_pcm_readi_proc)                         (snd_pcm_t *pcm, void *buffer, snd_pcm_uframes_t size);
typedef snd_pcm_sframes_t (* mal_snd_pcm_writei_proc)                        (snd_pcm_t *pcm, const void *buffer, snd_pcm_uframes_t size);
typedef snd_pcm_sframes_t (* mal_snd_pcm_avail_proc)                         (snd_pcm_t *pcm);
typedef snd_pcm_sframes_t (* mal_snd_pcm_avail_update_proc)                  (snd_pcm_t *pcm);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_wait_proc)                          (snd_pcm_t *pcm, int timeout);
typedef int               (* mal_snd_pcm_info)                               (snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_info_t* info);
typedef size_t            (* mal_snd_pcm_info_sizeof)                        ();
typedef const char*       (* mal_snd_pcm_info_get_name)                      (const snd_pcm_info_t* info);

static snd_pcm_format_t g_mal_ALSAFormats[] = {
    SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN,     // mal_format_unknown
    SND_PCM_FORMAT_U8,          // mal_format_u8
    SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE,      // mal_format_s16
    SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24_3LE,     // mal_format_s24
    SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32_LE,      // mal_format_s32
    SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT_LE     // mal_format_f32
};

snd_pcm_format_t mal_convert_mal_format_to_alsa_format(mal_format format)
{
    return g_mal_ALSAFormats[format];
}

mal_format mal_convert_alsa_format_to_mal_format(snd_pcm_format_t formatALSA)
{
    switch (formatALSA)
    {
        case SND_PCM_FORMAT_U8:       return mal_format_u8;
        case SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE:   return mal_format_s16;
        case SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24_3LE:  return mal_format_s24;
        case SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32_LE:   return mal_format_s32;
        case SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT_LE: return mal_format_f32;
        default:                      return mal_format_unknown;
    }
}

mal_channel mal_convert_alsa_channel_position_to_mal_channel(unsigned int alsaChannelPos)
{
    switch (alsaChannelPos)
    {
        case SND_CHMAP_FL:  return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
        case SND_CHMAP_FR:  return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
        case SND_CHMAP_RL:  return MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT;
        case SND_CHMAP_RR:  return MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT;
        case SND_CHMAP_FC:  return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
        case SND_CHMAP_LFE: return MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
        case SND_CHMAP_SL:  return MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT;
        case SND_CHMAP_SR:  return MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT;
        case SND_CHMAP_RC:  return MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_CENTER;
        case SND_CHMAP_FLC: return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT_CENTER;
        case SND_CHMAP_FRC: return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT_CENTER;
        case SND_CHMAP_RLC: return 0;
        case SND_CHMAP_RRC: return 0;
        case SND_CHMAP_FLW: return 0;
        case SND_CHMAP_FRW: return 0;
        case SND_CHMAP_FLH: return 0;
        case SND_CHMAP_FCH: return 0;
        case SND_CHMAP_FRH: return 0;
        case SND_CHMAP_TC:  return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_CENTER;
        case SND_CHMAP_TFL: return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_LEFT;
        case SND_CHMAP_TFR: return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_RIGHT;
        case SND_CHMAP_TFC: return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_CENTER;
        case SND_CHMAP_TRL: return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_LEFT;
        case SND_CHMAP_TRR: return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_RIGHT;
        case SND_CHMAP_TRC: return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_CENTER;
        default: break;
    }

    return 0;
}

mal_result mal_context_init__alsa(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);

    pContext->alsa.asoundSO = mal_dlopen("libasound.so");
    if (pContext->alsa.asoundSO == NULL) {
        return MAL_NO_BACKEND;
    }

    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_open                           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_open");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_close                          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_close");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_sizeof               = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_sizeof");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_any                  = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_any");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format_first     = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format_first");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format_mask      = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format_mask");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels_near    = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels_near");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_resample    = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_resample");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near        = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near     = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels         = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size      = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_get_periods          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_get_periods");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_get_access           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params_get_access");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params                      = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_hw_params");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_sw_params_sizeof               = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_sw_params_sizeof");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_sw_params_current              = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_sw_params_current");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min        = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold  = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_sw_params                      = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_sw_params");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_format_mask_sizeof             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_format_mask_sizeof");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_format_mask_test               = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_format_mask_test");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_get_chmap                      = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_get_chmap");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_prepare                        = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_prepare");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_start                          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_start");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_drop                           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_drop");
    pContext->alsa.snd_device_name_hint                   = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_device_name_hint");
    pContext->alsa.snd_device_name_get_hint               = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_device_name_get_hint");
    pContext->alsa.snd_card_get_index                     = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_card_get_index");
    pContext->alsa.snd_device_name_free_hint              = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_device_name_free_hint");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_mmap_begin                     = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_mmap_begin");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_mmap_commit                    = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_mmap_commit");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_recover                        = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_recover");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_readi                          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_readi");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_writei                         = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_writei");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_avail                          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_avail");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_avail_update                   = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_avail_update");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_wait                           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_wait");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_info                           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_info");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_info_sizeof                    = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_info_sizeof");
    pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_info_get_name                  = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->alsa.asoundSO, "snd_pcm_info_get_name");

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_context_uninit__alsa(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);
    mal_assert(pContext->backend == mal_backend_alsa);

    (void)pContext;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static const char* mal_find_char(const char* str, char c, int* index)
{
    int i = 0;
    for (;;) {
        if (str[i] == '\0') {
            if (index) *index = -1;
            return NULL;
        }

        if (str[i] == c) {
            if (index) *index = i;
            return str + i;
        }

        i += 1;
    }

    // Should never get here, but treat it as though the character was not found to make me feel
    // better inside.
    if (index) *index = -1;
    return NULL;
}

// Waits for a number of frames to become available for either capture or playback. The return
// value is the number of frames available.
//
// This will return early if the main loop is broken with mal_device__break_main_loop().
static mal_uint32 mal_device__wait_for_frames__alsa(mal_device* pDevice, mal_bool32* pRequiresRestart)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pRequiresRestart) *pRequiresRestart = MAL_FALSE;

    mal_uint32 periodSizeInFrames = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames / pDevice->periods;

    while (!pDevice->alsa.breakFromMainLoop) {
        // Wait for something to become available. The timeout should not affect latency - it's only used to break from the wait
        // so we can check whether or not the device has been stopped.
        const int timeoutInMilliseconds = 10;
        int waitResult = ((mal_snd_pcm_wait_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_wait)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, timeoutInMilliseconds);
        if (waitResult < 0) {
            if (waitResult == -EPIPE) {
                if (((mal_snd_pcm_recover_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_recover)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, waitResult, MAL_TRUE) < 0) {
                    return 0;
                }

                if (pRequiresRestart) *pRequiresRestart = MAL_TRUE; // A device recovery means a restart for mmap mode.
            }
        }

        if (pDevice->alsa.breakFromMainLoop) {
            return 0;
        }

        snd_pcm_sframes_t framesAvailable = ((mal_snd_pcm_avail_update_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_avail_update)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM);
        if (framesAvailable < 0) {
            if (framesAvailable == -EPIPE) {
                if (((mal_snd_pcm_recover_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_recover)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, framesAvailable, MAL_TRUE) < 0) {
                    return 0;
                }

                if (pRequiresRestart) *pRequiresRestart = MAL_TRUE; // A device recovery means a restart for mmap mode.

                // Try again, but if it fails this time just return an error.
                framesAvailable = ((mal_snd_pcm_avail_update_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_avail_update)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM);
                if (framesAvailable < 0) {
                    return 0;
                }
            }
        }

        // Keep the returned number of samples consistent and based on the period size.
        if (framesAvailable >= periodSizeInFrames) {
            return periodSizeInFrames;
        }
    }

    // We'll get here if the loop was terminated. Just return whatever's available.
    snd_pcm_sframes_t framesAvailable = ((mal_snd_pcm_avail_update_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_avail_update)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM);
    if (framesAvailable < 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    return framesAvailable;
}

static mal_bool32 mal_device_write__alsa(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    if (!mal_device_is_started(pDevice) && mal_device__get_state(pDevice) != MAL_STATE_STARTING) {
        return MAL_FALSE;
    }
    if (pDevice->alsa.breakFromMainLoop) {
        return MAL_FALSE;
    }


    if (pDevice->alsa.isUsingMMap) {
        // mmap.
        mal_bool32 requiresRestart;
        mal_uint32 framesAvailable = mal_device__wait_for_frames__alsa(pDevice, &requiresRestart);
        if (framesAvailable == 0) {
            return MAL_FALSE;
        }

        // Don't bother asking the client for more audio data if we're just stopping the device anyway.
        if (pDevice->alsa.breakFromMainLoop) {
            return MAL_FALSE;
        }

        const snd_pcm_channel_area_t* pAreas;
        snd_pcm_uframes_t mappedOffset;
        snd_pcm_uframes_t mappedFrames = framesAvailable;
        while (framesAvailable > 0) {
            int result = ((mal_snd_pcm_mmap_begin_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_mmap_begin)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, &pAreas, &mappedOffset, &mappedFrames);
            if (result < 0) {
                return MAL_FALSE;
            }

            if (mappedFrames > 0) {
                void* pBuffer = (mal_uint8*)pAreas[0].addr + ((pAreas[0].first + (mappedOffset * pAreas[0].step)) / 8);
                mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, mappedFrames, pBuffer);
            }

            result = ((mal_snd_pcm_mmap_commit_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_mmap_commit)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, mappedOffset, mappedFrames);
            if (result < 0 || (snd_pcm_uframes_t)result != mappedFrames) {
                ((mal_snd_pcm_recover_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_recover)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, result, MAL_TRUE);
                return MAL_FALSE;
            }

            if (requiresRestart) {
                if (((mal_snd_pcm_start_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_start)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM) < 0) {
                    return MAL_FALSE;
                }
            }

            framesAvailable -= mappedFrames;
        }
    } else {
        // readi/writei.
        while (!pDevice->alsa.breakFromMainLoop) {
            mal_uint32 framesAvailable = mal_device__wait_for_frames__alsa(pDevice, NULL);
            if (framesAvailable == 0) {
                continue;
            }

            // Don't bother asking the client for more audio data if we're just stopping the device anyway.
            if (pDevice->alsa.breakFromMainLoop) {
                return MAL_FALSE;
            }

            mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, framesAvailable, pDevice->alsa.pIntermediaryBuffer);

            snd_pcm_sframes_t framesWritten = ((mal_snd_pcm_writei_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_writei)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pDevice->alsa.pIntermediaryBuffer, framesAvailable);
            if (framesWritten < 0) {
                if (framesWritten == -EAGAIN) {
                    continue;   // Just keep trying...
                } else if (framesWritten == -EPIPE) {
                    // Underrun. Just recover and try writing again.
                    if (((mal_snd_pcm_recover_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_recover)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, framesWritten, MAL_TRUE) < 0) {
                        mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to recover device after underrun.", MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_RECOVER_DEVICE);
                        return MAL_FALSE;
                    }

                    framesWritten = ((mal_snd_pcm_writei_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_writei)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pDevice->alsa.pIntermediaryBuffer, framesAvailable);
                    if (framesWritten < 0) {
                        mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to write data to the internal device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_SEND_DATA_TO_DEVICE);
                        return MAL_FALSE;
                    }

                    break;  // Success.
                } else {
                    mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] snd_pcm_writei() failed when writing initial data.", MAL_FAILED_TO_SEND_DATA_TO_DEVICE);
                    return MAL_FALSE;
                }
            } else {
                break;  // Success.
            }
        }
    }

    return MAL_TRUE;
}

static mal_bool32 mal_device_read__alsa(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    if (!mal_device_is_started(pDevice)) {
        return MAL_FALSE;
    }
    if (pDevice->alsa.breakFromMainLoop) {
        return MAL_FALSE;
    }

    mal_uint32 framesToSend = 0;
    void* pBuffer = NULL;
    if (pDevice->alsa.pIntermediaryBuffer == NULL) {
        // mmap.
        mal_bool32 requiresRestart;
        mal_uint32 framesAvailable = mal_device__wait_for_frames__alsa(pDevice, &requiresRestart);
        if (framesAvailable == 0) {
            return MAL_FALSE;
        }

        const snd_pcm_channel_area_t* pAreas;
        snd_pcm_uframes_t mappedOffset;
        snd_pcm_uframes_t mappedFrames = framesAvailable;
        while (framesAvailable > 0) {
            int result = ((mal_snd_pcm_mmap_begin_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_mmap_begin)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, &pAreas, &mappedOffset, &mappedFrames);
            if (result < 0) {
                return MAL_FALSE;
            }

            if (mappedFrames > 0) {
                void* pBuffer = (mal_uint8*)pAreas[0].addr + ((pAreas[0].first + (mappedOffset * pAreas[0].step)) / 8);
                mal_device__send_frames_to_client(pDevice, mappedFrames, pBuffer);
            }

            result = ((mal_snd_pcm_mmap_commit_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_mmap_commit)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, mappedOffset, mappedFrames);
            if (result < 0 || (snd_pcm_uframes_t)result != mappedFrames) {
                ((mal_snd_pcm_recover_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_recover)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, result, MAL_TRUE);
                return MAL_FALSE;
            }

            if (requiresRestart) {
                if (((mal_snd_pcm_start_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_start)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM) < 0) {
                    return MAL_FALSE;
                }
            }

            framesAvailable -= mappedFrames;
        }
    } else {
        // readi/writei.
        snd_pcm_sframes_t framesRead = 0;
        while (!pDevice->alsa.breakFromMainLoop) {
            mal_uint32 framesAvailable = mal_device__wait_for_frames__alsa(pDevice, NULL);
            if (framesAvailable == 0) {
                continue;
            }

            framesRead = ((mal_snd_pcm_readi_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_readi)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pDevice->alsa.pIntermediaryBuffer, framesAvailable);
            if (framesRead < 0) {
                if (framesRead == -EAGAIN) {
                    continue;   // Just keep trying...
                } else if (framesRead == -EPIPE) {
                    // Overrun. Just recover and try reading again.
                    if (((mal_snd_pcm_recover_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_recover)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, framesRead, MAL_TRUE) < 0) {
                        mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to recover device after overrun.", MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_RECOVER_DEVICE);
                        return MAL_FALSE;
                    }

                    framesRead = ((mal_snd_pcm_readi_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_readi)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pDevice->alsa.pIntermediaryBuffer, framesAvailable);
                    if (framesRead < 0) {
                        mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to read data from the internal device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_READ_DATA_FROM_DEVICE);
                        return MAL_FALSE;
                    }

                    break;  // Success.
                } else {
                    return MAL_FALSE;
                }
            } else {
                break;  // Success.
            }
        }

        framesToSend = framesRead;
        pBuffer = pDevice->alsa.pIntermediaryBuffer;
    }

    if (framesToSend > 0) {
        mal_device__send_frames_to_client(pDevice, framesToSend, pBuffer);
    }

    return MAL_TRUE;
}



static mal_bool32 mal_is_device_name_in_hw_format__alsa(const char* hwid)
{
    // This function is just checking whether or not hwid is in "hw:%d,%d" format.

    if (hwid == NULL) {
        return MAL_FALSE;
    }

    if (hwid[0] != 'h' || hwid[1] != 'w' || hwid[2] != ':') {
        return MAL_FALSE;
    }

    hwid += 3;

    int commaPos;
    const char* dev = mal_find_char(hwid, ',', &commaPos);
    if (dev == NULL) {
        return MAL_FALSE;
    } else {
        dev += 1;   // Skip past the ",".
    }

    // Check if the part between the ":" and the "," contains only numbers. If not, return false.
    for (int i = 0; i < commaPos; ++i) {
        if (hwid[i] < '0' || hwid[i] > '9') {
            return MAL_FALSE;
        }
    }

    // Check if everything after the "," is numeric. If not, return false.
    int i = 0;
    while (dev[i] != '\0') {
        if (dev[i] < '0' || dev[i] > '9') {
            return MAL_FALSE;
        }
        i += 1;
    }

    return MAL_TRUE;
}

static int mal_convert_device_name_to_hw_format__alsa(mal_context* pContext, char* dst, size_t dstSize, const char* src)  // Returns 0 on success, non-0 on error.
{
    // src should look something like this: "hw:CARD=I82801AAICH,DEV=0"

    if (dst == NULL) return -1;
    if (dstSize < 7) return -1;     // Absolute minimum size of the output buffer is 7 bytes.

    *dst = '\0';    // Safety.
    if (src == NULL) return -1;

    // If the input name is already in "hw:%d,%d" format, just return that verbatim.
    if (mal_is_device_name_in_hw_format__alsa(src)) {
        return mal_strcpy_s(dst, dstSize, src);
    }


    int colonPos;
    src = mal_find_char(src, ':', &colonPos);
    if (src == NULL) {
        return -1;  // Couldn't find a colon
    }

    char card[256];

    int commaPos;
    const char* dev = mal_find_char(src, ',', &commaPos);
    if (dev == NULL) {
        dev = "0";
        mal_strncpy_s(card, sizeof(card), src+6, (size_t)-1);   // +6 = ":CARD="
    } else {
        dev = dev + 5;  // +5 = ",DEV="
        mal_strncpy_s(card, sizeof(card), src+6, commaPos-6);   // +6 = ":CARD="
    }

    int cardIndex = ((mal_snd_card_get_index_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_card_get_index)(card);
    if (cardIndex < 0) {
        return -2;  // Failed to retrieve the card index.
    }

    //printf("TESTING: CARD=%s,DEV=%s\n", card, dev);


    // Construction.
    dst[0] = 'h'; dst[1] = 'w'; dst[2] = ':';
    if (mal_itoa_s(cardIndex, dst+3, dstSize-3, 10) != 0) {
        return -3;
    }
    if (mal_strcat_s(dst, dstSize, ",") != 0) {
        return -3;
    }
    if (mal_strcat_s(dst, dstSize, dev) != 0) {
        return -3;
    }

    return 0;
}

static mal_bool32 mal_does_id_exist_in_list__alsa(mal_device_id* pUniqueIDs, mal_uint32 count, const char* pHWID)
{
    mal_assert(pHWID != NULL);

    for (mal_uint32 i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        if (mal_strcmp(pUniqueIDs[i].alsa, pHWID) == 0) {
            return MAL_TRUE;
        }
    }

    return MAL_FALSE;
}

static mal_result mal_enumerate_devices__alsa(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_uint32* pCount, mal_device_info* pInfo)
{
    (void)pContext;

    mal_uint32 infoSize = *pCount;
    *pCount = 0;

    char** ppDeviceHints;
    if (((mal_snd_device_name_hint_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_device_name_hint)(-1, "pcm", (void***)&ppDeviceHints) < 0) {
        return MAL_NO_BACKEND;
    }

    mal_device_id* pUniqueIDs = NULL;
    mal_uint32 uniqueIDCount = 0;

    char** ppNextDeviceHint = ppDeviceHints;
    while (*ppNextDeviceHint != NULL) {
        char* NAME = ((mal_snd_device_name_get_hint_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_device_name_get_hint)(*ppNextDeviceHint, "NAME");
        char* DESC = ((mal_snd_device_name_get_hint_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_device_name_get_hint)(*ppNextDeviceHint, "DESC");
        char* IOID = ((mal_snd_device_name_get_hint_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_device_name_get_hint)(*ppNextDeviceHint, "IOID");

        // Only include devices if they are of the correct type. Special cases for "default", "null" and "pulse" - these are included for both playback and capture
        // regardless of the IOID setting.
        mal_bool32 includeThisDevice = MAL_FALSE;
        if (strcmp(NAME, "default") == 0 || strcmp(NAME, "pulse") == 0 || strcmp(NAME, "null") == 0) {
            includeThisDevice = MAL_TRUE;

            // Exclude the "null" device if requested.
            if (strcmp(NAME, "null") == 0 && pContext->config.alsa.excludeNullDevice) {
                includeThisDevice = MAL_FALSE;
            }
        } else {
            if ((type == mal_device_type_playback && (IOID == NULL || strcmp(IOID, "Output") == 0)) ||
                (type == mal_device_type_capture  && (IOID != NULL && strcmp(IOID, "Input" ) == 0))) {
                includeThisDevice = MAL_TRUE;
            }
        }



        if (includeThisDevice) {
#if 0
            printf("NAME: %s\n", NAME);
            printf("DESC: %s\n", DESC);
            printf("IOID: %s\n", IOID);

            char hwid2[256];
            mal_convert_device_name_to_hw_format__alsa(pContext, hwid2, sizeof(hwid2), NAME);
            printf("DEVICE ID: %s (%d)\n\n", hwid2, *pCount);
#endif

            char hwid[sizeof(pUniqueIDs->alsa)];
            if (NAME != NULL) {
                if (pContext->config.alsa.useVerboseDeviceEnumeration) {
                    // Verbose mode. Use the name exactly as-is.
                    mal_strncpy_s(hwid, sizeof(hwid), NAME, (size_t)-1);
                } else {
                    // Simplified mode. Use ":%d,%d" format.
                    if (mal_convert_device_name_to_hw_format__alsa(pContext, hwid, sizeof(hwid), NAME) == 0) {
                        // At this point, hwid looks like "hw:0,0". In simplified enumeration mode, we actually want to strip off the
                        // plugin name so it looks like ":0,0". The reason for this is that this special format is detected at device
                        // initialization time and is used as an indicator to try and use the most appropriate plugin depending on the
                        // device type and sharing mode.
                        char* dst = hwid;
                        char* src = hwid+2;
                        while ((*dst++ = *src++));
                    } else {
                        // Conversion to "hw:%d,%d" failed. Just use the name as-is.
                        mal_strncpy_s(hwid, sizeof(hwid), NAME, (size_t)-1);
                    }

                    if (mal_does_id_exist_in_list__alsa(pUniqueIDs, uniqueIDCount, hwid)) {
                        goto next_device;   // The device has already been enumerated. Move on to the next one.
                    } else {
                        // The device has not yet been enumerated. Make sure it's added to our list so that it's not enumerated again.
                        mal_device_id* pNewUniqueIDs = mal_realloc(pUniqueIDs, sizeof(*pUniqueIDs) * (uniqueIDCount + 1));
                        if (pNewUniqueIDs == NULL) {
                            goto next_device;   // Failed to allocate memory.
                        }

                        pUniqueIDs = pNewUniqueIDs;
                        mal_copy_memory(pUniqueIDs[uniqueIDCount].alsa, hwid, sizeof(hwid));
                        uniqueIDCount += 1;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                mal_zero_memory(hwid, sizeof(hwid));
            }

            if (pInfo != NULL) {
                if (infoSize > 0) {
                    mal_zero_object(pInfo);
                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->id.alsa, sizeof(pInfo->id.alsa), hwid, (size_t)-1);

                    // DESC is the friendly name. We treat this slightly differently depending on whether or not we are using verbose
                    // device enumeration. In verbose mode we want to take the entire description so that the end-user can distinguish
                    // between the subdevices of each card/dev pair. In simplified mode, however, we only want the first part of the
                    // description.
                    //
                    // The value in DESC seems to be split into two lines, with the first line being the name of the device and the
                    // second line being a description of the device. I don't like having the description be across two lines because
                    // it makes formatting ugly and annoying. I'm therefore deciding to put it all on a single line with the second line
                    // being put into parentheses. In simplified mode I'm just stripping the second line entirely.
                    if (DESC != NULL) {
                        int lfPos;
                        const char* line2 = mal_find_char(DESC, '\n', &lfPos);
                        if (line2 != NULL) {
                            line2 += 1; // Skip past the new-line character.

                            if (pContext->config.alsa.useVerboseDeviceEnumeration) {
                                // Verbose mode. Put the second line in brackets.
                                mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), DESC, lfPos);
                                mal_strcat_s (pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), " (");
                                mal_strcat_s (pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), line2);
                                mal_strcat_s (pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), ")");
                            } else {
                                // Simplified mode. Strip the second line entirely.
                                mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), DESC, lfPos);
                            }
                        } else {
                            // There's no second line. Just copy the whole description.
                            mal_strcpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), DESC);
                        }
                    }

                    pInfo += 1;
                    infoSize -= 1;
                    *pCount += 1;
                }
            } else {
                *pCount += 1;
            }
        }

    next_device:
        free(NAME);
        free(DESC);
        free(IOID);
        ppNextDeviceHint += 1;
    }

    mal_free(pUniqueIDs);

    ((mal_snd_device_name_free_hint_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_device_name_free_hint)((void**)ppDeviceHints);
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static void mal_device_uninit__alsa(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if ((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM) {
        ((mal_snd_pcm_close_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_close)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM);

        if (pDevice->alsa.pIntermediaryBuffer != NULL) {
            mal_free(pDevice->alsa.pIntermediaryBuffer);
        }
    }
}

static mal_result mal_device_init__alsa(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_device_id* pDeviceID, const mal_device_config* pConfig, mal_device* pDevice)
{
    (void)pContext;

    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    mal_zero_object(&pDevice->alsa);

    snd_pcm_format_t formatALSA = mal_convert_mal_format_to_alsa_format(pConfig->format);
    snd_pcm_stream_t stream = (type == mal_device_type_playback) ? SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK : SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE;

    if (pDeviceID == NULL) {
        // We're opening the default device. I don't know if trying anything other than "default" is necessary, but it makes
        // me feel better to try as hard as we can get to get _something_ working.
        const char* defaultDeviceNames[] = {
            "default",
            NULL,
            NULL,
            NULL,
            NULL,
            NULL,
            NULL
        };

        if (pConfig->preferExclusiveMode) {
            defaultDeviceNames[1] = "hw";
            defaultDeviceNames[2] = "hw:0";
            defaultDeviceNames[3] = "hw:0,0";
        } else {
            if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
                defaultDeviceNames[1] = "dmix";
                defaultDeviceNames[2] = "dmix:0";
                defaultDeviceNames[3] = "dmix:0,0";
            } else {
                defaultDeviceNames[1] = "dsnoop";
                defaultDeviceNames[2] = "dsnoop:0";
                defaultDeviceNames[3] = "dsnoop:0,0";
            }
            defaultDeviceNames[4] = "hw";
            defaultDeviceNames[5] = "hw:0";
            defaultDeviceNames[6] = "hw:0,0";
        }

        mal_bool32 isDeviceOpen = MAL_FALSE;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < mal_countof(defaultDeviceNames); ++i) {
            if (defaultDeviceNames[i] != NULL && defaultDeviceNames[i][0] != '\0') {
                if (((mal_snd_pcm_open_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_open)((snd_pcm_t**)&pDevice->alsa.pPCM, defaultDeviceNames[i], stream, 0) == 0) {
                    isDeviceOpen = MAL_TRUE;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        if (!isDeviceOpen) {
            mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] snd_pcm_open() failed when trying to open an appropriate default device.", MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_OPEN_DEVICE);
        }
    } else {
        // We're trying to open a specific device. There's a few things to consider here:
        //
        // mini_al recongnizes a special format of device id that excludes the "hw", "dmix", etc. prefix. It looks like this: ":0,0", ":0,1", etc. When
        // an ID of this format is specified, it indicates to mini_al that it can try different combinations of plugins ("hw", "dmix", etc.) until it
        // finds an appropriate one that works. This comes in very handy when trying to open a device in shared mode ("dmix"), vs exclusive mode ("hw").
        mal_bool32 isDeviceOpen = MAL_FALSE;
        if (pDeviceID->alsa[0] != ':') {
            // The ID is not in ":0,0" format. Use the ID exactly as-is.
            if (((mal_snd_pcm_open_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_open)((snd_pcm_t**)&pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pDeviceID->alsa, stream, 0) == 0) {
                isDeviceOpen = MAL_TRUE;
            }
        } else {
            // The ID is in ":0,0" format. Try different plugins depending on the shared mode.
            if (pDeviceID->alsa[1] == '\0') {
                pDeviceID->alsa[0] = '\0';  // An ID of ":" should be converted to "".
            }

            char hwid[256];
            if (!pConfig->preferExclusiveMode) {
                if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
                    mal_strcpy_s(hwid, sizeof(hwid), "dmix");
                } else {
                    mal_strcpy_s(hwid, sizeof(hwid), "dsnoop");
                }

                if (mal_strcat_s(hwid, sizeof(hwid), pDeviceID->alsa) == 0) {
                    if (((mal_snd_pcm_open_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_open)((snd_pcm_t**)&pDevice->alsa.pPCM, hwid, stream, 0) == 0) {
                        isDeviceOpen = MAL_TRUE;
                    }
                }
            }

            // If at this point we still don't have an open device it means we're either preferencing exclusive mode or opening with "dmix"/"dsnoop" failed.
            if (!isDeviceOpen) {
                mal_strcpy_s(hwid, sizeof(hwid), "hw");
                if (mal_strcat_s(hwid, sizeof(hwid), pDeviceID->alsa) == 0) {
                    if (((mal_snd_pcm_open_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_open)((snd_pcm_t**)&pDevice->alsa.pPCM, hwid, stream, 0) == 0) {
                        isDeviceOpen = MAL_TRUE;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (!isDeviceOpen) {
            mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] snd_pcm_open() failed.", MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_OPEN_DEVICE);
        }
    }

    // We may need to scale the size of the buffer depending on the device.
    if (pDevice->usingDefaultBufferSize) {
        float bufferSizeScale = 1;

        snd_pcm_info_t* pInfo = (snd_pcm_info_t*)alloca(((mal_snd_pcm_info_sizeof)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_info_sizeof)());
        mal_zero_memory(pInfo, ((mal_snd_pcm_info_sizeof)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_info_sizeof)());

        if (((mal_snd_pcm_info)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_info)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pInfo) == 0) {
            const char* deviceName = ((mal_snd_pcm_info_get_name)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_info_get_name)(pInfo);
            if (deviceName != NULL) {
                if (strcmp(deviceName, "default") == 0) {
                    // It's the default device. We need to use DESC from snd_device_name_hint().
                    char** ppDeviceHints;
                    if (((mal_snd_device_name_hint_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_device_name_hint)(-1, "pcm", (void***)&ppDeviceHints) < 0) {
                        return MAL_NO_BACKEND;
                    }

                    char** ppNextDeviceHint = ppDeviceHints;
                    while (*ppNextDeviceHint != NULL) {
                        char* NAME = ((mal_snd_device_name_get_hint_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_device_name_get_hint)(*ppNextDeviceHint, "NAME");
                        char* DESC = ((mal_snd_device_name_get_hint_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_device_name_get_hint)(*ppNextDeviceHint, "DESC");
                        char* IOID = ((mal_snd_device_name_get_hint_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_device_name_get_hint)(*ppNextDeviceHint, "IOID");

                        mal_bool32 foundDevice = MAL_FALSE;
                        if ((type == mal_device_type_playback && (IOID == NULL || strcmp(IOID, "Output") == 0)) ||
                            (type == mal_device_type_capture  && (IOID != NULL && strcmp(IOID, "Input" ) == 0))) {
                            if (strcmp(NAME, deviceName) == 0) {
                                bufferSizeScale = mal_find_default_buffer_size_scale__alsa(DESC);
                                foundDevice = MAL_TRUE;
                            }
                        }

                        free(NAME);
                        free(DESC);
                        free(IOID);

                        if (foundDevice) {
                            break;
                        }
                    }

                    ((mal_snd_device_name_free_hint_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_device_name_free_hint)((void**)ppDeviceHints);
                } else {
                    bufferSizeScale = mal_find_default_buffer_size_scale__alsa(deviceName);
                }
            }

            pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames = (mal_uint32)(pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames * bufferSizeScale);
        }
    }


    // Hardware parameters.
    snd_pcm_hw_params_t* pHWParams = (snd_pcm_hw_params_t*)alloca(((mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_sizeof_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_sizeof)());
    mal_zero_memory(pHWParams, ((mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_sizeof_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_sizeof)());

    if (((mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_any_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_any)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pHWParams) < 0) {
        mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to initialize hardware parameters. snd_pcm_hw_params_any() failed.", MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_SET_HW_PARAMS);
    }


    // MMAP Mode
    //
    // Try using interleaved MMAP access. If this fails, fall back to standard readi/writei.
    pDevice->alsa.isUsingMMap = MAL_FALSE;
    if (!pConfig->alsa.noMMap && pDevice->type != mal_device_type_capture) {    // <-- Disabling MMAP mode for capture devices because I apparently do not have a device that supports it so I can test it... Contributions welcome.
        if (((mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pHWParams, SND_PCM_ACCESS_MMAP_INTERLEAVED) == 0) {
            pDevice->alsa.isUsingMMap = MAL_TRUE;
        }
    }

    if (!pDevice->alsa.isUsingMMap) {
        if (((mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pHWParams, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED) < 0) {;
            mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to set access mode to neither SND_PCM_ACCESS_MMAP_INTERLEAVED nor SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED. snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access() failed.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
        }
    }


    // Most important properties first. The documentation for OSS (yes, I know this is ALSA!) recommends format, channels, then sample rate. I can't
    // find any documentation for ALSA specifically, so I'm going to copy the recommendation for OSS.

    // Format.
    // Try getting every supported format.
    snd_pcm_format_mask_t* pFormatMask = (snd_pcm_format_mask_t*)alloca(((mal_snd_pcm_format_mask_sizeof_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_format_mask_sizeof)());
    mal_zero_memory(pFormatMask, ((mal_snd_pcm_format_mask_sizeof_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_format_mask_sizeof)());

    ((mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format_mask_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format_mask)(pHWParams, pFormatMask);

    // At this point we should have a list of supported formats, so now we need to find the best one. We first check if the requested format is
    // supported, and if so, use that one. If it's not supported, we just run though a list of formats and try to find the best one.
    if (!((mal_snd_pcm_format_mask_test_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_format_mask_test)(pFormatMask, formatALSA)) {
        // The requested format is not supported so now try running through the list of formats and return the best one.
        snd_pcm_format_t preferredFormatsALSA[] = {
            SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT_LE,    // mal_format_f32
            SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32_LE,      // mal_format_s32
            SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24_3LE,     // mal_format_s24
            SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE,      // mal_format_s16
            SND_PCM_FORMAT_U8           // mal_format_u8
        };

        formatALSA = SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < (sizeof(preferredFormatsALSA) / sizeof(preferredFormatsALSA[0])); ++i) {
            if (((mal_snd_pcm_format_mask_test_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_format_mask_test)(pFormatMask, preferredFormatsALSA[i])) {
                formatALSA = preferredFormatsALSA[i];
                break;
            }
        }

        if (formatALSA == SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN) {
            mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Format not supported. The device does not support any mini_al formats.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
        }
    }

    if (((mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pHWParams, formatALSA) < 0) {
        mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Format not supported. snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format() failed.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }

    pDevice->internalFormat = mal_convert_alsa_format_to_mal_format(formatALSA);
    if (pDevice->internalFormat == mal_format_unknown) {
        mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] The chosen format is not supported by mini_al.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }

    // Channels.
    mal_uint32 channels = pConfig->channels;
    if (((mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels_near_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels_near)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pHWParams, &channels) < 0) {
        mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to set channel count. snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels_near() failed.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }
    pDevice->internalChannels = channels;


    // Sample Rate. It appears there's either a bug in ALSA, a bug in some drivers, or I'm doing something silly; but having resampling
    // enabled causes problems with some device configurations when used in conjunction with MMAP access mode. To fix this problem we
    // need to disable resampling.
    //
    // To reproduce this problem, open the "plug:dmix" device, and set the sample rate to 44100. Internally, it looks like dmix uses a
    // sample rate of 48000. The hardware parameters will get set correctly with no errors, but it looks like the 44100 -> 48000 resampling
    // doesn't work properly - but only with MMAP access mode. You will notice skipping/crackling in the audio, and it'll run at a slightly
    // faster rate.
    //
    // mini_al has built-in support for sample rate conversion (albeit low quality at the moment), so disabling resampling should be fine
    // for us. The only problem is that it won't be taking advantage of any kind of hardware-accelerated resampling and it won't be very
    // good quality until I get a chance to improve the quality of mini_al's software sample rate conversion.
    //
    // I don't currently know if the dmix plugin is the only one with this error. Indeed, this is the only one I've been able to reproduce
    // this error with. In the future, we may want to restrict the disabling of resampling to only known bad plugins.
    ((mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_resample_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_resample)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pHWParams, 0);

    mal_uint32 sampleRate = pConfig->sampleRate;
    if (((mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pHWParams, &sampleRate, 0) < 0) {
        mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Sample rate not supported. snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near() failed.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }
    pDevice->internalSampleRate = sampleRate;


    // Periods.
    mal_uint32 periods = pConfig->periods;
    int dir = 0;
    if (((mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pHWParams, &periods, &dir) < 0) {
        mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to set period count. snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near() failed.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }
    pDevice->periods = periods;

    // Buffer Size
    snd_pcm_uframes_t actualBufferSize = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames;
    if (((mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pHWParams, &actualBufferSize) < 0) {
        mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to set buffer size for device. snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size() failed.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }
    pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames = actualBufferSize;


    // Apply hardware parameters.
    if (((mal_snd_pcm_hw_params_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_hw_params)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pHWParams) < 0) {
        mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to set hardware parameters. snd_pcm_hw_params() failed.", MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_SET_HW_PARAMS);
    }




    // Software parameters.
    snd_pcm_sw_params_t* pSWParams = (snd_pcm_sw_params_t*)alloca(((mal_snd_pcm_sw_params_sizeof_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_sw_params_sizeof)());
    mal_zero_memory(pSWParams, ((mal_snd_pcm_sw_params_sizeof_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_sw_params_sizeof)());

    if (((mal_snd_pcm_sw_params_current_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_sw_params_current)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pSWParams) != 0) {
        mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to initialize software parameters. snd_pcm_sw_params_current() failed.", MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_SET_SW_PARAMS);
    }

    if (((mal_snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pSWParams, (pDevice->sampleRate/1000) * 1) != 0) {
        mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min() failed.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }

    if (type == mal_device_type_playback && !pDevice->alsa.isUsingMMap) {   // Only playback devices in writei/readi mode need a start threshold.
        if (((mal_snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pSWParams, (pDevice->sampleRate/1000) * 1) != 0) { //mal_prev_power_of_2(pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames/pDevice->periods)
            mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to set start threshold for playback device. snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold() failed.", MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_SET_SW_PARAMS);
        }
    }

    if (((mal_snd_pcm_sw_params_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_sw_params)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM, pSWParams) != 0) {
        mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to set software parameters. snd_pcm_sw_params() failed.", MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_SET_SW_PARAMS);
    }



    // If we're _not_ using mmap we need to use an intermediary buffer.
    if (!pDevice->alsa.isUsingMMap) {
        pDevice->alsa.pIntermediaryBuffer = mal_malloc(pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames * pDevice->channels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format));
        if (pDevice->alsa.pIntermediaryBuffer == NULL) {
            mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to allocate memory for intermediary buffer.", MAL_OUT_OF_MEMORY);
        }
    }



    // Grab the internal channel map. For now we're not going to bother trying to change the channel map and
    // instead just do it ourselves.
    snd_pcm_chmap_t* pChmap = ((mal_snd_pcm_get_chmap_proc)pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_get_chmap)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM);
    if (pChmap != NULL) {
        // There are cases where the returned channel map can have a different channel count than was returned by snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels_near().
        if (pChmap->channels >= pDevice->internalChannels) {
            // Drop excess channels.
            for (mal_uint32 iChannel = 0; iChannel < pDevice->internalChannels; ++iChannel) {
                pDevice->internalChannelMap[iChannel] = mal_convert_alsa_channel_position_to_mal_channel(pChmap->pos[iChannel]);
            }
        } else {
            // Excess channels use defaults. Do an initial fill with defaults, overwrite the first pChmap->channels, validate to ensure there are no duplicate
            // channels. If validation fails, fall back to defaults.

            // Fill with defaults.
            mal_get_default_channel_mapping(pDevice->pContext->backend, pDevice->internalChannels, pDevice->internalChannelMap);

            // Overwrite first pChmap->channels channels.
            for (mal_uint32 iChannel = 0; iChannel < pChmap->channels; ++iChannel) {
                pDevice->internalChannelMap[iChannel] = mal_convert_alsa_channel_position_to_mal_channel(pChmap->pos[iChannel]);
            }

            // Validate.
            mal_bool32 isValid = MAL_TRUE;
            for (mal_uint32 i = 0; i < pDevice->internalChannels && isValid; ++i) {
                for (mal_uint32 j = i+1; j < pDevice->internalChannels; ++j) {
                    if (pDevice->internalChannelMap[i] == pDevice->internalChannelMap[j]) {
                        isValid = MAL_FALSE;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            // If our channel map is invalid, fall back to defaults.
            if (!isValid) {
                mal_get_default_channel_mapping(pDevice->pContext->backend, pDevice->internalChannels, pDevice->internalChannelMap);
            }
        }

        free(pChmap);
        pChmap = NULL;
    } else {
        // Could not retrieve the channel map. Fall back to a hard-coded assumption.
        mal_get_default_channel_mapping(pDevice->pContext->backend, pDevice->internalChannels, pDevice->internalChannelMap);
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}


static mal_result mal_device__start_backend__alsa(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    // Prepare the device first...
    if (((mal_snd_pcm_prepare_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_prepare)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM) < 0) {
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to prepare device.", MAL_ALSA_FAILED_TO_PREPARE_DEVICE);
    }

    // ... and then grab an initial chunk from the client. After this is done, the device should
    // automatically start playing, since that's how we configured the software parameters.
    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        if (!mal_device_write__alsa(pDevice)) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to write initial chunk of data to the playback device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_SEND_DATA_TO_DEVICE);
        }

        // mmap mode requires an explicit start.
        if (pDevice->alsa.isUsingMMap) {
            if (((mal_snd_pcm_start_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_start)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM) < 0) {
                return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to start capture device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE);
            }
        }
    } else {
        if (((mal_snd_pcm_start_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_start)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM) < 0) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[ALSA] Failed to start capture device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__stop_backend__alsa(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    ((mal_snd_pcm_drop_proc)pDevice->pContext->alsa.snd_pcm_drop)((snd_pcm_t*)pDevice->alsa.pPCM);
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__break_main_loop__alsa(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    // Fallback. We just set a variable to tell the worker thread to terminate after handling the
    // next bunch of frames. This is a slow way of handling this.
    pDevice->alsa.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_TRUE;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__main_loop__alsa(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    pDevice->alsa.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_FALSE;
    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        // Playback. Read from client, write to device.
        while (!pDevice->alsa.breakFromMainLoop && mal_device_write__alsa(pDevice)) {
        }
    } else {
        // Capture. Read from device, write to client.
        while (!pDevice->alsa.breakFromMainLoop && mal_device_read__alsa(pDevice)) {
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}
#endif  // ALSA


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// OSS Backend
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OSS
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/soundcard.h>

int mal_open_temp_device__oss()
{
    // The OSS sample code uses "/dev/mixer" as the device for getting system properties so I'm going to do the same.
    int fd = open("/dev/mixer", O_RDONLY, 0);
    if (fd >= 0) {
        return fd;
    }

    return -1;
}

mal_result mal_context_init__oss(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);

    // Try opening a temporary device first so we can get version information. This is closed at the end.
    int fd = mal_open_temp_device__oss();
    if (fd == -1) {
        return mal_context_post_error(pContext, NULL, "[OSS] Failed to open temporary device for retrieving system properties.", MAL_NO_BACKEND);   // Looks liks OSS isn't installed, or there are no available devices.
    }

    // Grab the OSS version.
    int ossVersion = 0;
    int result = ioctl(fd, OSS_GETVERSION, &ossVersion);
    if (result == -1) {
        close(fd);
        return mal_context_post_error(pContext, NULL, "[OSS] Failed to retrieve OSS version.", MAL_NO_BACKEND);
    }

    pContext->oss.versionMajor = ((ossVersion & 0xFF0000) >> 16);
    pContext->oss.versionMinor = ((ossVersion & 0x00FF00) >> 8);

    close(fd);
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_context_uninit__oss(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);
    mal_assert(pContext->backend == mal_backend_oss);

    (void)pContext;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_enumerate_devices__oss(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_uint32* pCount, mal_device_info* pInfo)
{
    (void)pContext;

    mal_uint32 infoSize = *pCount;
    *pCount = 0;

    // The object returned by SNDCTL_SYSINFO will have the information we're after.
    int fd = mal_open_temp_device__oss();
    if (fd == -1) {
        return mal_context_post_error(pContext, NULL, "[OSS] Failed to open a temporary device for retrieving system information used for device enumeration.", MAL_NO_BACKEND);
    }

    oss_sysinfo si;
    int result = ioctl(fd, SNDCTL_SYSINFO, &si);
    if (result != -1) {
        for (int iAudioDevice = 0; iAudioDevice < si.numaudios; ++iAudioDevice) {
            oss_audioinfo ai;
            ai.dev = iAudioDevice;
            result = ioctl(fd, SNDCTL_AUDIOINFO, &ai);
            if (result != -1) {
                mal_bool32 includeThisDevice = MAL_FALSE;
                if (type == mal_device_type_playback && (ai.caps & PCM_CAP_OUTPUT) != 0) {
                    includeThisDevice = MAL_TRUE;
                } else if (type == mal_device_type_capture && (ai.caps & PCM_CAP_INPUT) != 0) {
                    includeThisDevice = MAL_TRUE;
                }

                if (includeThisDevice) {
                    if (ai.devnode[0] != '\0') {    // <-- Can be blank, according to documentation.
                        if (pInfo != NULL) {
                            if (infoSize > 0) {
                                mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->id.oss, sizeof(pInfo->id.oss), ai.devnode, (size_t)-1);

                                // The human readable device name should be in the "ai.handle" variable, but it can
                                // sometimes be empty in which case we just fall back to "ai.name" which is less user
                                // friendly, but usually has a value.
                                if (ai.handle[0] != '\0') {
                                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), ai.handle, (size_t)-1);
                                } else {
                                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), ai.name, (size_t)-1);
                                }

                                pInfo += 1;
                                infoSize -= 1;
                                *pCount += 1;
                            }
                        } else {
                            *pCount += 1;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    } else {
        // Failed to retrieve the system information. Just return a default device for both playback and capture.
        if (pInfo != NULL) {
            if (infoSize > 0) {
                mal_strncpy_s(pInfo[0].id.oss, sizeof(pInfo[0].id.oss), "/dev/dsp", (size_t)-1);
                if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo[0].name, sizeof(pInfo[0].name), "Default Playback Device", (size_t)-1);
                } else {
                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo[0].name, sizeof(pInfo[0].name), "Default Capture Device", (size_t)-1);
                }

                *pCount = 1;
            }
        } else {
            *pCount = 1;
        }
    }

    close(fd);
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static void mal_device_uninit__oss(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    close(pDevice->oss.fd);
    mal_free(pDevice->oss.pIntermediaryBuffer);
}

static mal_result mal_device_init__oss(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_device_id* pDeviceID, const mal_device_config* pConfig, mal_device* pDevice)
{
    (void)pContext;

    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    mal_zero_object(&pDevice->oss);

    char deviceName[64];
    if (pDeviceID != NULL) {
        mal_strncpy_s(deviceName, sizeof(deviceName), pDeviceID->oss, (size_t)-1);
    } else {
        mal_strncpy_s(deviceName, sizeof(deviceName), "/dev/dsp", (size_t)-1);
    }

    pDevice->oss.fd = open(deviceName, (type == mal_device_type_playback) ? O_WRONLY : O_RDONLY, 0);
    if (pDevice->oss.fd == -1) {
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OSS] Failed to open device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
    }

    // The OSS documantation is very clear about the order we should be initializing the device's properties:
    //   1) Format
    //   2) Channels
    //   3) Sample rate.

    // Format.
    int ossFormat = AFMT_U8;
    switch (pDevice->format) {
        case mal_format_s16: ossFormat = AFMT_S16_LE; break;
        case mal_format_s24: ossFormat = AFMT_S32_LE; break;
        case mal_format_s32: ossFormat = AFMT_S32_LE; break;
        case mal_format_f32: ossFormat = AFMT_S32_LE; break;
        case mal_format_u8:
        default: ossFormat = AFMT_U8; break;
    }
    int result = ioctl(pDevice->oss.fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT, &ossFormat);
    if (result == -1) {
        close(pDevice->oss.fd);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OSS] Failed to set format.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }

    switch (ossFormat) {
        case AFMT_U8:     pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_u8;  break;
        case AFMT_S16_LE: pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s16; break;
        case AFMT_S32_LE: pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s32; break;
        default: mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OSS] The device's internal format is not supported by mini_al.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }


    // Channels.
    int ossChannels = (int)pConfig->channels;
    result = ioctl(pDevice->oss.fd, SNDCTL_DSP_CHANNELS, &ossChannels);
    if (result == -1) {
        close(pDevice->oss.fd);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OSS] Failed to set channel count.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }

    pDevice->internalChannels = ossChannels;


    // Sample rate.
    int ossSampleRate = (int)pConfig->sampleRate;
    result = ioctl(pDevice->oss.fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SPEED, &ossSampleRate);
    if (result == -1) {
        close(pDevice->oss.fd);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OSS] Failed to set sample rate.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }

    pDevice->sampleRate = ossSampleRate;



    // The documentation says that the fragment settings should be set as soon as possible, but I'm not sure if
    // it should be done before or after format/channels/rate.
    //
    // OSS wants the fragment size in bytes and a power of 2. When setting, we specify the power, not the actual
    // value.
    mal_uint32 fragmentSizeInBytes = mal_round_to_power_of_2(pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames * pDevice->internalChannels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat));
    if (fragmentSizeInBytes < 16) {
        fragmentSizeInBytes = 16;
    }

    mal_uint32 ossFragmentSizePower = 4;
    fragmentSizeInBytes >>= 4;
    while (fragmentSizeInBytes >>= 1) {
        ossFragmentSizePower += 1;
    }

    int ossFragment = (int)((pDevice->periods << 16) | ossFragmentSizePower);
    result = ioctl(pDevice->oss.fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETFRAGMENT, &ossFragment);
    if (result == -1) {
        close(pDevice->oss.fd);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OSS] Failed to set fragment size and period count.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }

    int actualFragmentSizeInBytes = 1 << (ossFragment & 0xFFFF);
    pDevice->oss.fragmentSizeInFrames = actualFragmentSizeInBytes / mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat) / pDevice->internalChannels;

    pDevice->periods = (mal_uint32)(ossFragment >> 16);
    pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames = (mal_uint32)(pDevice->oss.fragmentSizeInFrames * pDevice->periods);


    // Set the internal channel map. Not sure if this can be queried. For now just using our default assumptions.
    mal_get_default_channel_mapping(pDevice->pContext->backend, pDevice->internalChannels, pDevice->internalChannelMap);


    // When not using MMAP mode, we need to use an intermediary buffer for the client <-> device transfer. We do
    // everything by the size of a fragment.
    pDevice->oss.pIntermediaryBuffer = mal_malloc(fragmentSizeInBytes);
    if (pDevice->oss.pIntermediaryBuffer == NULL) {
        close(pDevice->oss.fd);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OSS] Failed to allocate memory for intermediary buffer.", MAL_OUT_OF_MEMORY);
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}


static mal_result mal_device__start_backend__oss(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    // The device is started by the next calls to read() and write(). For playback it's simple - just read
    // data from the client, then write it to the device with write() which will in turn start the device.
    // For capture it's a bit less intuitive - we do nothing (it'll be started automatically by the first
    // call to read().
    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        // Playback.
        mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, pDevice->oss.fragmentSizeInFrames, pDevice->oss.pIntermediaryBuffer);

        int bytesWritten = write(pDevice->oss.fd, pDevice->oss.pIntermediaryBuffer, pDevice->oss.fragmentSizeInFrames * pDevice->internalChannels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat));
        if (bytesWritten == -1) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OSS] Failed to send initial chunk of data to the device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_SEND_DATA_TO_DEVICE);
        }
    } else {
        // Capture. Do nothing.
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__stop_backend__oss(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    // We want to use SNDCTL_DSP_HALT. From the documentation:
    //
    //   In multithreaded applications SNDCTL_DSP_HALT (SNDCTL_DSP_RESET) must only be called by the thread
    //   that actually reads/writes the audio device. It must not be called by some master thread to kill the
    //   audio thread. The audio thread will not stop or get any kind of notification that the device was
    //   stopped by the master thread. The device gets stopped but the next read or write call will silently
    //   restart the device.
    //
    // This is actually safe in our case, because this function is only ever called from within our worker
    // thread anyway. Just keep this in mind, though...

    int result = ioctl(pDevice->oss.fd, SNDCTL_DSP_HALT, 0);
    if (result == -1) {
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OSS] Failed to stop device. SNDCTL_DSP_HALT failed.", MAL_FAILED_TO_STOP_BACKEND_DEVICE);
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__break_main_loop__oss(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    pDevice->oss.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_TRUE;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__main_loop__oss(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    pDevice->oss.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_FALSE;
    while (!pDevice->oss.breakFromMainLoop) {
        // Break from the main loop if the device isn't started anymore. Likely what's happened is the application
        // has requested that the device be stopped.
        if (!mal_device_is_started(pDevice)) {
            break;
        }

        if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
            // Playback.
            mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, pDevice->oss.fragmentSizeInFrames, pDevice->oss.pIntermediaryBuffer);

            int bytesWritten = write(pDevice->oss.fd, pDevice->oss.pIntermediaryBuffer, pDevice->oss.fragmentSizeInFrames * pDevice->internalChannels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat));
            if (bytesWritten < 0) {
                return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OSS] Failed to send data from the client to the device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_SEND_DATA_TO_DEVICE);
            }
        } else {
            // Capture.
            int bytesRead = read(pDevice->oss.fd, pDevice->oss.pIntermediaryBuffer, pDevice->oss.fragmentSizeInFrames * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat));
            if (bytesRead < 0) {
                return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OSS] Failed to read data from the device to be sent to the client.", MAL_FAILED_TO_READ_DATA_FROM_DEVICE);
            }

            mal_uint32 framesRead = (mal_uint32)bytesRead / pDevice->internalChannels / mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat);
            mal_device__send_frames_to_client(pDevice, framesRead, pDevice->oss.pIntermediaryBuffer);
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}
#endif  // OSS


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// OpenSL|ES Backend
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENSL
#include <SLES/OpenSLES.h>
#ifdef MAL_ANDROID
#include <SLES/OpenSLES_Android.h>
#endif

// Converts an individual OpenSL-style channel identifier (SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT, etc.) to mini_al.
static mal_uint8 mal_channel_id_to_mal__opensl(SLuint32 id)
{
    switch (id)
    {
        case SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT:            return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
        case SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT:           return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
        case SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER:          return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
        case SL_SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY:         return MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
        case SL_SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT:             return MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT;
        case SL_SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT:            return MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT;
        case SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT_OF_CENTER:  return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT_CENTER;
        case SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT_OF_CENTER: return MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT_CENTER;
        case SL_SPEAKER_BACK_CENTER:           return MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_CENTER;
        case SL_SPEAKER_SIDE_LEFT:             return MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT;
        case SL_SPEAKER_SIDE_RIGHT:            return MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT;
        case SL_SPEAKER_TOP_CENTER:            return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_CENTER;
        case SL_SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_LEFT:        return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_LEFT;
        case SL_SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_CENTER:      return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_CENTER;
        case SL_SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_RIGHT:       return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_RIGHT;
        case SL_SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_LEFT:         return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_LEFT;
        case SL_SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_CENTER:       return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_CENTER;
        case SL_SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_RIGHT:        return MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_RIGHT;
        default: return 0;
    }
}

// Converts an individual mini_al channel identifier (MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT, etc.) to OpenSL-style.
static SLuint32 mal_channel_id_to_opensl(mal_uint8 id)
{
    switch (id)
    {
        case MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT:         return SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT:        return SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER:       return SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_LFE:                return SL_SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT:          return SL_SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT:         return SL_SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT_CENTER:  return SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT_OF_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT_CENTER: return SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT_OF_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_CENTER:        return SL_SPEAKER_BACK_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT:          return SL_SPEAKER_SIDE_LEFT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT:         return SL_SPEAKER_SIDE_RIGHT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_CENTER:         return SL_SPEAKER_TOP_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_LEFT:     return SL_SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_LEFT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_CENTER:   return SL_SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_FRONT_RIGHT:    return SL_SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_RIGHT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_LEFT:      return SL_SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_LEFT;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_CENTER:    return SL_SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_CENTER;
        case MAL_CHANNEL_TOP_BACK_RIGHT:     return SL_SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_RIGHT;
        default: return 0;
    }
}

// Converts a channel mapping to an OpenSL-style channel mask.
static SLuint32 mal_channel_map_to_channel_mask__opensl(const mal_uint8 channelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS], mal_uint32 channels)
{
    SLuint32 channelMask = 0;
    for (mal_uint32 iChannel = 0; iChannel < channels; ++iChannel) {
        channelMask |= mal_channel_id_to_opensl(channelMap[iChannel]);
    }

    return channelMask;
}

// Converts an OpenSL-style channel mask to a mini_al channel map.
static void mal_channel_mask_to_channel_map__opensl(SLuint32 channelMask, mal_uint32 channels, mal_uint8 channelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS])
{
    if (channels == 2 && channelMask == 0) {
        channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
        channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
    } else {
        // Just iterate over each bit.
        mal_uint32 iChannel = 0;
        for (mal_uint32 iBit = 0; iBit < 32; ++iBit) {
            SLuint32 bitValue = (channelMask & (1 << iBit));
            if (bitValue != 0) {
                // The bit is set.
                channelMap[iChannel] = mal_channel_id_to_mal__opensl(bitValue);
                iChannel += 1;
            }
        }
    }
}

SLuint32 mal_round_to_standard_sample_rate__opensl(SLuint32 samplesPerSec)
{
    if (samplesPerSec <= SL_SAMPLINGRATE_8) {
        return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_8;
    }
    if (samplesPerSec <= SL_SAMPLINGRATE_11_025) {
        return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_11_025;
    }
    if (samplesPerSec <= SL_SAMPLINGRATE_12) {
        return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_12;
    }
    if (samplesPerSec <= SL_SAMPLINGRATE_16) {
        return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_16;
    }
    if (samplesPerSec <= SL_SAMPLINGRATE_22_05) {
        return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_22_05;
    }
    if (samplesPerSec <= SL_SAMPLINGRATE_24) {
        return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_24;
    }
    if (samplesPerSec <= SL_SAMPLINGRATE_32) {
        return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_32;
    }
    if (samplesPerSec <= SL_SAMPLINGRATE_44_1) {
        return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_44_1;
    }
    if (samplesPerSec <= SL_SAMPLINGRATE_48) {
        return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_48;
    }

    // Android doesn't support more than 48000.
#ifndef MAL_ANDROID
    if (samplesPerSec <= SL_SAMPLINGRATE_64) {
        return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_64;
    }
    if (samplesPerSec <= SL_SAMPLINGRATE_88_2) {
        return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_88_2;
    }
    if (samplesPerSec <= SL_SAMPLINGRATE_96) {
        return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_96;
    }
    if (samplesPerSec <= SL_SAMPLINGRATE_192) {
        return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_192;
    }
#endif

    return SL_SAMPLINGRATE_16;
}

mal_result mal_context_init__opensl(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);

    (void)pContext;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_context_uninit__opensl(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);
    mal_assert(pContext->backend == mal_backend_opensl);

    (void)pContext;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_enumerate_devices__opensl(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_uint32* pCount, mal_device_info* pInfo)
{
    (void)pContext;

    mal_uint32 infoSize = *pCount;
    *pCount = 0;

    SLObjectItf engineObj;
    SLresult resultSL = slCreateEngine(&engineObj, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
    if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
        return MAL_NO_BACKEND;
    }

    (*engineObj)->Realize(engineObj, SL_BOOLEAN_FALSE);

    // TODO: Test Me.
    //
    // This is currently untested, so for now we are just returning default devices.
#if 0
    SLuint32 pDeviceIDs[128];
    SLint32 deviceCount = sizeof(pDeviceIDs) / sizeof(pDeviceIDs[0]);

    SLAudioIODeviceCapabilitiesItf deviceCaps;
    resultSL = (*engineObj)->GetInterface(engineObj, SL_IID_AUDIOIODEVICECAPABILITIES, &deviceCaps);
    if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
        // The interface may not be supported so just report a default device.
        (*engineObj)->Destroy(engineObj);
        goto return_default_device;
    }

    if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        resultSL = (*deviceCaps)->GetAvailableAudioOutputs(deviceCaps, &deviceCount, pDeviceIDs);
        if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            (*engineObj)->Destroy(engineObj);
            return MAL_NO_DEVICE;
        }
    } else {
        resultSL = (*deviceCaps)->GetAvailableAudioInputs(deviceCaps, &deviceCount, pDeviceIDs);
        if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            (*engineObj)->Destroy(engineObj);
            return MAL_NO_DEVICE;
        }
    }

    for (SLint32 iDevice = 0; iDevice < deviceCount; ++iDevice) {
        if (pInfo != NULL) {
            if (infoSize > 0) {
                mal_zero_object(pInfo);
                pInfo->id.opensl = pDeviceIDs[iDevice];

                mal_bool32 isValidDevice = MAL_TRUE;
                if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
                    SLAudioOutputDescriptor desc;
                    resultSL = (*deviceCaps)->QueryAudioOutputCapabilities(deviceCaps, pInfo->id.opensl, &desc);
                    if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
                        isValidDevice = MAL_FALSE;
                    }

                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), (const char*)desc.pDeviceName, (size_t)-1);
                } else {
                    SLAudioInputDescriptor desc;
                    resultSL = (*deviceCaps)->QueryAudioInputCapabilities(deviceCaps, pInfo->id.opensl, &desc);
                    if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
                        isValidDevice = MAL_FALSE;
                    }

                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), (const char*)desc.deviceName, (size_t)-1);
                }

                if (isValidDevice) {
                    pInfo += 1;
                    infoSize -= 1;
                    *pCount += 1;
                }
            }
        } else {
            *pCount += 1;
        }
    }

    (*engineObj)->Destroy(engineObj);
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
#else
    (*engineObj)->Destroy(engineObj);
    goto return_default_device;
#endif

return_default_device:
    *pCount = 1;
    if (pInfo != NULL) {
        if (infoSize > 0) {
            if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
                pInfo->id.opensl = SL_DEFAULTDEVICEID_AUDIOOUTPUT;
                mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), "Default Playback Device", (size_t)-1);
            } else {
                pInfo->id.opensl = SL_DEFAULTDEVICEID_AUDIOINPUT;
                mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), "Default Capture Device", (size_t)-1);
            }
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}


// OpenSL|ES has one-per-application objects :(
static SLObjectItf g_malEngineObjectSL = NULL;
static SLEngineItf g_malEngineSL = NULL;
static mal_uint32 g_malOpenSLInitCounter = 0;

#define MAL_OPENSL_OBJ(p)         (*((SLObjectItf)(p)))
#define MAL_OPENSL_OUTPUTMIX(p)   (*((SLOutputMixItf)(p)))
#define MAL_OPENSL_PLAY(p)        (*((SLPlayItf)(p)))
#define MAL_OPENSL_RECORD(p)      (*((SLRecordItf)(p)))

#ifdef MAL_ANDROID
#define MAL_OPENSL_BUFFERQUEUE(p) (*((SLAndroidSimpleBufferQueueItf)(p)))
#else
#define MAL_OPENSL_BUFFERQUEUE(p) (*((SLBufferQueueItf)(p)))
#endif

#ifdef MAL_ANDROID
//static void mal_buffer_queue_callback__opensl_android(SLAndroidSimpleBufferQueueItf pBufferQueue, SLuint32 eventFlags, const void* pBuffer, SLuint32 bufferSize, SLuint32 dataUsed, void* pContext)
static void mal_buffer_queue_callback__opensl_android(SLAndroidSimpleBufferQueueItf pBufferQueue, void* pUserData)
{
    (void)pBufferQueue;

    // For now, only supporting Android implementations of OpenSL|ES since that's the only one I've
    // been able to test with and I currently depend on Android-specific extensions (simple buffer
    // queues).
#ifndef MAL_ANDROID
    return MAL_NO_BACKEND;
#endif

    mal_device* pDevice = (mal_device*)pUserData;
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    // For now, don't do anything unless the buffer was fully processed. From what I can tell, it looks like
    // OpenSL|ES 1.1 improves on buffer queues to the point that we could much more intelligently handle this,
    // but unfortunately it looks like Android is only supporting OpenSL|ES 1.0.1 for now :(
    if (pDevice->state != MAL_STATE_STARTED) {
        return;
    }

    size_t periodSizeInBytes = pDevice->opensl.periodSizeInFrames * pDevice->internalChannels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat);
    mal_uint8* pBuffer = pDevice->opensl.pBuffer + (pDevice->opensl.currentBufferIndex * periodSizeInBytes);

    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        if (pDevice->state != MAL_STATE_STARTED) {
            return;
        }

        mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, pDevice->opensl.periodSizeInFrames, pBuffer);

        SLresult resultSL = MAL_OPENSL_BUFFERQUEUE(pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue)->Enqueue((SLAndroidSimpleBufferQueueItf)pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue, pBuffer, periodSizeInBytes);
        if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            return;
        }
    } else {
        mal_device__send_frames_to_client(pDevice, pDevice->opensl.periodSizeInFrames, pBuffer);

        SLresult resultSL = MAL_OPENSL_BUFFERQUEUE(pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue)->Enqueue((SLAndroidSimpleBufferQueueItf)pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue, pBuffer, periodSizeInBytes);
        if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            return;
        }
    }

    pDevice->opensl.currentBufferIndex = (pDevice->opensl.currentBufferIndex + 1) % pDevice->periods;
}
#endif

static void mal_device_uninit__opensl(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    // Uninit device.
    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        if (pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayerObj) MAL_OPENSL_OBJ(pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayerObj)->Destroy((SLObjectItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayerObj);
        if (pDevice->opensl.pOutputMixObj) MAL_OPENSL_OBJ(pDevice->opensl.pOutputMixObj)->Destroy((SLObjectItf)pDevice->opensl.pOutputMixObj);
    } else {
        if (pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorderObj) MAL_OPENSL_OBJ(pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorderObj)->Destroy((SLObjectItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorderObj);
    }

    mal_free(pDevice->opensl.pBuffer);


    // Uninit global data.
    if (g_malOpenSLInitCounter > 0) {
        if (mal_atomic_decrement_32(&g_malOpenSLInitCounter) == 0) {
            (*g_malEngineObjectSL)->Destroy(g_malEngineObjectSL);
        }
    }
}

static mal_result mal_device_init__opensl(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_device_id* pDeviceID, const mal_device_config* pConfig, mal_device* pDevice)
{
    (void)pContext;

    // For now, only supporting Android implementations of OpenSL|ES since that's the only one I've
    // been able to test with and I currently depend on Android-specific extensions (simple buffer
    // queues).
#ifndef MAL_ANDROID
    return MAL_NO_BACKEND;
#endif

    // Use s32 as the internal format for when floating point is specified.
    if (pConfig->format == mal_format_f32) {
        pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s32;
    }

    // Initialize global data first if applicable.
    if (mal_atomic_increment_32(&g_malOpenSLInitCounter) == 1) {
        SLresult resultSL = slCreateEngine(&g_malEngineObjectSL, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
        if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            mal_atomic_decrement_32(&g_malOpenSLInitCounter);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] slCreateEngine() failed.", MAL_NO_BACKEND);
        }

        (*g_malEngineObjectSL)->Realize(g_malEngineObjectSL, SL_BOOLEAN_FALSE);

        resultSL = (*g_malEngineObjectSL)->GetInterface(g_malEngineObjectSL, SL_IID_ENGINE, &g_malEngineSL);
        if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            (*g_malEngineObjectSL)->Destroy(g_malEngineObjectSL);
            mal_atomic_decrement_32(&g_malOpenSLInitCounter);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to retrieve SL_IID_ENGINE interface.", MAL_NO_BACKEND);
        }
    }


    // Now we can start initializing the device properly.
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);
    mal_zero_object(&pDevice->opensl);

    pDevice->opensl.currentBufferIndex = 0;
    pDevice->opensl.periodSizeInFrames = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames / pConfig->periods;
    pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames = pDevice->opensl.periodSizeInFrames * pConfig->periods;

    SLDataLocator_AndroidSimpleBufferQueue queue;
    queue.locatorType = SL_DATALOCATOR_ANDROIDSIMPLEBUFFERQUEUE;
    queue.numBuffers = pConfig->periods;

    SLDataFormat_PCM* pFormat = NULL;

#if defined(MAL_ANDROID) && __ANDROID_API__ >= 21
    SLAndroidDataFormat_PCM_EX pcmEx;
    if (pDevice->format == mal_format_f32 /*|| pDevice->format == mal_format_f64*/) {
        pcmEx.formatType = SL_ANDROID_DATAFORMAT_PCM_EX;
        pcmEx.representation = SL_ANDROID_PCM_REPRESENTATION_FLOAT;
    } else {
        pcmEx.formatType = SL_DATAFORMAT_PCM;
    }
    pFormat = (SLDataFormat_PCM*)&pcmEx;
#else
    SLDataFormat_PCM pcm;
    pcm.formatType = SL_DATAFORMAT_PCM;
    pFormat = &pcm;
#endif

    pFormat->numChannels   = pDevice->channels;
    pFormat->samplesPerSec = mal_round_to_standard_sample_rate__opensl(pDevice->sampleRate * 1000);  // In millihertz.
    pFormat->bitsPerSample = mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format)*8;
    pFormat->containerSize = pFormat->bitsPerSample;  // Always tightly packed for now.
    pFormat->channelMask   = mal_channel_map_to_channel_mask__opensl(pConfig->channelMap, pFormat->numChannels);
    pFormat->endianness    = SL_BYTEORDER_LITTLEENDIAN;

    // Android has a few restrictions on the format as documented here: https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/audio/opensl-for-android.html
    //  - Only mono and stereo is supported.
    //  - Only u8 and s16 formats are supported.
    //  - Limited to a sample rate of 48000.
#ifdef MAL_ANDROID
    if (pFormat->numChannels > 2) {
        pFormat->numChannels = 2;
    }
#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 21
    if (pFormat->formatType == SL_ANDROID_DATAFORMAT_PCM_EX) {
        // It's floating point.
        mal_assert(pcmEx.representation == SL_ANDROID_PCM_REPRESENTATION_FLOAT);
        if (pFormat->bitsPerSample > 32) {
            pFormat->bitsPerSample = 32;
        }
    } else {
        if (pFormat->bitsPerSample > 16) {
            pFormat->bitsPerSample = 16;
        }
    }
#else
    if (pFormat->bitsPerSample > 16) {
        pFormat->bitsPerSample = 16;
    }
#endif
    pFormat->containerSize = pFormat->bitsPerSample;  // Always tightly packed for now.

    if (pFormat->samplesPerSec > SL_SAMPLINGRATE_48) {
        pFormat->samplesPerSec = SL_SAMPLINGRATE_48;
    }
#endif

    if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        SLresult resultSL = (*g_malEngineSL)->CreateOutputMix(g_malEngineSL, (SLObjectItf*)&pDevice->opensl.pOutputMixObj, 0, NULL, NULL);
        if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to create output mix.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }

        if (MAL_OPENSL_OBJ(pDevice->opensl.pOutputMixObj)->Realize((SLObjectItf)pDevice->opensl.pOutputMixObj, SL_BOOLEAN_FALSE)) {
            mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to realize output mix object.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }

        if (MAL_OPENSL_OBJ(pDevice->opensl.pOutputMixObj)->GetInterface((SLObjectItf)pDevice->opensl.pOutputMixObj, SL_IID_OUTPUTMIX, &pDevice->opensl.pOutputMix) != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to retrieve SL_IID_OUTPUTMIX interface.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }

        // Set the output device.
        if (pDeviceID != NULL) {
            MAL_OPENSL_OUTPUTMIX(pDevice->opensl.pOutputMix)->ReRoute((SLOutputMixItf)pDevice->opensl.pOutputMix, 1, &pDeviceID->opensl);
        }

        SLDataSource source;
        source.pLocator = &queue;
        source.pFormat = pFormat;

        SLDataLocator_OutputMix outmixLocator;
        outmixLocator.locatorType = SL_DATALOCATOR_OUTPUTMIX;
        outmixLocator.outputMix = (SLObjectItf)pDevice->opensl.pOutputMixObj;

        SLDataSink sink;
        sink.pLocator = &outmixLocator;
        sink.pFormat = NULL;

        const SLInterfaceID itfIDs1[] = {SL_IID_ANDROIDSIMPLEBUFFERQUEUE};
        const SLboolean itfIDsRequired1[] = {SL_BOOLEAN_TRUE};
        resultSL = (*g_malEngineSL)->CreateAudioPlayer(g_malEngineSL, (SLObjectItf*)&pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayerObj, &source, &sink, 1, itfIDs1, itfIDsRequired1);
        if (resultSL == SL_RESULT_CONTENT_UNSUPPORTED) {
            // Unsupported format. Fall back to something safer and try again. If this fails, just abort.
            pFormat->formatType = SL_DATAFORMAT_PCM;
            pFormat->numChannels = 2;
            pFormat->samplesPerSec = SL_SAMPLINGRATE_16;
            pFormat->bitsPerSample = 16;
            pFormat->containerSize = pFormat->bitsPerSample;  // Always tightly packed for now.
            pFormat->channelMask = SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT;
            resultSL = (*g_malEngineSL)->CreateAudioPlayer(g_malEngineSL, (SLObjectItf*)&pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayerObj, &source, &sink, 1, itfIDs1, itfIDsRequired1);
        }

        if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to create audio player.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }


        if (MAL_OPENSL_OBJ(pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayerObj)->Realize((SLObjectItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayerObj, SL_BOOLEAN_FALSE) != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to realize audio player.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }

        if (MAL_OPENSL_OBJ(pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayerObj)->GetInterface((SLObjectItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayerObj, SL_IID_PLAY, &pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayer) != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to retrieve SL_IID_PLAY interface.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }

        if (MAL_OPENSL_OBJ(pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayerObj)->GetInterface((SLObjectItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayerObj, SL_IID_ANDROIDSIMPLEBUFFERQUEUE, &pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue) != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to retrieve SL_IID_ANDROIDSIMPLEBUFFERQUEUE interface.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }

        if (MAL_OPENSL_BUFFERQUEUE(pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue)->RegisterCallback((SLAndroidSimpleBufferQueueItf)pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue, mal_buffer_queue_callback__opensl_android, pDevice) != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to register buffer queue callback.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }
    } else {
        SLDataLocator_IODevice locatorDevice;
        locatorDevice.locatorType = SL_DATALOCATOR_IODEVICE;
        locatorDevice.deviceType = SL_IODEVICE_AUDIOINPUT;
        locatorDevice.deviceID = (pDeviceID == NULL) ? SL_DEFAULTDEVICEID_AUDIOINPUT : pDeviceID->opensl;
        locatorDevice.device = NULL;

        SLDataSource source;
        source.pLocator = &locatorDevice;
        source.pFormat = NULL;

        SLDataSink sink;
        sink.pLocator = &queue;
        sink.pFormat = pFormat;

        const SLInterfaceID itfIDs1[] = {SL_IID_ANDROIDSIMPLEBUFFERQUEUE};
        const SLboolean itfIDsRequired1[] = {SL_BOOLEAN_TRUE};
        SLresult resultSL = (*g_malEngineSL)->CreateAudioRecorder(g_malEngineSL, (SLObjectItf*)&pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorderObj, &source, &sink, 1, itfIDs1, itfIDsRequired1);
        if (resultSL == SL_RESULT_CONTENT_UNSUPPORTED) {
            // Unsupported format. Fall back to something safer and try again. If this fails, just abort.
            pFormat->formatType = SL_DATAFORMAT_PCM;
            pFormat->numChannels = 1;
            pFormat->samplesPerSec = SL_SAMPLINGRATE_16;
            pFormat->bitsPerSample = 16;
            pFormat->containerSize = pFormat->bitsPerSample;  // Always tightly packed for now.
            pFormat->channelMask = SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SL_SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT;
            resultSL = (*g_malEngineSL)->CreateAudioRecorder(g_malEngineSL, (SLObjectItf*)&pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorderObj, &source, &sink, 1, itfIDs1, itfIDsRequired1);
        }

        if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to create audio recorder.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }

        if (MAL_OPENSL_OBJ(pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorderObj)->Realize((SLObjectItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorderObj, SL_BOOLEAN_FALSE) != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to realize audio recorder.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }

        if (MAL_OPENSL_OBJ(pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorderObj)->GetInterface((SLObjectItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorderObj, SL_IID_RECORD, &pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorder) != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to retrieve SL_IID_RECORD interface.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }

        if (MAL_OPENSL_OBJ(pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorderObj)->GetInterface((SLObjectItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorderObj, SL_IID_ANDROIDSIMPLEBUFFERQUEUE, &pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue) != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to retrieve SL_IID_ANDROIDSIMPLEBUFFERQUEUE interface.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }

        if (MAL_OPENSL_BUFFERQUEUE(pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue)->RegisterCallback((SLAndroidSimpleBufferQueueItf)pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue, mal_buffer_queue_callback__opensl_android, pDevice) != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to register buffer queue callback.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }
    }


    // The internal format is determined by the pFormat object.
    mal_bool32 isFloatingPoint = MAL_FALSE;
#if defined(MAL_ANDROID) && __ANDROID_API__ >= 21
    if (pFormat->formatType == SL_ANDROID_DATAFORMAT_PCM_EX) {
        mal_assert(pcmEx.representation == SL_ANDROID_PCM_REPRESENTATION_FLOAT);
        isFloatingPoint = MAL_TRUE;
    }
#endif
    if (isFloatingPoint) {
        if (pFormat->bitsPerSample == 32) {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_f32;
        }
#if 0
        if (pFormat->bitsPerSample == 64) {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_f64;
        }
#endif
    } else {
        if (pFormat->bitsPerSample == 8) {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_u8;
        } else if (pFormat->bitsPerSample == 16) {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s16;
        } else if (pFormat->bitsPerSample == 24) {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s24;
        } else if (pFormat->bitsPerSample == 32) {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s32;
        }
    }

    pDevice->internalChannels = pFormat->numChannels;
    pDevice->internalSampleRate = pFormat->samplesPerSec / 1000;
    mal_channel_mask_to_channel_map__opensl(pFormat->channelMask, pDevice->internalChannels, pDevice->internalChannelMap);


    size_t bufferSizeInBytes = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames * pDevice->internalChannels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat);
    pDevice->opensl.pBuffer = (mal_uint8*)mal_malloc(bufferSizeInBytes);
    if (pDevice->opensl.pBuffer == NULL) {
        mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to allocate memory for data buffer.", MAL_OUT_OF_MEMORY);
    }

    mal_zero_memory(pDevice->opensl.pBuffer, bufferSizeInBytes);

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__start_backend__opensl(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        SLresult resultSL = MAL_OPENSL_PLAY(pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayer)->SetPlayState((SLPlayItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayer, SL_PLAYSTATE_PLAYING);
        if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to start internal playback device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }

        // We need to enqueue a buffer for each period.
        mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames, pDevice->opensl.pBuffer);

        size_t periodSizeInBytes = pDevice->opensl.periodSizeInFrames * pDevice->internalChannels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat);
        for (mal_uint32 iPeriod = 0; iPeriod < pDevice->periods; ++iPeriod) {
            resultSL = MAL_OPENSL_BUFFERQUEUE(pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue)->Enqueue((SLAndroidSimpleBufferQueueItf)pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue, pDevice->opensl.pBuffer + (periodSizeInBytes * iPeriod), periodSizeInBytes);
            if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
                MAL_OPENSL_PLAY(pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayer)->SetPlayState((SLPlayItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayer, SL_PLAYSTATE_STOPPED);
                return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to enqueue buffer for playback device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE);
            }
        }
    } else {
        SLresult resultSL = MAL_OPENSL_RECORD(pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorder)->SetRecordState((SLRecordItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorder, SL_RECORDSTATE_RECORDING);
        if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to start internal capture device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }

        size_t periodSizeInBytes = pDevice->opensl.periodSizeInFrames * pDevice->internalChannels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat);
        for (mal_uint32 iPeriod = 0; iPeriod < pDevice->periods; ++iPeriod) {
            resultSL = MAL_OPENSL_BUFFERQUEUE(pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue)->Enqueue((SLAndroidSimpleBufferQueueItf)pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue, pDevice->opensl.pBuffer + (periodSizeInBytes * iPeriod), periodSizeInBytes);
            if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
                MAL_OPENSL_RECORD(pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorder)->SetRecordState((SLRecordItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorder, SL_RECORDSTATE_STOPPED);
                return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to enqueue buffer for capture device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_START_BACKEND_DEVICE);
            }
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__stop_backend__opensl(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        SLresult resultSL = MAL_OPENSL_PLAY(pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayer)->SetPlayState((SLPlayItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioPlayer, SL_PLAYSTATE_STOPPED);
        if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to stop internal playback device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_STOP_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }
    } else {
        SLresult resultSL = MAL_OPENSL_RECORD(pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorder)->SetRecordState((SLRecordItf)pDevice->opensl.pAudioRecorder, SL_RECORDSTATE_STOPPED);
        if (resultSL != SL_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "[OpenSL] Failed to stop internal capture device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_STOP_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }
    }

    // Make sure any queued buffers are cleared.
    MAL_OPENSL_BUFFERQUEUE(pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue)->Clear((SLAndroidSimpleBufferQueueItf)pDevice->opensl.pBufferQueue);

    // Make sure the client is aware that the device has stopped. There may be an OpenSL|ES callback for this, but I haven't found it.
    mal_device__set_state(pDevice, MAL_STATE_STOPPED);
    if (pDevice->onStop) {
        pDevice->onStop(pDevice);
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}
#endif  // OpenSL|ES

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// OpenAL Backend
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENAL
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
#define MAL_AL_APIENTRY __cdecl
#else
#define MAL_AL_APIENTRY
#endif

#ifdef MAL_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING
    #if defined(MAL_APPLE)
        #include <OpenAL/al.h>
        #include <OpenAL/alc.h>
    #else
        #include <AL/al.h>
        #include <AL/alc.h>
    #endif
#endif

typedef struct mal_ALCdevice_struct  mal_ALCdevice;
typedef struct mal_ALCcontext_struct mal_ALCcontext;
typedef char                         mal_ALCboolean;
typedef char                         mal_ALCchar;
typedef signed char                  mal_ALCbyte;
typedef unsigned char                mal_ALCubyte;
typedef short                        mal_ALCshort;
typedef unsigned short               mal_ALCushort;
typedef int                          mal_ALCint;
typedef unsigned int                 mal_ALCuint;
typedef int                          mal_ALCsizei;
typedef int                          mal_ALCenum;
typedef float                        mal_ALCfloat;
typedef double                       mal_ALCdouble;
typedef void                         mal_ALCvoid;

typedef mal_ALCboolean               mal_ALboolean;
typedef mal_ALCchar                  mal_ALchar;
typedef mal_ALCbyte                  mal_ALbyte;
typedef mal_ALCubyte                 mal_ALubyte;
typedef mal_ALCshort                 mal_ALshort;
typedef mal_ALCushort                mal_ALushort;
typedef mal_ALCint                   mal_ALint;
typedef mal_ALCuint                  mal_ALuint;
typedef mal_ALCsizei                 mal_ALsizei;
typedef mal_ALCenum                  mal_ALenum;
typedef mal_ALCfloat                 mal_ALfloat;
typedef mal_ALCdouble                mal_ALdouble;
typedef mal_ALCvoid                  mal_ALvoid;

#define MAL_ALC_DEVICE_SPECIFIER            0x1005
#define MAL_ALC_CAPTURE_DEVICE_SPECIFIER    0x310
#define MAL_ALC_CAPTURE_SAMPLES             0x312

#define MAL_AL_SOURCE_STATE                 0x1010
#define MAL_AL_INITIAL                      0x1011
#define MAL_AL_PLAYING                      0x1012
#define MAL_AL_PAUSED                       0x1013
#define MAL_AL_STOPPED                      0x1014
#define MAL_AL_BUFFERS_PROCESSED            0x1016

#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO8                 0x1100
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO16                0x1101
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO8               0x1102
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO16              0x1103
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO_FLOAT32          0x10010
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO_FLOAT32        0x10011
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_51CHN16               0x120B
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_51CHN32               0x120C
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_51CHN8                0x120A
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_61CHN16               0x120E
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_61CHN32               0x120F
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_61CHN8                0x120D
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_71CHN16               0x1211
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_71CHN32               0x1212
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_71CHN8                0x1210
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_QUAD16                0x1205
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_QUAD32                0x1206
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_QUAD8                 0x1204
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_REAR16                0x1208
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_REAR32                0x1209
#define MAL_AL_FORMAT_REAR8                 0x1207

typedef mal_ALCcontext*    (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCCREATECONTEXT)      (mal_ALCdevice *device, const mal_ALCint *attrlist);
typedef mal_ALCboolean     (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCMAKECONTEXTCURRENT) (mal_ALCcontext *context);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCPROCESSCONTEXT)     (mal_ALCcontext *context);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCSUSPENDCONTEXT)     (mal_ALCcontext *context);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCDESTROYCONTEXT)     (mal_ALCcontext *context);
typedef mal_ALCcontext*    (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCGETCURRENTCONTEXT)  (void);
typedef mal_ALCdevice*     (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCGETCONTEXTSDEVICE)  (mal_ALCcontext *context);
typedef mal_ALCdevice*     (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCOPENDEVICE)         (const mal_ALCchar *devicename);
typedef mal_ALCboolean     (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCCLOSEDEVICE)        (mal_ALCdevice *device);
typedef mal_ALCenum        (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCGETERROR)           (mal_ALCdevice *device);
typedef mal_ALCboolean     (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCISEXTENSIONPRESENT) (mal_ALCdevice *device, const mal_ALCchar *extname);
typedef void*              (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCGETPROCADDRESS)     (mal_ALCdevice *device, const mal_ALCchar *funcname);
typedef mal_ALCenum        (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCGETENUMVALUE)       (mal_ALCdevice *device, const mal_ALCchar *enumname);
typedef const mal_ALCchar* (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCGETSTRING)          (mal_ALCdevice *device, mal_ALCenum param);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCGETINTEGERV)        (mal_ALCdevice *device, mal_ALCenum param, mal_ALCsizei size, mal_ALCint *values);
typedef mal_ALCdevice*     (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCCAPTUREOPENDEVICE)  (const mal_ALCchar *devicename, mal_ALCuint frequency, mal_ALCenum format, mal_ALCsizei buffersize);
typedef mal_ALCboolean     (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCCAPTURECLOSEDEVICE) (mal_ALCdevice *device);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCCAPTURESTART)       (mal_ALCdevice *device);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCCAPTURESTOP)        (mal_ALCdevice *device);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALCCAPTURESAMPLES)     (mal_ALCdevice *device, mal_ALCvoid *buffer, mal_ALCsizei samples);

typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALENABLE)              (mal_ALenum capability);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALDISABLE)             (mal_ALenum capability);
typedef mal_ALboolean      (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALISENABLED)           (mal_ALenum capability);
typedef const mal_ALchar*  (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETSTRING)           (mal_ALenum param);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETBOOLEANV)         (mal_ALenum param, mal_ALboolean *values);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETINTEGERV)         (mal_ALenum param, mal_ALint *values);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETFLOATV)           (mal_ALenum param, mal_ALfloat *values);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETDOUBLEV)          (mal_ALenum param, mal_ALdouble *values);
typedef mal_ALboolean      (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETBOOLEAN)          (mal_ALenum param);
typedef mal_ALint          (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETINTEGER)          (mal_ALenum param);
typedef mal_ALfloat        (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETFLOAT)            (mal_ALenum param);
typedef mal_ALdouble       (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETDOUBLE)           (mal_ALenum param);
typedef mal_ALenum         (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETERROR)            (void);
typedef mal_ALboolean      (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALISEXTENSIONPRESENT)  (const mal_ALchar *extname);
typedef void*              (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETPROCADDRESS)      (const mal_ALchar *fname);
typedef mal_ALenum         (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETENUMVALUE)        (const mal_ALchar *ename);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGENSOURCES)          (mal_ALsizei n, mal_ALuint *sources);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALDELETESOURCES)       (mal_ALsizei n, const mal_ALuint *sources);
typedef mal_ALboolean      (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALISSOURCE)            (mal_ALuint source);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCEF)             (mal_ALuint source, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALfloat value);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCE3F)            (mal_ALuint source, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALfloat value1, mal_ALfloat value2, mal_ALfloat value3);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCEFV)            (mal_ALuint source, mal_ALenum param, const mal_ALfloat *values);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCEI)             (mal_ALuint source, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALint value);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCE3I)            (mal_ALuint source, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALint value1, mal_ALint value2, mal_ALint value3);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCEIV)            (mal_ALuint source, mal_ALenum param, const mal_ALint *values);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETSOURCEF)          (mal_ALuint source, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALfloat *value);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETSOURCE3F)         (mal_ALuint source, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALfloat *value1, mal_ALfloat *value2, mal_ALfloat *value3);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETSOURCEFV)         (mal_ALuint source, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALfloat *values);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETSOURCEI)          (mal_ALuint source, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALint *value);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETSOURCE3I)         (mal_ALuint source, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALint *value1, mal_ALint *value2, mal_ALint *value3);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETSOURCEIV)         (mal_ALuint source, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALint *values);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCEPLAYV)         (mal_ALsizei n, const mal_ALuint *sources);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCESTOPV)         (mal_ALsizei n, const mal_ALuint *sources);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCEREWINDV)       (mal_ALsizei n, const mal_ALuint *sources);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCEPAUSEV)        (mal_ALsizei n, const mal_ALuint *sources);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCEPLAY)          (mal_ALuint source);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCESTOP)          (mal_ALuint source);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCEREWIND)        (mal_ALuint source);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCEPAUSE)         (mal_ALuint source);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCEQUEUEBUFFERS)  (mal_ALuint source, mal_ALsizei nb, const mal_ALuint *buffers);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALSOURCEUNQUEUEBUFFERS)(mal_ALuint source, mal_ALsizei nb, mal_ALuint *buffers);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGENBUFFERS)          (mal_ALsizei n, mal_ALuint *buffers);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALDELETEBUFFERS)       (mal_ALsizei n, const mal_ALuint *buffers);
typedef mal_ALboolean      (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALISBUFFER)            (mal_ALuint buffer);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALBUFFERDATA)          (mal_ALuint buffer, mal_ALenum format, const mal_ALvoid *data, mal_ALsizei size, mal_ALsizei freq);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALBUFFERF)             (mal_ALuint buffer, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALfloat value);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALBUFFER3F)            (mal_ALuint buffer, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALfloat value1, mal_ALfloat value2, mal_ALfloat value3);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALBUFFERFV)            (mal_ALuint buffer, mal_ALenum param, const mal_ALfloat *values);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALBUFFERI)             (mal_ALuint buffer, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALint value);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALBUFFER3I)            (mal_ALuint buffer, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALint value1, mal_ALint value2, mal_ALint value3);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALBUFFERIV)            (mal_ALuint buffer, mal_ALenum param, const mal_ALint *values);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETBUFFERF)          (mal_ALuint buffer, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALfloat *value);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETBUFFER3F)         (mal_ALuint buffer, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALfloat *value1, mal_ALfloat *value2, mal_ALfloat *value3);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETBUFFERFV)         (mal_ALuint buffer, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALfloat *values);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETBUFFERI)          (mal_ALuint buffer, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALint *value);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETBUFFER3I)         (mal_ALuint buffer, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALint *value1, mal_ALint *value2, mal_ALint *value3);
typedef void               (MAL_AL_APIENTRY * MAL_LPALGETBUFFERIV)         (mal_ALuint buffer, mal_ALenum param, mal_ALint *values);

mal_result mal_context_init__openal(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);

#ifndef MAL_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING
    const char* libName = NULL;
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    libName = "OpenAL32.dll";
#endif
#if defined(MAL_UNIX) && !defined(MAL_APPLE)
    libName = "libopenal.so";
#endif
#ifdef MAL_APPLE
    libName = "OpenAL.framework/OpenAL";
#endif
    if (libName == NULL) {
        return MAL_NO_BACKEND;  // Don't know what the library name is called.
    }


    pContext->openal.hOpenAL = mal_dlopen(libName);

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    // Special case for Win32 - try "soft_oal.dll" for OpenAL-Soft drop-ins.
    if (pContext->openal.hOpenAL == NULL) {
        pContext->openal.hOpenAL = mal_dlopen("soft_oal.dll");
    }
#endif

    if (pContext->openal.hOpenAL == NULL) {
        return MAL_FAILED_TO_INIT_BACKEND;
    }

    pContext->openal.alcCreateContext       = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcCreateContext");
    pContext->openal.alcMakeContextCurrent  = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcMakeContextCurrent");
    pContext->openal.alcProcessContext      = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcProcessContext");
    pContext->openal.alcSuspendContext      = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcSuspendContext");
    pContext->openal.alcDestroyContext      = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcDestroyContext");
    pContext->openal.alcGetCurrentContext   = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcGetCurrentContext");
    pContext->openal.alcGetContextsDevice   = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcGetContextsDevice");
    pContext->openal.alcOpenDevice          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcOpenDevice");
    pContext->openal.alcCloseDevice         = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcCloseDevice");
    pContext->openal.alcGetError            = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcGetError");
    pContext->openal.alcIsExtensionPresent  = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcIsExtensionPresent");
    pContext->openal.alcGetProcAddress      = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcGetProcAddress");
    pContext->openal.alcGetEnumValue        = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcGetEnumValue");
    pContext->openal.alcGetString           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcGetString");
    pContext->openal.alcGetIntegerv         = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcGetIntegerv");
    pContext->openal.alcCaptureOpenDevice   = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcCaptureOpenDevice");
    pContext->openal.alcCaptureCloseDevice  = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcCaptureCloseDevice");
    pContext->openal.alcCaptureStart        = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcCaptureStart");
    pContext->openal.alcCaptureStop         = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcCaptureStop");
    pContext->openal.alcCaptureSamples      = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alcCaptureSamples");

    pContext->openal.alEnable               = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alEnable");
    pContext->openal.alDisable              = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alDisable");
    pContext->openal.alIsEnabled            = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alIsEnabled");
    pContext->openal.alGetString            = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetString");
    pContext->openal.alGetBooleanv          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetBooleanv");
    pContext->openal.alGetIntegerv          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetIntegerv");
    pContext->openal.alGetFloatv            = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetFloatv");
    pContext->openal.alGetDoublev           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetDoublev");
    pContext->openal.alGetBoolean           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetBoolean");
    pContext->openal.alGetInteger           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetInteger");
    pContext->openal.alGetFloat             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetFloat");
    pContext->openal.alGetDouble            = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetDouble");
    pContext->openal.alGetError             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetError");
    pContext->openal.alIsExtensionPresent   = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alIsExtensionPresent");
    pContext->openal.alGetProcAddress       = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetProcAddress");
    pContext->openal.alGetEnumValue         = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetEnumValue");
    pContext->openal.alGenSources           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGenSources");
    pContext->openal.alDeleteSources        = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alDeleteSources");
    pContext->openal.alIsSource             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alIsSource");
    pContext->openal.alSourcef              = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourcef");
    pContext->openal.alSource3f             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSource3f");
    pContext->openal.alSourcefv             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourcefv");
    pContext->openal.alSourcei              = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourcei");
    pContext->openal.alSource3i             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSource3i");
    pContext->openal.alSourceiv             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourceiv");
    pContext->openal.alGetSourcef           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetSourcef");
    pContext->openal.alGetSource3f          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetSource3f");
    pContext->openal.alGetSourcefv          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetSourcefv");
    pContext->openal.alGetSourcei           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetSourcei");
    pContext->openal.alGetSource3i          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetSource3i");
    pContext->openal.alGetSourceiv          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetSourceiv");
    pContext->openal.alSourcePlayv          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourcePlayv");
    pContext->openal.alSourceStopv          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourceStopv");
    pContext->openal.alSourceRewindv        = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourceRewindv");
    pContext->openal.alSourcePausev         = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourcePausev");
    pContext->openal.alSourcePlay           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourcePlay");
    pContext->openal.alSourceStop           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourceStop");
    pContext->openal.alSourceRewind         = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourceRewind");
    pContext->openal.alSourcePause          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourcePause");
    pContext->openal.alSourceQueueBuffers   = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourceQueueBuffers");
    pContext->openal.alSourceUnqueueBuffers = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alSourceUnqueueBuffers");
    pContext->openal.alGenBuffers           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGenBuffers");
    pContext->openal.alDeleteBuffers        = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alDeleteBuffers");
    pContext->openal.alIsBuffer             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alIsBuffer");
    pContext->openal.alBufferData           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alBufferData");
    pContext->openal.alBufferf              = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alBufferf");
    pContext->openal.alBuffer3f             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alBuffer3f");
    pContext->openal.alBufferfv             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alBufferfv");
    pContext->openal.alBufferi              = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alBufferi");
    pContext->openal.alBuffer3i             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alBuffer3i");
    pContext->openal.alBufferiv             = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alBufferiv");
    pContext->openal.alGetBufferf           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetBufferf");
    pContext->openal.alGetBuffer3f          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetBuffer3f");
    pContext->openal.alGetBufferfv          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetBufferfv");
    pContext->openal.alGetBufferi           = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetBufferi");
    pContext->openal.alGetBuffer3i          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetBuffer3i");
    pContext->openal.alGetBufferiv          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->openal.hOpenAL, "alGetBufferiv");
#else
    pContext->openal.alcCreateContext       = (mal_proc)alcCreateContext;
    pContext->openal.alcMakeContextCurrent  = (mal_proc)alcMakeContextCurrent;
    pContext->openal.alcProcessContext      = (mal_proc)alcProcessContext;
    pContext->openal.alcSuspendContext      = (mal_proc)alcSuspendContext;
    pContext->openal.alcDestroyContext      = (mal_proc)alcDestroyContext;
    pContext->openal.alcGetCurrentContext   = (mal_proc)alcGetCurrentContext;
    pContext->openal.alcGetContextsDevice   = (mal_proc)alcGetContextsDevice;
    pContext->openal.alcOpenDevice          = (mal_proc)alcOpenDevice;
    pContext->openal.alcCloseDevice         = (mal_proc)alcCloseDevice;
    pContext->openal.alcGetError            = (mal_proc)alcGetError;
    pContext->openal.alcIsExtensionPresent  = (mal_proc)alcIsExtensionPresent;
    pContext->openal.alcGetProcAddress      = (mal_proc)alcGetProcAddress;
    pContext->openal.alcGetEnumValue        = (mal_proc)alcGetEnumValue;
    pContext->openal.alcGetString           = (mal_proc)alcGetString;
    pContext->openal.alcGetIntegerv         = (mal_proc)alcGetIntegerv;
    pContext->openal.alcCaptureOpenDevice   = (mal_proc)alcCaptureOpenDevice;
    pContext->openal.alcCaptureCloseDevice  = (mal_proc)alcCaptureCloseDevice;
    pContext->openal.alcCaptureStart        = (mal_proc)alcCaptureStart;
    pContext->openal.alcCaptureStop         = (mal_proc)alcCaptureStop;
    pContext->openal.alcCaptureSamples      = (mal_proc)alcCaptureSamples;

    pContext->openal.alEnable               = (mal_proc)alEnable;
    pContext->openal.alDisable              = (mal_proc)alDisable;
    pContext->openal.alIsEnabled            = (mal_proc)alIsEnabled;
    pContext->openal.alGetString            = (mal_proc)alGetString;
    pContext->openal.alGetBooleanv          = (mal_proc)alGetBooleanv;
    pContext->openal.alGetIntegerv          = (mal_proc)alGetIntegerv;
    pContext->openal.alGetFloatv            = (mal_proc)alGetFloatv;
    pContext->openal.alGetDoublev           = (mal_proc)alGetDoublev;
    pContext->openal.alGetBoolean           = (mal_proc)alGetBoolean;
    pContext->openal.alGetInteger           = (mal_proc)alGetInteger;
    pContext->openal.alGetFloat             = (mal_proc)alGetFloat;
    pContext->openal.alGetDouble            = (mal_proc)alGetDouble;
    pContext->openal.alGetError             = (mal_proc)alGetError;
    pContext->openal.alIsExtensionPresent   = (mal_proc)alIsExtensionPresent;
    pContext->openal.alGetProcAddress       = (mal_proc)alGetProcAddress;
    pContext->openal.alGetEnumValue         = (mal_proc)alGetEnumValue;
    pContext->openal.alGenSources           = (mal_proc)alGenSources;
    pContext->openal.alDeleteSources        = (mal_proc)alDeleteSources;
    pContext->openal.alIsSource             = (mal_proc)alIsSource;
    pContext->openal.alSourcef              = (mal_proc)alSourcef;
    pContext->openal.alSource3f             = (mal_proc)alSource3f;
    pContext->openal.alSourcefv             = (mal_proc)alSourcefv;
    pContext->openal.alSourcei              = (mal_proc)alSourcei;
    pContext->openal.alSource3i             = (mal_proc)alSource3i;
    pContext->openal.alSourceiv             = (mal_proc)alSourceiv;
    pContext->openal.alGetSourcef           = (mal_proc)alGetSourcef;
    pContext->openal.alGetSource3f          = (mal_proc)alGetSource3f;
    pContext->openal.alGetSourcefv          = (mal_proc)alGetSourcefv;
    pContext->openal.alGetSourcei           = (mal_proc)alGetSourcei;
    pContext->openal.alGetSource3i          = (mal_proc)alGetSource3i;
    pContext->openal.alGetSourceiv          = (mal_proc)alGetSourceiv;
    pContext->openal.alSourcePlayv          = (mal_proc)alSourcePlayv;
    pContext->openal.alSourceStopv          = (mal_proc)alSourceStopv;
    pContext->openal.alSourceRewindv        = (mal_proc)alSourceRewindv;
    pContext->openal.alSourcePausev         = (mal_proc)alSourcePausev;
    pContext->openal.alSourcePlay           = (mal_proc)alSourcePlay;
    pContext->openal.alSourceStop           = (mal_proc)alSourceStop;
    pContext->openal.alSourceRewind         = (mal_proc)alSourceRewind;
    pContext->openal.alSourcePause          = (mal_proc)alSourcePause;
    pContext->openal.alSourceQueueBuffers   = (mal_proc)alSourceQueueBuffers;
    pContext->openal.alSourceUnqueueBuffers = (mal_proc)alSourceUnqueueBuffers;
    pContext->openal.alGenBuffers           = (mal_proc)alGenBuffers;
    pContext->openal.alDeleteBuffers        = (mal_proc)alDeleteBuffers;
    pContext->openal.alIsBuffer             = (mal_proc)alIsBuffer;
    pContext->openal.alBufferData           = (mal_proc)alBufferData;
    pContext->openal.alBufferf              = (mal_proc)alBufferf;
    pContext->openal.alBuffer3f             = (mal_proc)alBuffer3f;
    pContext->openal.alBufferfv             = (mal_proc)alBufferfv;
    pContext->openal.alBufferi              = (mal_proc)alBufferi;
    pContext->openal.alBuffer3i             = (mal_proc)alBuffer3i;
    pContext->openal.alBufferiv             = (mal_proc)alBufferiv;
    pContext->openal.alGetBufferf           = (mal_proc)alGetBufferf;
    pContext->openal.alGetBuffer3f          = (mal_proc)alGetBuffer3f;
    pContext->openal.alGetBufferfv          = (mal_proc)alGetBufferfv;
    pContext->openal.alGetBufferi           = (mal_proc)alGetBufferi;
    pContext->openal.alGetBuffer3i          = (mal_proc)alGetBuffer3i;
    pContext->openal.alGetBufferiv          = (mal_proc)alGetBufferiv;
#endif

    // We depend on the ALC_ENUMERATION_EXT extension for enumeration. If this is not supported we fall back to default devices.
    pContext->openal.isEnumerationSupported = ((MAL_LPALCISEXTENSIONPRESENT)pContext->openal.alcIsExtensionPresent)(NULL, "ALC_ENUMERATION_EXT");
    pContext->openal.isFloat32Supported = ((MAL_LPALISEXTENSIONPRESENT)pContext->openal.alIsExtensionPresent)("AL_EXT_float32");
    pContext->openal.isMCFormatsSupported = ((MAL_LPALISEXTENSIONPRESENT)pContext->openal.alIsExtensionPresent)("AL_EXT_MCFORMATS");

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_context_uninit__openal(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);
    mal_assert(pContext->backend == mal_backend_openal);

#ifndef MAL_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING
    mal_dlclose(pContext->openal.hOpenAL);
#endif

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_enumerate_devices__openal(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_uint32* pCount, mal_device_info* pInfo)
{
    mal_uint32 infoSize = *pCount;
    *pCount = 0;

    if (pContext->openal.isEnumerationSupported) {
        const mal_ALCchar* pDeviceNames = ((MAL_LPALCGETSTRING)pContext->openal.alcGetString)(NULL, (type == mal_device_type_playback) ? MAL_ALC_DEVICE_SPECIFIER : MAL_ALC_CAPTURE_DEVICE_SPECIFIER);
        if (pDeviceNames == NULL) {
            return MAL_NO_DEVICE;
        }

        // Each device is stored in pDeviceNames, separated by a null-terminator. The string itself is double-null-terminated.
        const mal_ALCchar* pNextDeviceName = pDeviceNames;
        while (pNextDeviceName[0] != '\0') {
            if (pInfo != NULL) {
                if (infoSize > 0) {
                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->id.openal, sizeof(pInfo->id.openal), (const char*)pNextDeviceName, (size_t)-1);
                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name,      sizeof(pInfo->name),      (const char*)pNextDeviceName, (size_t)-1);

                    pInfo += 1;
                    infoSize -= 1;
                    *pCount += 1;
                }
            } else {
                *pCount += 1;
            }

            // Move to the next device name.
            while (*pNextDeviceName != '\0') {
                pNextDeviceName += 1;
            }

            // Skip past the null terminator.
            pNextDeviceName += 1;
        };
    } else {
        // Enumeration is not supported. Use default devices.
        if (pInfo != NULL) {
            if (infoSize > 0) {
                if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
                    pInfo->id.sdl = 0;
                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), "Default Playback Device", (size_t)-1);
                } else {
                    pInfo->id.sdl = 0;
                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), "Default Capture Device", (size_t)-1);
                }

                pInfo += 1;
                *pCount += 1;
            }
        } else {
            *pCount += 1;
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

void mal_device_uninit__openal(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    ((MAL_LPALCMAKECONTEXTCURRENT)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcMakeContextCurrent)(NULL);
    ((MAL_LPALCDESTROYCONTEXT)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcDestroyContext)((mal_ALCcontext*)pDevice->openal.pContextALC);

    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        ((MAL_LPALCCLOSEDEVICE)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcCloseDevice)((mal_ALCdevice*)pDevice->openal.pDeviceALC);
    } else {
        ((MAL_LPALCCAPTURECLOSEDEVICE)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcCaptureCloseDevice)((mal_ALCdevice*)pDevice->openal.pDeviceALC);
    }

    mal_free(pDevice->openal.pIntermediaryBuffer);
}

mal_result mal_device_init__openal(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_device_id* pDeviceID, const mal_device_config* pConfig, mal_device* pDevice)
{
    if (pDevice->periods > MAL_MAX_PERIODS_OPENAL) {
        pDevice->periods = MAL_MAX_PERIODS_OPENAL;
    }

    // OpenAL has bad latency in my testing :(
    if (pDevice->usingDefaultBufferSize) {
        pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames *= 4;
    }

    mal_ALCsizei bufferSizeInSamplesAL = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames;
    mal_ALCuint frequencyAL = pConfig->sampleRate;

    mal_uint32 channelsAL = 0;

    // OpenAL currently only supports only mono and stereo. TODO: Check for the AL_EXT_MCFORMATS extension and use one of those formats for quad, 5.1, etc.
    mal_ALCenum formatAL = 0;
    if (pConfig->channels == 1) {
        // Mono.
        channelsAL = 1;
        if (pConfig->format == mal_format_f32) {
            if (pContext->openal.isFloat32Supported) {
                formatAL = MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO_FLOAT32;
            } else {
                formatAL = MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO16;
            }
        } else if (pConfig->format == mal_format_s32) {
            formatAL = MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO16;
        } else if (pConfig->format == mal_format_s24) {
            formatAL = MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO16;
        } else if (pConfig->format == mal_format_s16) {
            formatAL = MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO16;
        } else if (pConfig->format == mal_format_u8) {
            formatAL = MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO8;
        }
    } else {
        // Stereo.
        channelsAL = 2;
        if (pConfig->format == mal_format_f32) {
            if (pContext->openal.isFloat32Supported) {
                formatAL = MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO_FLOAT32;
            } else {
                formatAL = MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO16;
            }
        } else if (pConfig->format == mal_format_s32) {
            formatAL = MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO16;
        } else if (pConfig->format == mal_format_s24) {
            formatAL = MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO16;
        } else if (pConfig->format == mal_format_s16) {
            formatAL = MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO16;
        } else if (pConfig->format == mal_format_u8) {
            formatAL = MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO8;
        }
    }

    if (formatAL == 0) {
        return mal_context_post_error(pContext, NULL, "[OpenAL] Format not supported.", MAL_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }

    bufferSizeInSamplesAL *= channelsAL;


    // OpenAL feels a bit unintuitive to me... The global object is a device, and it would appear that each device can have
    // many context's...
    mal_ALCdevice* pDeviceALC = NULL;
    if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        pDeviceALC = ((MAL_LPALCOPENDEVICE)pContext->openal.alcOpenDevice)((pDeviceID == NULL) ? NULL : pDeviceID->openal);
    } else {
        pDeviceALC = ((MAL_LPALCCAPTUREOPENDEVICE)pContext->openal.alcCaptureOpenDevice)((pDeviceID == NULL) ? NULL : pDeviceID->openal, frequencyAL, formatAL, bufferSizeInSamplesAL);
    }

    if (pDeviceALC == NULL) {
        return mal_context_post_error(pContext, NULL, "[OpenAL] Failed to open device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_INIT_BACKEND);
    }

    // A context is only required for playback.
    mal_ALCcontext* pContextALC = NULL;
    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        pContextALC = ((MAL_LPALCCREATECONTEXT)pContext->openal.alcCreateContext)(pDeviceALC, NULL);
        if (pContextALC == NULL) {
            ((MAL_LPALCCLOSEDEVICE)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcCloseDevice)(pDeviceALC);
            return mal_context_post_error(pContext, NULL, "[OpenAL] Failed to open OpenAL context.", MAL_FAILED_TO_INIT_BACKEND);
        }

        ((MAL_LPALCMAKECONTEXTCURRENT)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcMakeContextCurrent)(pContextALC);

        mal_ALuint sourceAL;
        ((MAL_LPALGENSOURCES)pDevice->pContext->openal.alGenSources)(1, &sourceAL);
        pDevice->openal.sourceAL = sourceAL;

        // We create the buffers, but only fill and queue them when the device is started.
        mal_ALuint buffersAL[MAL_MAX_PERIODS_OPENAL];
        ((MAL_LPALGENBUFFERS)pDevice->pContext->openal.alGenBuffers)(pDevice->periods, buffersAL);
        for (mal_uint32 i = 0; i < pDevice->periods; ++i) {
            pDevice->openal.buffersAL[i] = buffersAL[i];
        }
    }

    pDevice->internalChannels = channelsAL;
    pDevice->internalSampleRate = frequencyAL;

    // The internal format is a little bit straight with OpenAL.
    switch (formatAL)
    {
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO8:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO8:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_REAR8:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_QUAD8:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_51CHN8:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_61CHN8:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_71CHN8:
        {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_u8;
        } break;

        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO16:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO16:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_REAR16:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_QUAD16:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_51CHN16:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_61CHN16:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_71CHN16:
        {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s16;
        } break;

        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_REAR32:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_QUAD32:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_51CHN32:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_61CHN32:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_71CHN32:
        {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_s32;
        } break;

        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO_FLOAT32:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO_FLOAT32:
        {
            pDevice->internalFormat = mal_format_f32;
        } break;
    }

    // From what I can tell, the ordering of channels is fixed for OpenAL.
    switch (formatAL)
    {
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO8:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO16:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_MONO_FLOAT32:
        {
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
        } break;

        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO8:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO16:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_STEREO_FLOAT32:
        {
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
        } break;

        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_REAR8:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_REAR16:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_REAR32:
        {
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT;
        } break;

        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_QUAD8:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_QUAD16:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_QUAD32:
        {
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[3] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT;
        } break;

        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_51CHN8:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_51CHN16:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_51CHN32:
        {
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[3] = MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[4] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[5] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT;
        } break;

        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_61CHN8:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_61CHN16:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_61CHN32:
        {
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[3] = MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[4] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_CENTER;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[5] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[6] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT;
        } break;

        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_71CHN8:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_71CHN16:
        case MAL_AL_FORMAT_71CHN32:
        {
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[3] = MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[4] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[5] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[6] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT;
            pDevice->internalChannelMap[7] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT;
        } break;

        default: break;
    }

    pDevice->openal.pDeviceALC = pDeviceALC;
    pDevice->openal.pContextALC = pContextALC;
    pDevice->openal.formatAL = formatAL;
    pDevice->openal.subBufferSizeInFrames = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames / pDevice->periods;
    pDevice->openal.pIntermediaryBuffer = (mal_uint8*)mal_malloc(pDevice->openal.subBufferSizeInFrames * channelsAL * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat));
    if (pDevice->openal.pIntermediaryBuffer == NULL) {
        mal_device_uninit__openal(pDevice);
        return mal_context_post_error(pContext, NULL, "[OpenAL] Failed to allocate memory for intermediary buffer.", MAL_OUT_OF_MEMORY);
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__start_backend__openal(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        // Playback.
        //
        // When starting playback we want to ensure each buffer is filled and queued before playing the source.
        pDevice->openal.iNextBuffer = 0;

        ((MAL_LPALCMAKECONTEXTCURRENT)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcMakeContextCurrent)((mal_ALCcontext*)pDevice->openal.pContextALC);

        for (mal_uint32 i = 0; i < pDevice->periods; ++i) {
            mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, pDevice->openal.subBufferSizeInFrames, pDevice->openal.pIntermediaryBuffer);

            mal_ALuint bufferAL = pDevice->openal.buffersAL[i];
            ((MAL_LPALBUFFERDATA)pDevice->pContext->openal.alBufferData)(bufferAL, pDevice->openal.formatAL, pDevice->openal.pIntermediaryBuffer, pDevice->openal.subBufferSizeInFrames * pDevice->internalChannels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat), pDevice->internalSampleRate);
            ((MAL_LPALSOURCEQUEUEBUFFERS)pDevice->pContext->openal.alSourceQueueBuffers)(pDevice->openal.sourceAL, 1, &bufferAL);
        }

        // Start the source only after filling and queueing each buffer.
        ((MAL_LPALSOURCEPLAY)pDevice->pContext->openal.alSourcePlay)(pDevice->openal.sourceAL);
    } else {
        // Capture.
        ((MAL_LPALCCAPTURESTART)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcCaptureStart)((mal_ALCdevice*)pDevice->openal.pDeviceALC);
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__stop_backend__openal(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        ((MAL_LPALCMAKECONTEXTCURRENT)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcMakeContextCurrent)((mal_ALCcontext*)pDevice->openal.pContextALC);
        ((MAL_LPALSOURCESTOP)pDevice->pContext->openal.alSourceStop)(pDevice->openal.sourceAL);
    } else {
        ((MAL_LPALCCAPTURESTOP)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcCaptureStop)((mal_ALCdevice*)pDevice->openal.pDeviceALC);
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__break_main_loop__openal(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    pDevice->openal.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_TRUE;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_uint32 mal_device__get_available_frames__openal(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        ((MAL_LPALCMAKECONTEXTCURRENT)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcMakeContextCurrent)((mal_ALCcontext*)pDevice->openal.pContextALC);

        mal_ALint processedBufferCount = 0;
        ((MAL_LPALGETSOURCEI)pDevice->pContext->openal.alGetSourcei)(pDevice->openal.sourceAL, MAL_AL_BUFFERS_PROCESSED, &processedBufferCount);

        return processedBufferCount * pDevice->openal.subBufferSizeInFrames;
    } else {
        mal_ALint samplesAvailable = 0;
        ((MAL_LPALCGETINTEGERV)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcGetIntegerv)((mal_ALCdevice*)pDevice->openal.pDeviceALC, MAL_ALC_CAPTURE_SAMPLES, 1, &samplesAvailable);

        return samplesAvailable / pDevice->channels;
    }
}

static mal_uint32 mal_device__wait_for_frames__openal(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    while (!pDevice->openal.breakFromMainLoop) {
        mal_uint32 framesAvailable = mal_device__get_available_frames__openal(pDevice);
        if (framesAvailable > 0) {
            return framesAvailable;
        }

        mal_sleep(1);
    }

    // We'll get here if the loop was terminated. When capturing we want to return whatever is available. For playback we just drop it.
    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        return 0;
    } else {
        return mal_device__get_available_frames__openal(pDevice);
    }
}

static mal_result mal_device__main_loop__openal(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    pDevice->openal.breakFromMainLoop = MAL_FALSE;
    while (!pDevice->openal.breakFromMainLoop) {
        mal_uint32 framesAvailable = mal_device__wait_for_frames__openal(pDevice);
        if (framesAvailable == 0) {
            continue;
        }

        // If it's a playback device, don't bother grabbing more data if the device is being stopped.
        if (pDevice->openal.breakFromMainLoop && pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
            return MAL_FALSE;
        }

        if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
            while (framesAvailable > 0) {
                mal_uint32 framesToRead = (framesAvailable > pDevice->openal.subBufferSizeInFrames) ? pDevice->openal.subBufferSizeInFrames : framesAvailable;

                mal_ALuint bufferAL = pDevice->openal.buffersAL[pDevice->openal.iNextBuffer];
                pDevice->openal.iNextBuffer = (pDevice->openal.iNextBuffer + 1) % pDevice->periods;

                mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, framesToRead, pDevice->openal.pIntermediaryBuffer);

                ((MAL_LPALCMAKECONTEXTCURRENT)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcMakeContextCurrent)((mal_ALCcontext*)pDevice->openal.pContextALC);
                ((MAL_LPALSOURCEUNQUEUEBUFFERS)pDevice->pContext->openal.alSourceUnqueueBuffers)(pDevice->openal.sourceAL, 1, &bufferAL);
                ((MAL_LPALBUFFERDATA)pDevice->pContext->openal.alBufferData)(bufferAL, pDevice->openal.formatAL, pDevice->openal.pIntermediaryBuffer, pDevice->openal.subBufferSizeInFrames * pDevice->internalChannels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat), pDevice->internalSampleRate);
                ((MAL_LPALSOURCEQUEUEBUFFERS)pDevice->pContext->openal.alSourceQueueBuffers)(pDevice->openal.sourceAL, 1, &bufferAL);

                framesAvailable -= framesToRead;
            }


            // There's a chance the source has stopped playing due to there not being any buffer's queue. Make sure it's restarted.
            mal_ALenum state;
            ((MAL_LPALGETSOURCEI)pDevice->pContext->openal.alGetSourcei)(pDevice->openal.sourceAL, MAL_AL_SOURCE_STATE, &state);

            if (state != MAL_AL_PLAYING) {
                ((MAL_LPALSOURCEPLAY)pDevice->pContext->openal.alSourcePlay)(pDevice->openal.sourceAL);
            }
        } else {
            while (framesAvailable > 0) {
                mal_uint32 framesToSend = (framesAvailable > pDevice->openal.subBufferSizeInFrames) ? pDevice->openal.subBufferSizeInFrames : framesAvailable;
                ((MAL_LPALCCAPTURESAMPLES)pDevice->pContext->openal.alcCaptureSamples)((mal_ALCdevice*)pDevice->openal.pDeviceALC, pDevice->openal.pIntermediaryBuffer, framesToSend);

                mal_device__send_frames_to_client(pDevice, framesToSend, pDevice->openal.pIntermediaryBuffer);
                framesAvailable -= framesToSend;
            }
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}
#endif  // OpenAL



///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// SDL Backend
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifdef MAL_HAS_SDL

//#define MAL_USE_SDL_1

#define MAL_SDL_INIT_AUDIO                      0x00000010
#define MAL_AUDIO_U8                            0x0008
#define MAL_AUDIO_S16                           0x8010
#define MAL_AUDIO_S32                           0x8020
#define MAL_AUDIO_F32                           0x8120
#define MAL_SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_FREQUENCY_CHANGE    0x00000001
#define MAL_SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_FORMAT_CHANGE       0x00000002
#define MAL_SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_CHANNELS_CHANGE     0x00000004
#define MAL_SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_ANY_CHANGE          (MAL_SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_FREQUENCY_CHANGE | MAL_SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_FORMAT_CHANGE | MAL_SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_CHANNELS_CHANGE)

// If we are linking at compile time we'll just #include SDL.h. Otherwise we can just redeclare some stuff to avoid the
// need for development packages to be installed.
#ifdef MAL_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING
    #define SDL_MAIN_HANDLED
    #ifdef MAL_EMSCRIPTEN
        #include <SDL/SDL.h>

        // For now just use SDL 1.2 with Emscripten. This avoids the need for "-s USE_SDL=2" at compile time.
        #ifndef MAL_USE_SDL_1
        #define MAL_USE_SDL_1
        #endif
    #else
        #include <SDL2/SDL.h>
    #endif

    typedef SDL_AudioCallback   MAL_SDL_AudioCallback;
    typedef SDL_AudioSpec       MAL_SDL_AudioSpec;
    typedef SDL_AudioFormat     MAL_SDL_AudioFormat;
    typedef SDL_AudioDeviceID   MAL_SDL_AudioDeviceID;
#else
    typedef void (* MAL_SDL_AudioCallback)(void* userdata, mal_uint8* stream, int len);
    typedef mal_uint16 MAL_SDL_AudioFormat;
    typedef mal_uint32 MAL_SDL_AudioDeviceID;

    typedef struct MAL_SDL_AudioSpec
    {
        int freq;
        MAL_SDL_AudioFormat format;
        mal_uint8 channels;
        mal_uint8 silence;
        mal_uint16 samples;
        mal_uint16 padding;
        mal_uint32 size;
        MAL_SDL_AudioCallback callback;
        void* userdata;
    } MAL_SDL_AudioSpec;
#endif

typedef int                   (* MAL_PFN_SDL_InitSubSystem)(mal_uint32 flags);
typedef void                  (* MAL_PFN_SDL_QuitSubSystem)(mal_uint32 flags);
typedef int                   (* MAL_PFN_SDL_GetNumAudioDevices)(int iscapture);
typedef const char*           (* MAL_PFN_SDL_GetAudioDeviceName)(int index, int iscapture);
typedef void                  (* MAL_PFN_SDL_CloseAudio)(void);
typedef void                  (* MAL_PFN_SDL_CloseAudioDevice)(MAL_SDL_AudioDeviceID dev);
typedef int                   (* MAL_PFN_SDL_OpenAudio)(MAL_SDL_AudioSpec* desired, MAL_SDL_AudioSpec* obtained);
typedef MAL_SDL_AudioDeviceID (* MAL_PFN_SDL_OpenAudioDevice)(const char* device, int iscapture, const MAL_SDL_AudioSpec* desired, MAL_SDL_AudioSpec* obtained, int allowed_changes);
typedef void                  (* MAL_PFN_SDL_PauseAudio)(int pause_on);
typedef void                  (* MAL_PFN_SDL_PauseAudioDevice)(MAL_SDL_AudioDeviceID dev, int pause_on);

MAL_SDL_AudioFormat mal_format_to_sdl(mal_format format)
{
    switch (format)
    {
    case mal_format_unknown: return 0;
    case mal_format_u8:      return MAL_AUDIO_U8;
    case mal_format_s16:     return MAL_AUDIO_S16;
    case mal_format_s24:     return MAL_AUDIO_S32;  // Closest match.
    case mal_format_s32:     return MAL_AUDIO_S32;
    default:                 return 0;
    }
}

mal_format mal_format_from_sdl(MAL_SDL_AudioFormat format)
{
    switch (format)
    {
        case MAL_AUDIO_U8:  return mal_format_u8;
        case MAL_AUDIO_S16: return mal_format_s16;
        case MAL_AUDIO_S32: return mal_format_s32;
        case MAL_AUDIO_F32: return mal_format_f32;
        default:            return mal_format_unknown;
    }
}


mal_result mal_context_init__sdl(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);

#ifndef MAL_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING
    // Run-time linking.
    const char* libNames[] = {
#if defined(MAL_WIN32)
        "SDL2.dll",
        "SDL.dll"
#elif defined(MAL_APPLE)
        "libSDL2-2.0.0.dylib",  // Can any Mac users out there comfirm these library names?
        "libSDL-1.2.0.dylib"
#else
        "libSDL2-2.0.so.0",
        "libSDL-1.2.so.0"
#endif
    };

    for (size_t i = 0; i < mal_countof(libNames); ++i) {
        pContext->sdl.hSDL = mal_dlopen(libNames[i]);
        if (pContext->sdl.hSDL != NULL) {
            break;
        }
    }

    if (pContext->sdl.hSDL == NULL) {
        return MAL_NO_BACKEND;  // Couldn't find SDL2.dll, etc. Most likely it's not installed.
    }

    pContext->sdl.SDL_InitSubSystem      = mal_dlsym(pContext->sdl.hSDL, "SDL_InitSubSystem");
    pContext->sdl.SDL_QuitSubSystem      = mal_dlsym(pContext->sdl.hSDL, "SDL_QuitSubSystem");
    pContext->sdl.SDL_CloseAudio         = mal_dlsym(pContext->sdl.hSDL, "SDL_CloseAudio");
    pContext->sdl.SDL_OpenAudio          = mal_dlsym(pContext->sdl.hSDL, "SDL_OpenAudio");
    pContext->sdl.SDL_PauseAudio         = mal_dlsym(pContext->sdl.hSDL, "SDL_PauseAudio");
#ifndef MAL_USE_SDL_1
    pContext->sdl.SDL_GetNumAudioDevices = mal_dlsym(pContext->sdl.hSDL, "SDL_GetNumAudioDevices");
    pContext->sdl.SDL_GetAudioDeviceName = mal_dlsym(pContext->sdl.hSDL, "SDL_GetAudioDeviceName");
    pContext->sdl.SDL_CloseAudioDevice   = mal_dlsym(pContext->sdl.hSDL, "SDL_CloseAudioDevice");
    pContext->sdl.SDL_OpenAudioDevice    = mal_dlsym(pContext->sdl.hSDL, "SDL_OpenAudioDevice");
    pContext->sdl.SDL_PauseAudioDevice   = mal_dlsym(pContext->sdl.hSDL, "SDL_PauseAudioDevice");
#endif
#else
    // Compile-time linking.
    pContext->sdl.SDL_InitSubSystem      = (mal_proc)SDL_InitSubSystem;
    pContext->sdl.SDL_QuitSubSystem      = (mal_proc)SDL_QuitSubSystem;
    pContext->sdl.SDL_CloseAudio         = (mal_proc)SDL_CloseAudio;
    pContext->sdl.SDL_OpenAudio          = (mal_proc)SDL_OpenAudio;
    pContext->sdl.SDL_PauseAudio         = (mal_proc)SDL_PauseAudio;
#ifndef MAL_USE_SDL_1
    pContext->sdl.SDL_GetNumAudioDevices = (mal_proc)SDL_GetNumAudioDevices;
    pContext->sdl.SDL_GetAudioDeviceName = (mal_proc)SDL_GetAudioDeviceName;
    pContext->sdl.SDL_CloseAudioDevice   = (mal_proc)SDL_CloseAudioDevice;
    pContext->sdl.SDL_OpenAudioDevice    = (mal_proc)SDL_OpenAudioDevice;
    pContext->sdl.SDL_PauseAudioDevice   = (mal_proc)SDL_PauseAudioDevice;
#endif
#endif

    // We need to determine whether or not we are using SDL2 or SDL1. We can know this by looking at whether or not certain
    // function pointers are NULL.
    if (pContext->sdl.SDL_GetNumAudioDevices == NULL ||
        pContext->sdl.SDL_GetAudioDeviceName == NULL ||
        pContext->sdl.SDL_CloseAudioDevice   == NULL ||
        pContext->sdl.SDL_OpenAudioDevice    == NULL ||
        pContext->sdl.SDL_PauseAudioDevice   == NULL) {
        pContext->sdl.usingSDL1 = MAL_TRUE;
    }

    int resultSDL = ((MAL_PFN_SDL_InitSubSystem)pContext->sdl.SDL_InitSubSystem)(MAL_SDL_INIT_AUDIO);
    if (resultSDL != 0) {
        return MAL_ERROR;
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_context_uninit__sdl(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);
    mal_assert(pContext->backend == mal_backend_sdl);

    ((MAL_PFN_SDL_QuitSubSystem)pContext->sdl.SDL_QuitSubSystem)(MAL_SDL_INIT_AUDIO);
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_enumerate_devices__sdl(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_uint32* pCount, mal_device_info* pInfo)
{
    (void)pContext;

    mal_uint32 infoSize = *pCount;
    *pCount = 0;

#ifndef MAL_USE_SDL_1
    if (!pContext->sdl.usingSDL1) {
        int deviceCount = ((MAL_PFN_SDL_GetNumAudioDevices)pContext->sdl.SDL_GetNumAudioDevices)((type == mal_device_type_playback) ? 0 : 1);
        for (int i = 0; i < deviceCount; ++i) {
            if (pInfo != NULL) {
                if (infoSize > 0) {
                    pInfo->id.sdl = i;
                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), ((MAL_PFN_SDL_GetAudioDeviceName)pContext->sdl.SDL_GetAudioDeviceName)(i, (type == mal_device_type_playback) ? 0 : 1), (size_t)-1);

                    pInfo += 1;
                    *pCount += 1;
                }
            } else {
                *pCount += 1;
            }
        }
    } else
#endif
    {
        if (pInfo != NULL) {
            if (infoSize > 0) {
                // SDL1 uses default devices.
                if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
                    pInfo->id.sdl = 0;
                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), "Default Playback Device", (size_t)-1);
                } else {
                    pInfo->id.sdl = 0;
                    mal_strncpy_s(pInfo->name, sizeof(pInfo->name), "Default Capture Device", (size_t)-1);
                }

                pInfo += 1;
                *pCount += 1;
            }
        } else {
            *pCount += 1;
        }
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

void mal_device_uninit__sdl(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

#ifndef MAL_USE_SDL_1
    if (!pDevice->pContext->sdl.usingSDL1) {
        ((MAL_PFN_SDL_CloseAudioDevice)pDevice->pContext->sdl.SDL_CloseAudioDevice)(pDevice->sdl.deviceID);
    } else
#endif
    {
        ((MAL_PFN_SDL_CloseAudio)pDevice->pContext->sdl.SDL_CloseAudio)();
    }
}


static void mal_audio_callback__sdl(void* pUserData, mal_uint8* pBuffer, int bufferSizeInBytes)
{
    mal_device* pDevice = (mal_device*)pUserData;
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    mal_uint32 bufferSizeInFrames = (mal_uint32)bufferSizeInBytes / mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->internalFormat) / pDevice->internalChannels;

    if (pDevice->type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        mal_device__read_frames_from_client(pDevice, bufferSizeInFrames, pBuffer);
    } else {
        mal_device__send_frames_to_client(pDevice, bufferSizeInFrames, pBuffer);
    }
}

mal_result mal_device_init__sdl(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_device_id* pDeviceID, const mal_device_config* pConfig, mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pContext != NULL);
    mal_assert(pConfig != NULL);
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    // SDL wants the buffer size to be a power of 2. The SDL_AudioSpec property for this is only a Uint16, so we need
    // to explicitly clamp this because it will be easy to overflow.
    mal_uint32 bufferSize = pConfig->bufferSizeInFrames;
    if (bufferSize > 32768) {
        bufferSize = 32768;
    } else {
        bufferSize = mal_next_power_of_2(bufferSize);
    }

    mal_assert(bufferSize <= 32768);


    MAL_SDL_AudioSpec desiredSpec, obtainedSpec;
    mal_zero_memory(&desiredSpec, sizeof(desiredSpec));
    desiredSpec.freq     = (int)pConfig->sampleRate;
    desiredSpec.format   = mal_format_to_sdl(pConfig->format);
    desiredSpec.channels = (mal_uint8)pConfig->channels;
    desiredSpec.samples  = (mal_uint16)bufferSize;
    desiredSpec.callback = mal_audio_callback__sdl;
    desiredSpec.userdata = pDevice;

    // Fall back to f32 if we don't have an appropriate mapping between mini_al and SDL.
    if (desiredSpec.format == 0) {
        desiredSpec.format = MAL_AUDIO_F32;
    }

#ifndef MAL_USE_SDL_1
    if (!pDevice->pContext->sdl.usingSDL1) {
        int isCapture = (type == mal_device_type_playback) ? 0 : 1;

        const char* pDeviceName = NULL;
        if (pDeviceID != NULL) {
            pDeviceName = ((MAL_PFN_SDL_GetAudioDeviceName)pDevice->pContext->sdl.SDL_GetAudioDeviceName)(pDeviceID->sdl, isCapture);
        }

        pDevice->sdl.deviceID = ((MAL_PFN_SDL_OpenAudioDevice)pDevice->pContext->sdl.SDL_OpenAudioDevice)(pDeviceName, isCapture, &desiredSpec, &obtainedSpec, MAL_SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_ANY_CHANGE);
        if (pDevice->sdl.deviceID == 0) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "Failed to open SDL device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }
    } else
#endif
    {
        // SDL1 uses default devices.
        (void)pDeviceID;

        // SDL1 only supports playback as far as I can tell.
        if (type != mal_device_type_playback) {
            return MAL_NO_DEVICE;
        }

        // SDL1 does not support floating point formats.
        if (desiredSpec.format == MAL_AUDIO_F32) {
            desiredSpec.format  = MAL_AUDIO_S16;
        }

        pDevice->sdl.deviceID = ((MAL_PFN_SDL_OpenAudio)pDevice->pContext->sdl.SDL_OpenAudio)(&desiredSpec, &obtainedSpec);
        if (pDevice->sdl.deviceID != 0) {
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "Failed to open SDL device.", MAL_FAILED_TO_OPEN_BACKEND_DEVICE);
        }
    }

    pDevice->internalFormat     = mal_format_from_sdl(obtainedSpec.format);
    pDevice->internalChannels   = obtainedSpec.channels;
    pDevice->internalSampleRate = (mal_uint32)obtainedSpec.freq;
    pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames = obtainedSpec.samples;
    pDevice->periods            = 1;    // SDL doesn't seem to tell us what the period count is. Just set this 1.

#if 0
    printf("=== SDL CONFIG ===\n");
    printf("REQUESTED -> RECEIVED\n");
    printf("    FORMAT:                 %s -> %s\n", mal_get_format_name(pConfig->format), mal_get_format_name(pDevice->internalFormat));
    printf("    CHANNELS:               %d -> %d\n", desiredSpec.channels, obtainedSpec.channels);
    printf("    SAMPLE RATE:            %d -> %d\n", desiredSpec.freq, obtainedSpec.freq);
    printf("    BUFFER SIZE IN SAMPLES: %d -> %d\n", desiredSpec.samples, obtainedSpec.samples);
#endif

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__start_backend__sdl(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

#ifndef MAL_USE_SDL_1
    if (!pDevice->pContext->sdl.usingSDL1) {
        ((MAL_PFN_SDL_PauseAudioDevice)pDevice->pContext->sdl.SDL_PauseAudioDevice)(pDevice->sdl.deviceID, 0);
    } else
#endif
    {
        ((MAL_PFN_SDL_PauseAudio)pDevice->pContext->sdl.SDL_PauseAudio)(0);
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

static mal_result mal_device__stop_backend__sdl(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

#ifndef MAL_USE_SDL_1
    if (!pDevice->pContext->sdl.usingSDL1) {
        ((MAL_PFN_SDL_PauseAudioDevice)pDevice->pContext->sdl.SDL_PauseAudioDevice)(pDevice->sdl.deviceID, 1);
    } else
#endif
    {
        ((MAL_PFN_SDL_PauseAudio)pDevice->pContext->sdl.SDL_PauseAudio)(1);
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}
#endif  // SDL




mal_bool32 mal__is_channel_map_valid(const mal_channel* channelMap, mal_uint32 channels)
{
    mal_assert(channels > 0);

    // A channel cannot be present in the channel map more than once.
    for (mal_uint32 iChannel = 0; iChannel < channels; ++iChannel) {
        for (mal_uint32 jChannel = iChannel + 1; jChannel < channels; ++jChannel) {
            if (channelMap[iChannel] == channelMap[jChannel]) {
                return MAL_FALSE;
            }
        }
    }

    return MAL_TRUE;
}


static mal_result mal_device__start_backend(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    mal_result result = MAL_NO_BACKEND;
#ifdef MAL_HAS_WASAPI
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_wasapi) {
        result = mal_device__start_backend__wasapi(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_DSOUND
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_dsound) {
        result = mal_device__start_backend__dsound(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_WINMM
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_winmm) {
        result = mal_device__start_backend__winmm(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_ALSA
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_alsa) {
        result = mal_device__start_backend__alsa(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OSS
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_oss) {
        result = mal_device__start_backend__oss(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENAL
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_openal) {
        result = mal_device__start_backend__openal(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_NULL
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_null) {
        result = mal_device__start_backend__null(pDevice);
    }
#endif

    return result;
}

static mal_result mal_device__stop_backend(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    mal_result result = MAL_NO_BACKEND;
#ifdef MAL_HAS_WASAPI
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_wasapi) {
        result = mal_device__stop_backend__wasapi(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_DSOUND
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_dsound) {
        result = mal_device__stop_backend__dsound(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_WINMM
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_winmm) {
        result = mal_device__stop_backend__winmm(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_ALSA
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_alsa) {
        result = mal_device__stop_backend__alsa(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OSS
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_oss) {
        result = mal_device__stop_backend__oss(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENAL
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_openal) {
        result = mal_device__stop_backend__openal(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_NULL
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_null) {
        result = mal_device__stop_backend__null(pDevice);
    }
#endif

    return result;
}

static mal_result mal_device__break_main_loop(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    mal_result result = MAL_NO_BACKEND;
#ifdef MAL_HAS_WASAPI
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_wasapi) {
        result = mal_device__break_main_loop__wasapi(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_DSOUND
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_dsound) {
        result = mal_device__break_main_loop__dsound(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_WINMM
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_winmm) {
        result = mal_device__break_main_loop__winmm(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_ALSA
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_alsa) {
        result = mal_device__break_main_loop__alsa(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OSS
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_oss) {
        result = mal_device__break_main_loop__oss(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENAL
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_openal) {
        result = mal_device__break_main_loop__openal(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_NULL
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_null) {
        result = mal_device__break_main_loop__null(pDevice);
    }
#endif

    return result;
}

static mal_result mal_device__main_loop(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

    mal_result result = MAL_NO_BACKEND;
#ifdef MAL_HAS_WASAPI
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_wasapi) {
        result = mal_device__main_loop__wasapi(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_DSOUND
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_dsound) {
        result = mal_device__main_loop__dsound(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_WINMM
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_winmm) {
        result = mal_device__main_loop__winmm(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_ALSA
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_alsa) {
        result = mal_device__main_loop__alsa(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OSS
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_oss) {
        result = mal_device__main_loop__oss(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENAL
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_openal) {
        result = mal_device__main_loop__openal(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_NULL
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_null) {
        result = mal_device__main_loop__null(pDevice);
    }
#endif

    return result;
}

mal_thread_result MAL_THREADCALL mal_worker_thread(void* pData)
{
    mal_device* pDevice = (mal_device*)pData;
    mal_assert(pDevice != NULL);

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    mal_CoInitializeEx(pDevice->pContext, NULL, 0); // 0 = COINIT_MULTITHREADED
#endif

    // This is only used to prevent posting onStop() when the device is first initialized.
    mal_bool32 skipNextStopEvent = MAL_TRUE;

    for (;;) {
        // At the start of iteration the device is stopped - we must explicitly mark it as such.
        mal_device__stop_backend(pDevice);

        if (!skipNextStopEvent) {
            mal_stop_proc onStop = pDevice->onStop;
            if (onStop) {
                onStop(pDevice);
            }
        } else {
            skipNextStopEvent = MAL_FALSE;
        }


        // Let the other threads know that the device has stopped.
        mal_device__set_state(pDevice, MAL_STATE_STOPPED);
        mal_event_signal(&pDevice->stopEvent);

        // We use an event to wait for a request to wake up.
        mal_event_wait(&pDevice->wakeupEvent);

        // Default result code.
        pDevice->workResult = MAL_SUCCESS;

        // Just break if we're terminating.
        if (mal_device__get_state(pDevice) == MAL_STATE_UNINITIALIZED) {
            break;
        }


        // Getting here means we just started the device and we need to wait for the device to
        // either deliver us data (recording) or request more data (playback).
        mal_assert(mal_device__get_state(pDevice) == MAL_STATE_STARTING);

        pDevice->workResult = mal_device__start_backend(pDevice);
        if (pDevice->workResult != MAL_SUCCESS) {
            mal_event_signal(&pDevice->startEvent);
            continue;
        }

        // The thread that requested the device to start playing is waiting for this thread to start the
        // device for real, which is now.
        mal_device__set_state(pDevice, MAL_STATE_STARTED);
        mal_event_signal(&pDevice->startEvent);

        // Now we just enter the main loop. The main loop can be broken with mal_device__break_main_loop().
        mal_device__main_loop(pDevice);
    }

    // Make sure we aren't continuously waiting on a stop event.
    mal_event_signal(&pDevice->stopEvent);  // <-- Is this still needed?

#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    mal_CoUninitialize(pDevice->pContext);
#endif

    return (mal_thread_result)0;
}


// Helper for determining whether or not the given device is initialized.
mal_bool32 mal_device__is_initialized(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    if (pDevice == NULL) return MAL_FALSE;
    return mal_device__get_state(pDevice) != MAL_STATE_UNINITIALIZED;
}


#ifdef MAL_WIN32
mal_result mal_context_uninit_backend_apis__win32(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_CoUninitialize(pContext);
    mal_dlclose(pContext->win32.hUser32DLL);
    mal_dlclose(pContext->win32.hOle32DLL);

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_context_init_backend_apis__win32(mal_context* pContext)
{
#ifdef MAL_WIN32_DESKTOP
    // Ole32.dll
    pContext->win32.hOle32DLL = mal_dlopen("ole32.dll");
    if (pContext->win32.hOle32DLL == NULL) {
        return MAL_FAILED_TO_INIT_BACKEND;
    }

    pContext->win32.CoInitializeEx   = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->win32.hOle32DLL, "CoInitializeEx");
    pContext->win32.CoUninitialize   = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->win32.hOle32DLL, "CoUninitialize");
    pContext->win32.CoCreateInstance = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->win32.hOle32DLL, "CoCreateInstance");
    pContext->win32.CoTaskMemFree    = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->win32.hOle32DLL, "CoTaskMemFree");
    pContext->win32.PropVariantClear = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->win32.hOle32DLL, "PropVariantClear");


    // User32.dll
    pContext->win32.hUser32DLL = mal_dlopen("user32.dll");
    if (pContext->win32.hUser32DLL == NULL) {
        return MAL_FAILED_TO_INIT_BACKEND;
    }

    pContext->win32.GetForegroundWindow = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->win32.hUser32DLL, "GetForegroundWindow");
    pContext->win32.GetDesktopWindow    = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->win32.hUser32DLL, "GetDesktopWindow");
#endif

    mal_CoInitializeEx(pContext, NULL, 0);  // 0 = COINIT_MULTITHREADED
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}
#else
mal_result mal_context_uninit_backend_apis__nix(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_dlclose(pContext->posix.pthreadSO);

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_context_init_backend_apis__nix(mal_context* pContext)
{
    // pthread
#if !defined(MAL_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING)
    const char* libpthreadFileNames[] = {
        "libpthread.so",
        "libpthread.so.0",
        "libpthread.dylib"
    };

    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(libpthreadFileNames) / sizeof(libpthreadFileNames[0]); ++i) {
        pContext->posix.pthreadSO = mal_dlopen(libpthreadFileNames[i]);
        if (pContext->posix.pthreadSO != NULL) {
            break;
        }
    }

    if (pContext->posix.pthreadSO == NULL) {
        return MAL_FAILED_TO_INIT_BACKEND;
    }

    pContext->posix.pthread_create        = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->posix.pthreadSO, "pthread_create");
    pContext->posix.pthread_join          = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->posix.pthreadSO, "pthread_join");
    pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_init    = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->posix.pthreadSO, "pthread_mutex_init");
    pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_destroy = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->posix.pthreadSO, "pthread_mutex_destroy");
    pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_lock    = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->posix.pthreadSO, "pthread_mutex_lock");
    pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_unlock  = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->posix.pthreadSO, "pthread_mutex_unlock");
    pContext->posix.pthread_cond_init     = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->posix.pthreadSO, "pthread_cond_init");
    pContext->posix.pthread_cond_destroy  = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->posix.pthreadSO, "pthread_cond_destroy");
    pContext->posix.pthread_cond_wait     = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->posix.pthreadSO, "pthread_cond_wait");
    pContext->posix.pthread_cond_signal   = (mal_proc)mal_dlsym(pContext->posix.pthreadSO, "pthread_cond_signal");
#else
    pContext->posix.pthread_create        = (mal_proc)pthread_create;
    pContext->posix.pthread_join          = (mal_proc)pthread_join;
    pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_init    = (mal_proc)pthread_mutex_init;
    pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_destroy = (mal_proc)pthread_mutex_destroy;
    pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_lock    = (mal_proc)pthread_mutex_lock;
    pContext->posix.pthread_mutex_unlock  = (mal_proc)pthread_mutex_unlock;
    pContext->posix.pthread_cond_init     = (mal_proc)pthread_cond_init;
    pContext->posix.pthread_cond_destroy  = (mal_proc)pthread_cond_destroy;
    pContext->posix.pthread_cond_wait     = (mal_proc)pthread_cond_wait;
    pContext->posix.pthread_cond_signal   = (mal_proc)pthread_cond_signal;
#endif

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}
#endif

mal_result mal_context_init_backend_apis(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_result result = MAL_NO_BACKEND;
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    result = mal_context_init_backend_apis__win32(pContext);
#else
    result = mal_context_init_backend_apis__nix(pContext);
#endif

    return result;
}

mal_result mal_context_uninit_backend_apis(mal_context* pContext)
{
    mal_result result = MAL_NO_BACKEND;
#ifdef MAL_WIN32
    result = mal_context_uninit_backend_apis__win32(pContext);
#else
    result = mal_context_uninit_backend_apis__nix(pContext);
#endif

    return result;
}

mal_result mal_context_init(mal_backend backends[], mal_uint32 backendCount, const mal_context_config* pConfig, mal_context* pContext)
{
    if (pContext == NULL) return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;
    mal_zero_object(pContext);

    // Always make sure the config is set first to ensure properties are available as soon as possible.
    if (pConfig != NULL) {
        pContext->config = *pConfig;
    } else {
        pContext->config = mal_context_config_init(NULL);
    }

    // Backend APIs need to be initialized first. This is where external libraries will be loaded and linked.
    mal_result result = mal_context_init_backend_apis(pContext);
    if (result != MAL_SUCCESS) {
        return result;
    }

    static mal_backend defaultBackends[] = {
        mal_backend_wasapi,
        mal_backend_dsound,
        mal_backend_winmm,
        mal_backend_alsa,
        mal_backend_oss,
        mal_backend_opensl,
        mal_backend_openal,
        mal_backend_sdl,
        mal_backend_null
    };

    if (backends == NULL) {
        backends = defaultBackends;
        backendCount = sizeof(defaultBackends) / sizeof(defaultBackends[0]);
    }

    mal_assert(backends != NULL);

    for (mal_uint32 iBackend = 0; iBackend < backendCount; ++iBackend) {
        mal_backend backend = backends[iBackend];

        result = MAL_NO_BACKEND;
        switch (backend) {
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_WASAPI
            case mal_backend_wasapi:
            {
                result = mal_context_init__wasapi(pContext);
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_DSOUND
            case mal_backend_dsound:
            {
                result = mal_context_init__dsound(pContext);
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_WINMM
            case mal_backend_winmm:
            {
                result = mal_context_init__winmm(pContext);
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_ALSA
            case mal_backend_alsa:
            {
                result = mal_context_init__alsa(pContext);
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_OSS
            case mal_backend_oss:
            {
                result = mal_context_init__oss(pContext);
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENSL
            case mal_backend_opensl:
            {
                result = mal_context_init__opensl(pContext);
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENAL
            case mal_backend_openal:
            {
                result = mal_context_init__openal(pContext);
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_SDL
            case mal_backend_sdl:
            {
                result = mal_context_init__sdl(pContext);
            } break;
        #endif
        #ifdef MAL_HAS_NULL
            case mal_backend_null:
            {
                result = mal_context_init__null(pContext);
            } break;
        #endif

            default: break;
        }

        // If this iteration was successful, return.
        if (result == MAL_SUCCESS) {
            pContext->backend = backend;
            return result;
        }
    }

    mal_zero_object(pContext);  // Safety.
    return MAL_NO_BACKEND;
}

mal_result mal_context_uninit(mal_context* pContext)
{
    if (pContext == NULL) return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;

    switch (pContext->backend) {
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_WASAPI
        case mal_backend_wasapi:
        {
            return mal_context_uninit__wasapi(pContext);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_DSOUND
        case mal_backend_dsound:
        {
            return mal_context_uninit__dsound(pContext);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_WINMM
        case mal_backend_winmm:
        {
            return mal_context_uninit__winmm(pContext);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_ALSA
        case mal_backend_alsa:
        {
            return mal_context_uninit__alsa(pContext);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_OSS
        case mal_backend_oss:
        {
            return mal_context_uninit__oss(pContext);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENSL
        case mal_backend_opensl:
        {
            return mal_context_uninit__opensl(pContext);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENAL
        case mal_backend_openal:
        {
            return mal_context_uninit__openal(pContext);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_SDL
        case mal_backend_sdl:
        {
            return mal_context_uninit__sdl(pContext);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_NULL
        case mal_backend_null:
        {
            return mal_context_uninit__null(pContext);
        } break;
    #endif

        default: break;
    }

    mal_context_uninit_backend_apis(pContext);

    mal_assert(MAL_FALSE);
    return MAL_NO_BACKEND;
}


mal_result mal_enumerate_devices(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_uint32* pCount, mal_device_info* pInfo)
{
    if (pCount == NULL) return mal_post_error(NULL, "mal_enumerate_devices() called with invalid arguments (pCount == 0).", MAL_INVALID_ARGS);

    // The output buffer needs to be initialized to zero.
    if (pInfo != NULL) {
        mal_zero_memory(pInfo, (*pCount) * sizeof(*pInfo));
    }

    switch (pContext->backend)
    {
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_WASAPI
        case mal_backend_wasapi:
        {
            return mal_enumerate_devices__wasapi(pContext, type, pCount, pInfo);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_DSOUND
        case mal_backend_dsound:
        {
            return mal_enumerate_devices__dsound(pContext, type, pCount, pInfo);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_WINMM
        case mal_backend_winmm:
        {
            return mal_enumerate_devices__winmm(pContext, type, pCount, pInfo);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_ALSA
        case mal_backend_alsa:
        {
            return mal_enumerate_devices__alsa(pContext, type, pCount, pInfo);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_OSS
        case mal_backend_oss:
        {
            return mal_enumerate_devices__oss(pContext, type, pCount, pInfo);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENSL
        case mal_backend_opensl:
        {
            return mal_enumerate_devices__opensl(pContext, type, pCount, pInfo);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENAL
        case mal_backend_openal:
        {
            return mal_enumerate_devices__openal(pContext, type, pCount, pInfo);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_SDL
        case mal_backend_sdl:
        {
            return mal_enumerate_devices__sdl(pContext, type, pCount, pInfo);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_NULL
        case mal_backend_null:
        {
            return mal_enumerate_devices__null(pContext, type, pCount, pInfo);
        } break;
    #endif

        default: break;
    }

    mal_assert(MAL_FALSE);
    return MAL_NO_BACKEND;
}

mal_result mal_device_init(mal_context* pContext, mal_device_type type, mal_device_id* pDeviceID, const mal_device_config* pConfig, void* pUserData, mal_device* pDevice)
{
    if (pDevice == NULL) {
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_init() called with invalid arguments (pDevice == NULL).",  MAL_INVALID_ARGS);
    }
    if (pConfig == NULL) {
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_init() called with invalid arguments (pConfig == NULL).",  MAL_INVALID_ARGS);
    }

    // Make a copy of the config to ensure we don't override the caller's object.
    mal_device_config config = *pConfig;

    mal_zero_object(pDevice);
    pDevice->pContext = pContext;

    // Set the user data and log callback ASAP to ensure it is available for the entire initialization process.
    pDevice->pUserData = pUserData;
    pDevice->onStop = config.onStopCallback;
    pDevice->onSend = config.onSendCallback;
    pDevice->onRecv = config.onRecvCallback;

    if (((size_t)pDevice % sizeof(pDevice)) != 0) {
        if (pContext->config.onLog) {
            pContext->config.onLog(pContext, pDevice, "WARNING: mal_device_init() called for a device that is not properly aligned. Thread safety is not supported.");
        }
    }


    if (pContext == NULL) {
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_init() called with invalid arguments (pContext == NULL).", MAL_INVALID_ARGS);
    }


    // Basic config validation.
    if (config.channels == 0) {
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_init() called with an invalid config. Channel count must be greater than 0.", MAL_INVALID_DEVICE_CONFIG);
    }
    if (config.channels > MAL_MAX_CHANNELS) {
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_init() called with an invalid config. Channel count cannot exceed 18.", MAL_INVALID_DEVICE_CONFIG);
    }

    if (config.sampleRate == 0) {
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_init() called with an invalid config. Sample rate must be greater than 0.", MAL_INVALID_DEVICE_CONFIG);
    }

    if (!mal__is_channel_map_valid(pConfig->channelMap, pConfig->channels)) {
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_init() called with invalid arguments. Channel map is invalid.", MAL_INVALID_DEVICE_CONFIG);
    }


    // Default buffer size and periods.
    if (config.bufferSizeInFrames == 0) {
        config.bufferSizeInFrames = (config.sampleRate/1000) * MAL_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE_IN_MILLISECONDS;
        pDevice->usingDefaultBufferSize = MAL_TRUE;
    }
    if (config.periods == 0) {
        config.periods = MAL_DEFAULT_PERIODS;
        pDevice->usingDefaultPeriods = MAL_TRUE;
    }

    pDevice->type = type;
    pDevice->format = config.format;
    pDevice->channels = config.channels;
    mal_copy_memory(config.channelMap, config.channelMap, sizeof(config.channelMap[0]) * config.channels);
    pDevice->sampleRate = config.sampleRate;
    pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames = config.bufferSizeInFrames;
    pDevice->periods = config.periods;

    // The internal format, channel count and sample rate can be modified by the backend.
    pDevice->internalFormat = pDevice->format;
    pDevice->internalChannels = pDevice->channels;
    pDevice->internalSampleRate = pDevice->sampleRate;
    mal_copy_memory(pDevice->internalChannelMap, pDevice->channelMap, sizeof(pDevice->channelMap));

    if (mal_mutex_init(pContext, &pDevice->lock) != MAL_SUCCESS) {
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "Failed to create mutex.", MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_MUTEX);
    }

    // When the device is started, the worker thread is the one that does the actual startup of the backend device. We
    // use a semaphore to wait for the background thread to finish the work. The same applies for stopping the device.
    //
    // Each of these semaphores is released internally by the worker thread when the work is completed. The start
    // semaphore is also used to wake up the worker thread.
    if (mal_event_init(pContext, &pDevice->wakeupEvent) != MAL_SUCCESS) {
        mal_mutex_uninit(&pDevice->lock);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "Failed to create worker thread wakeup event.", MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_EVENT);
    }
    if (mal_event_init(pContext, &pDevice->startEvent) != MAL_SUCCESS) {
        mal_event_uninit(&pDevice->wakeupEvent);
        mal_mutex_uninit(&pDevice->lock);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "Failed to create worker thread start event.", MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_EVENT);
    }
    if (mal_event_init(pContext, &pDevice->stopEvent) != MAL_SUCCESS) {
        mal_event_uninit(&pDevice->startEvent);
        mal_event_uninit(&pDevice->wakeupEvent);
        mal_mutex_uninit(&pDevice->lock);
        return mal_post_error(pDevice, "Failed to create worker thread stop event.", MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_EVENT);
    }


    mal_result result = MAL_NO_BACKEND;
    switch (pContext->backend)
    {
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_WASAPI
        case mal_backend_wasapi:
        {
            result = mal_device_init__wasapi(pContext, type, pDeviceID, &config, pDevice);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_DSOUND
        case mal_backend_dsound:
        {
            result = mal_device_init__dsound(pContext, type, pDeviceID, &config, pDevice);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_WINMM
        case mal_backend_winmm:
        {
            result = mal_device_init__winmm(pContext, type, pDeviceID, &config, pDevice);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_ALSA
        case mal_backend_alsa:
        {
            result = mal_device_init__alsa(pContext, type, pDeviceID, &config, pDevice);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_OSS
        case mal_backend_oss:
        {
            result = mal_device_init__oss(pContext, type, pDeviceID, &config, pDevice);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENSL
        case mal_backend_opensl:
        {
            result = mal_device_init__opensl(pContext, type, pDeviceID, &config, pDevice);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENAL
        case mal_backend_openal:
        {
            result = mal_device_init__openal(pContext, type, pDeviceID, &config, pDevice);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_SDL
        case mal_backend_sdl:
        {
            result = mal_device_init__sdl(pContext, type, pDeviceID, &config, pDevice);
        } break;
    #endif
    #ifdef MAL_HAS_NULL
        case mal_backend_null:
        {
            result = mal_device_init__null(pContext, type, pDeviceID, &config, pDevice);
        } break;
    #endif

        default: break;
    }

    if (result != MAL_SUCCESS) {
        return MAL_NO_BACKEND;  // The error message will have been posted with mal_post_error() by the source of the error so don't bother calling it here.
    }


    // If the backend did not fill out a name for the device, try a generic method.
    if (pDevice->name[0] == '\0') {
        if (mal_context__try_get_device_name_by_id(pContext, type, pDeviceID, pDevice->name, sizeof(pDevice->name)) != MAL_SUCCESS) {
            // We failed to get the device name, so fall back to some generic names.
            if (pDeviceID == NULL) {
                if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
                    mal_strncpy_s(pDevice->name, sizeof(pDevice->name), "Default Playback Device", (size_t)-1);
                } else {
                    mal_strncpy_s(pDevice->name, sizeof(pDevice->name), "Default Capture Device", (size_t)-1);
                }
            } else {
                if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
                    mal_strncpy_s(pDevice->name, sizeof(pDevice->name), "Playback Device", (size_t)-1);
                } else {
                    mal_strncpy_s(pDevice->name, sizeof(pDevice->name), "Capture Device", (size_t)-1);
                }
            }
        }
    }


    // We need a DSP object which is where samples are moved through in order to convert them to the
    // format required by the backend.
    mal_dsp_config dspConfig;
    dspConfig.cacheSizeInFrames = pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames;
    if (type == mal_device_type_playback) {
        dspConfig.formatIn      = pDevice->format;
        dspConfig.channelsIn    = pDevice->channels;
        dspConfig.sampleRateIn  = pDevice->sampleRate;
        mal_copy_memory(dspConfig.channelMapIn, pDevice->channelMap, sizeof(dspConfig.channelMapIn));
        dspConfig.formatOut     = pDevice->internalFormat;
        dspConfig.channelsOut   = pDevice->internalChannels;
        dspConfig.sampleRateOut = pDevice->internalSampleRate;
        mal_copy_memory(dspConfig.channelMapOut, pDevice->internalChannelMap, sizeof(dspConfig.channelMapOut));
        mal_dsp_init(&dspConfig, mal_device__on_read_from_client, pDevice, &pDevice->dsp);
    } else {
        dspConfig.formatIn      = pDevice->internalFormat;
        dspConfig.channelsIn    = pDevice->internalChannels;
        dspConfig.sampleRateIn  = pDevice->internalSampleRate;
        mal_copy_memory(dspConfig.channelMapIn, pDevice->internalChannelMap, sizeof(dspConfig.channelMapIn));
        dspConfig.formatOut     = pDevice->format;
        dspConfig.channelsOut   = pDevice->channels;
        dspConfig.sampleRateOut = pDevice->sampleRate;
        mal_copy_memory(dspConfig.channelMapOut, pDevice->channelMap, sizeof(dspConfig.channelMapOut));
        mal_dsp_init(&dspConfig, mal_device__on_read_from_device, pDevice, &pDevice->dsp);
    }




    // Some backends don't require the worker thread.
    if (pContext->backend != mal_backend_opensl && pContext->backend != mal_backend_sdl) {
        // The worker thread.
        if (mal_thread_create(pContext, &pDevice->thread, mal_worker_thread, pDevice) != MAL_SUCCESS) {
            mal_device_uninit(pDevice);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "Failed to create worker thread.", MAL_FAILED_TO_CREATE_THREAD);
        }

        // Wait for the worker thread to put the device into it's stopped state for real.
        mal_event_wait(&pDevice->stopEvent);
    } else {
        mal_device__set_state(pDevice, MAL_STATE_STOPPED);
    }

    mal_assert(mal_device__get_state(pDevice) == MAL_STATE_STOPPED);
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

void mal_device_uninit(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    if (!mal_device__is_initialized(pDevice)) return;

    // Make sure the device is stopped first. The backends will probably handle this naturally,
    // but I like to do it explicitly for my own sanity.
    if (mal_device_is_started(pDevice)) {
        while (mal_device_stop(pDevice) == MAL_DEVICE_BUSY) {
            mal_sleep(1);
        }
    }

    // Putting the device into an uninitialized state will make the worker thread return.
    mal_device__set_state(pDevice, MAL_STATE_UNINITIALIZED);

    // Wake up the worker thread and wait for it to properly terminate.
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend != mal_backend_opensl && pDevice->pContext->backend != mal_backend_sdl) {
        mal_event_signal(&pDevice->wakeupEvent);
        mal_thread_wait(&pDevice->thread);
    }

    mal_event_uninit(&pDevice->stopEvent);
    mal_event_uninit(&pDevice->startEvent);
    mal_event_uninit(&pDevice->wakeupEvent);
    mal_mutex_uninit(&pDevice->lock);

#ifdef MAL_HAS_WASAPI
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_wasapi) {
        mal_device_uninit__wasapi(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_DSOUND
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_dsound) {
        mal_device_uninit__dsound(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_WINMM
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_winmm) {
        mal_device_uninit__winmm(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_ALSA
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_alsa) {
        mal_device_uninit__alsa(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OSS
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_oss) {
        mal_device_uninit__oss(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENSL
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_opensl) {
        mal_device_uninit__opensl(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENAL
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_openal) {
        mal_device_uninit__openal(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_SDL
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_sdl) {
        mal_device_uninit__sdl(pDevice);
    }
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_NULL
    if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_null) {
        mal_device_uninit__null(pDevice);
    }
#endif

    mal_zero_object(pDevice);
}

void mal_device_set_recv_callback(mal_device* pDevice, mal_recv_proc proc)
{
    if (pDevice == NULL) return;
    mal_atomic_exchange_ptr(&pDevice->onRecv, proc);
}

void mal_device_set_send_callback(mal_device* pDevice, mal_send_proc proc)
{
    if (pDevice == NULL) return;
    mal_atomic_exchange_ptr(&pDevice->onSend, proc);
}

void mal_device_set_stop_callback(mal_device* pDevice, mal_stop_proc proc)
{
    if (pDevice == NULL) return;
    mal_atomic_exchange_ptr(&pDevice->onStop, proc);
}

mal_result mal_device_start(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    if (pDevice == NULL) return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_start() called with invalid arguments (pDevice == NULL).", MAL_INVALID_ARGS);
    if (mal_device__get_state(pDevice) == MAL_STATE_UNINITIALIZED) return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_start() called for an uninitialized device.", MAL_DEVICE_NOT_INITIALIZED);

    mal_result result = MAL_ERROR;
    mal_mutex_lock(&pDevice->lock);
    {
        // Be a bit more descriptive if the device is already started or is already in the process of starting. This is likely
        // a bug with the application.
        if (mal_device__get_state(pDevice) == MAL_STATE_STARTING) {
            mal_mutex_unlock(&pDevice->lock);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_start() called while another thread is already starting it.", MAL_DEVICE_ALREADY_STARTING);
        }
        if (mal_device__get_state(pDevice) == MAL_STATE_STARTED) {
            mal_mutex_unlock(&pDevice->lock);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_start() called for a device that's already started.", MAL_DEVICE_ALREADY_STARTED);
        }

        // The device needs to be in a stopped state. If it's not, we just let the caller know the device is busy.
        if (mal_device__get_state(pDevice) != MAL_STATE_STOPPED) {
            mal_mutex_unlock(&pDevice->lock);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_start() called while another thread is in the process of stopping it.", MAL_DEVICE_BUSY);
        }

        mal_device__set_state(pDevice, MAL_STATE_STARTING);

        // Asynchronous backends need to be handled differently.
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENSL
        if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_opensl) {
            result = mal_device__start_backend__opensl(pDevice);
            if (result == MAL_SUCCESS) {
                mal_device__set_state(pDevice, MAL_STATE_STARTED);
            }
        } else
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_SDL
        if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_sdl) {
            result = mal_device__start_backend__sdl(pDevice);
            if (result == MAL_SUCCESS) {
                mal_device__set_state(pDevice, MAL_STATE_STARTED);
            }
        } else
#endif
        // Synchronous backends.
        {
            mal_event_signal(&pDevice->wakeupEvent);

            // Wait for the worker thread to finish starting the device. Note that the worker thread will be the one
            // who puts the device into the started state. Don't call mal_device__set_state() here.
            mal_event_wait(&pDevice->startEvent);
            result = pDevice->workResult;
        }
    }
    mal_mutex_unlock(&pDevice->lock);

    return result;
}

mal_result mal_device_stop(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    if (pDevice == NULL) return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_stop() called with invalid arguments (pDevice == NULL).", MAL_INVALID_ARGS);
    if (mal_device__get_state(pDevice) == MAL_STATE_UNINITIALIZED) return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_stop() called for an uninitialized device.", MAL_DEVICE_NOT_INITIALIZED);

    mal_result result = MAL_ERROR;
    mal_mutex_lock(&pDevice->lock);
    {
        // Be a bit more descriptive if the device is already stopped or is already in the process of stopping. This is likely
        // a bug with the application.
        if (mal_device__get_state(pDevice) == MAL_STATE_STOPPING) {
            mal_mutex_unlock(&pDevice->lock);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_stop() called while another thread is already stopping it.", MAL_DEVICE_ALREADY_STOPPING);
        }
        if (mal_device__get_state(pDevice) == MAL_STATE_STOPPED) {
            mal_mutex_unlock(&pDevice->lock);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_stop() called for a device that's already stopped.", MAL_DEVICE_ALREADY_STOPPED);
        }

        // The device needs to be in a started state. If it's not, we just let the caller know the device is busy.
        if (mal_device__get_state(pDevice) != MAL_STATE_STARTED) {
            mal_mutex_unlock(&pDevice->lock);
            return mal_post_error(pDevice, "mal_device_stop() called while another thread is in the process of starting it.", MAL_DEVICE_BUSY);
        }

        mal_device__set_state(pDevice, MAL_STATE_STOPPING);

        // There's no need to wake up the thread like we do when starting.

        // Asynchronous backends need to be handled differently.
#ifdef MAL_HAS_OPENSL
        if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_opensl) {
            mal_device__stop_backend__opensl(pDevice);
        } else
#endif
#ifdef MAL_HAS_SDL
        if (pDevice->pContext->backend == mal_backend_sdl) {
            mal_device__stop_backend__sdl(pDevice);
        } else
#endif
        // Synchronous backends.
        {
            // When we get here the worker thread is likely in a wait state while waiting for the backend device to deliver or request
            // audio data. We need to force these to return as quickly as possible.
            mal_device__break_main_loop(pDevice);

            // We need to wait for the worker thread to become available for work before returning. Note that the worker thread will be
            // the one who puts the device into the stopped state. Don't call mal_device__set_state() here.
            mal_event_wait(&pDevice->stopEvent);
            result = MAL_SUCCESS;
        }
    }
    mal_mutex_unlock(&pDevice->lock);

    return result;
}

mal_bool32 mal_device_is_started(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    if (pDevice == NULL) return MAL_FALSE;
    return mal_device__get_state(pDevice) == MAL_STATE_STARTED;
}

mal_uint32 mal_device_get_buffer_size_in_bytes(mal_device* pDevice)
{
    if (pDevice == NULL) return 0;
    return pDevice->bufferSizeInFrames * pDevice->channels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDevice->format);
}

mal_uint32 mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(mal_format format)
{
    mal_uint32 sizes[] = {
        0,  // unknown
        1,  // u8
        2,  // s16
        3,  // s24
        4,  // s32
        4,  // f32
    };
    return sizes[format];
}

mal_context_config mal_context_config_init(mal_log_proc onLog)
{
    mal_context_config config;
    mal_zero_object(&config);

    config.onLog = onLog;

    return config;
}

mal_device_config mal_device_config_init(mal_format format, mal_uint32 channels, mal_uint32 sampleRate, mal_recv_proc onRecvCallback, mal_send_proc onSendCallback)
{
    mal_device_config config;
    mal_zero_object(&config);

    config.format = format;
    config.channels = channels;
    config.sampleRate = sampleRate;
    config.onRecvCallback = onRecvCallback;
    config.onSendCallback = onSendCallback;

    switch (channels)
    {
        case 1:
        {
            config.channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
        } break;

        case 2:
        {
            config.channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
            config.channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
        } break;

        case 3:
        {
            config.channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
            config.channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
            config.channelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
        } break;

        case 4:
        {
            config.channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
            config.channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
            config.channelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT;
            config.channelMap[3] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT;
        } break;

        case 5:
        {
            config.channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
            config.channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
            config.channelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT;
            config.channelMap[3] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT;
            config.channelMap[4] = MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
        } break;

        case 6:
        {
            config.channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
            config.channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
            config.channelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
            config.channelMap[3] = MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
            config.channelMap[4] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT;
            config.channelMap[5] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT;
        } break;

        case 8:
        {
            config.channelMap[0] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT;
            config.channelMap[1] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT;
            config.channelMap[2] = MAL_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER;
            config.channelMap[3] = MAL_CHANNEL_LFE;
            config.channelMap[4] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT;
            config.channelMap[5] = MAL_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT;
            config.channelMap[6] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT;
            config.channelMap[7] = MAL_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT;
        } break;

        default:
        {
            // Just leave it all blank in this case. This will use the same mapping as the device's native mapping.
        } break;
    }

    return config;
}


//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// SRC
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

void mal_src_cache_init(mal_src* pSRC, mal_src_cache* pCache)
{
    mal_assert(pSRC != NULL);
    mal_assert(pCache != NULL);

    pCache->pSRC = pSRC;
    pCache->cachedFrameCount = 0;
    pCache->iNextFrame = 0;
}

mal_uint32 mal_src_cache_read_frames(mal_src_cache* pCache, mal_uint32 frameCount, float* pFramesOut)
{
    mal_assert(pCache != NULL);
    mal_assert(pCache->pSRC != NULL);
    mal_assert(pCache->pSRC->onRead != NULL);
    mal_assert(frameCount > 0);
    mal_assert(pFramesOut != NULL);

    mal_uint32 channels = pCache->pSRC->config.channels;

    mal_uint32 totalFramesRead = 0;
    while (frameCount > 0) {
        // If there's anything in memory go ahead and copy that over first.
        mal_uint32 framesRemainingInMemory = pCache->cachedFrameCount - pCache->iNextFrame;
        mal_uint32 framesToReadFromMemory = frameCount;
        if (framesToReadFromMemory > framesRemainingInMemory) {
            framesToReadFromMemory = framesRemainingInMemory;
        }

        mal_copy_memory(pFramesOut, pCache->pCachedFrames + pCache->iNextFrame*channels, framesToReadFromMemory * channels * sizeof(float));
        pCache->iNextFrame += framesToReadFromMemory;

        totalFramesRead += framesToReadFromMemory;
        frameCount -= framesToReadFromMemory;
        if (frameCount == 0) {
            break;
        }


        // At this point there are still more frames to read from the client, so we'll need to reload the cache with fresh data.
        mal_assert(frameCount > 0);
        pFramesOut += framesToReadFromMemory * channels;

        pCache->iNextFrame = 0;
        pCache->cachedFrameCount = 0;
        if (pCache->pSRC->config.formatIn == mal_format_f32) {
            // No need for a conversion - read straight into the cache.
            mal_uint32 framesToReadFromClient = mal_countof(pCache->pCachedFrames) / pCache->pSRC->config.channels;
            if (framesToReadFromClient > pCache->pSRC->config.cacheSizeInFrames) {
                framesToReadFromClient = pCache->pSRC->config.cacheSizeInFrames;
            }

            pCache->cachedFrameCount = pCache->pSRC->onRead(pCache->pSRC, framesToReadFromClient, pCache->pCachedFrames, pCache->pSRC->pUserData);
        } else {
            // A format conversion is required which means we need to use an intermediary buffer.
            mal_uint8 pIntermediaryBuffer[sizeof(pCache->pCachedFrames)];
            mal_uint32 framesToReadFromClient = mal_min(mal_buffer_frame_capacity(pIntermediaryBuffer, channels, pCache->pSRC->config.formatIn), mal_buffer_frame_capacity(pCache->pCachedFrames, channels, mal_format_f32));
            if (framesToReadFromClient > pCache->pSRC->config.cacheSizeInFrames) {
                framesToReadFromClient = pCache->pSRC->config.cacheSizeInFrames;
            }

            pCache->cachedFrameCount = pCache->pSRC->onRead(pCache->pSRC, framesToReadFromClient, pIntermediaryBuffer, pCache->pSRC->pUserData);

            // Convert to f32.
            mal_pcm_convert(pCache->pCachedFrames, mal_format_f32, pIntermediaryBuffer, pCache->pSRC->config.formatIn, pCache->cachedFrameCount * channels);
        }


        // Get out of this loop if nothing was able to be retrieved.
        if (pCache->cachedFrameCount == 0) {
            break;
        }
    }

    return totalFramesRead;
}


mal_uint32 mal_src_read_frames_passthrough(mal_src* pSRC, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut, mal_bool32 flush);
mal_uint32 mal_src_read_frames_linear(mal_src* pSRC, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut, mal_bool32 flush);

mal_result mal_src_init(mal_src_config* pConfig, mal_src_read_proc onRead, void* pUserData, mal_src* pSRC)
{
    if (pSRC == NULL) return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;
    mal_zero_object(pSRC);

    if (pConfig == NULL || onRead == NULL) return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;
    if (pConfig->channels == 0 || pConfig->channels > MAL_MAX_CHANNELS) return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;

    pSRC->config = *pConfig;
    pSRC->onRead = onRead;
    pSRC->pUserData = pUserData;

    if (pSRC->config.cacheSizeInFrames > MAL_SRC_CACHE_SIZE_IN_FRAMES || pSRC->config.cacheSizeInFrames == 0) {
        pSRC->config.cacheSizeInFrames = MAL_SRC_CACHE_SIZE_IN_FRAMES;
    }

    mal_src_cache_init(pSRC, &pSRC->cache);
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_src_set_output_sample_rate(mal_src* pSRC, mal_uint32 sampleRateOut)
{
    if (pSRC == NULL) return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;

    // Must have a sample rate of > 0.
    if (sampleRateOut == 0) {
        return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;
    }

    pSRC->config.sampleRateOut = sampleRateOut;
    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_uint32 mal_src_read_frames(mal_src* pSRC, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut)
{
    return mal_src_read_frames_ex(pSRC, frameCount, pFramesOut, MAL_FALSE);
}

mal_uint32 mal_src_read_frames_ex(mal_src* pSRC, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut, mal_bool32 flush)
{
    if (pSRC == NULL || frameCount == 0 || pFramesOut == NULL) return 0;

    mal_src_algorithm algorithm = pSRC->config.algorithm;

    // Always use passthrough if the sample rates are the same.
    if (pSRC->config.sampleRateIn == pSRC->config.sampleRateOut) {
        algorithm = mal_src_algorithm_none;
    }

    // Could just use a function pointer instead of a switch for this...
    switch (algorithm)
    {
        case mal_src_algorithm_none:   return mal_src_read_frames_passthrough(pSRC, frameCount, pFramesOut, flush);
        case mal_src_algorithm_linear: return mal_src_read_frames_linear(pSRC, frameCount, pFramesOut, flush);
        default: return 0;
    }
}

mal_uint32 mal_src_read_frames_passthrough(mal_src* pSRC, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut, mal_bool32 flush)
{
    mal_assert(pSRC != NULL);
    mal_assert(frameCount > 0);
    mal_assert(pFramesOut != NULL);

    (void)flush;    // Passthrough need not care about flushing.

    // Fast path. No need for data conversion - just pass right through.
    if (pSRC->config.formatIn == pSRC->config.formatOut) {
        return pSRC->onRead(pSRC, frameCount, pFramesOut, pSRC->pUserData);
    }

    // Slower path. Need to do a format conversion.
    mal_uint32 totalFramesRead = 0;
    while (frameCount > 0) {
        mal_uint8 pStagingBuffer[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS * 2048];
        mal_uint32 stagingBufferSizeInFrames = sizeof(pStagingBuffer) / mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pSRC->config.formatIn) / pSRC->config.channels;
        mal_uint32 framesToRead = stagingBufferSizeInFrames;
        if (framesToRead > frameCount) {
            framesToRead = frameCount;
        }

        mal_uint32 framesRead = pSRC->onRead(pSRC, framesToRead, pStagingBuffer, pSRC->pUserData);
        if (framesRead == 0) {
            break;
        }

        mal_pcm_convert(pFramesOut, pSRC->config.formatOut, pStagingBuffer, pSRC->config.formatIn, framesRead * pSRC->config.channels);

        pFramesOut  = (mal_uint8*)pFramesOut + (framesRead * pSRC->config.channels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pSRC->config.formatOut));
        frameCount -= framesRead;
        totalFramesRead += framesRead;
    }

    return totalFramesRead;
}

mal_uint32 mal_src_read_frames_linear(mal_src* pSRC, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut, mal_bool32 flush)
{
    mal_assert(pSRC != NULL);
    mal_assert(frameCount > 0);
    mal_assert(pFramesOut != NULL);

    // For linear SRC, the bin is only 2 frames: 1 prior, 1 future.

    // Load the bin if necessary.
    if (!pSRC->linear.isPrevFramesLoaded) {
        mal_uint32 framesRead = mal_src_cache_read_frames(&pSRC->cache, 1, pSRC->bin);
        if (framesRead == 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        pSRC->linear.isPrevFramesLoaded = MAL_TRUE;
    }
    if (!pSRC->linear.isNextFramesLoaded) {
        mal_uint32 framesRead = mal_src_cache_read_frames(&pSRC->cache, 1, pSRC->bin + pSRC->config.channels);
        if (framesRead == 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        pSRC->linear.isNextFramesLoaded = MAL_TRUE;
    }

    float factor = (float)pSRC->config.sampleRateIn / pSRC->config.sampleRateOut;

    mal_uint32 totalFramesRead = 0;
    while (frameCount > 0) {
        // The bin is where the previous and next frames are located.
        float* pPrevFrame = pSRC->bin;
        float* pNextFrame = pSRC->bin + pSRC->config.channels;

        float pFrame[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS];
        mal_blend_f32(pFrame, pPrevFrame, pNextFrame, pSRC->linear.alpha, pSRC->config.channels);

        pSRC->linear.alpha += factor;

        // The new alpha value is how we determine whether or not we need to read fresh frames.
        mal_uint32 framesToReadFromClient = (mal_uint32)pSRC->linear.alpha;
        pSRC->linear.alpha = pSRC->linear.alpha - framesToReadFromClient;

        for (mal_uint32 i = 0; i < framesToReadFromClient; ++i) {
            for (mal_uint32 j = 0; j < pSRC->config.channels; ++j) {
                pPrevFrame[j] = pNextFrame[j];
            }

            mal_uint32 framesRead = mal_src_cache_read_frames(&pSRC->cache, 1, pNextFrame);
            if (framesRead == 0) {
                for (mal_uint32 j = 0; j < pSRC->config.channels; ++j) {
                    pNextFrame[j] = 0;
                }

                if (pSRC->linear.isNextFramesLoaded) {
                    pSRC->linear.isNextFramesLoaded = MAL_FALSE;
                } else {
                    if (flush) {
                        pSRC->linear.isPrevFramesLoaded = MAL_FALSE;
                    }
                }

                break;
            }
        }

        mal_pcm_convert(pFramesOut, pSRC->config.formatOut, pFrame, mal_format_f32, 1 * pSRC->config.channels);

        pFramesOut  = (mal_uint8*)pFramesOut + (1 * pSRC->config.channels * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pSRC->config.formatOut));
        frameCount -= 1;
        totalFramesRead += 1;

        // If there's no frames available we need to get out of this loop.
        if (!pSRC->linear.isNextFramesLoaded && (!flush || !pSRC->linear.isPrevFramesLoaded)) {
            break;
        }
    }

    return totalFramesRead;
}



//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// FORMAT CONVERSION
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void mal_pcm_u8_to_s16(short* pOut, const unsigned char* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_u8_to_s24(void* pOut, const unsigned char* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_u8_to_s32(int* pOut, const unsigned char* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_u8_to_f32(float* pOut, const unsigned char* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s16_to_u8(unsigned char* pOut, const short* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s16_to_s24(void* pOut, const short* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s16_to_s32(int* pOut, const short* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s16_to_f32(float* pOut, const short* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s24_to_u8(unsigned char* pOut, const void* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s24_to_s16(short* pOut, const void* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s24_to_s32(int* pOut, const void* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s24_to_f32(float* pOut, const void* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s32_to_u8(unsigned char* pOut, const int* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s32_to_s16(short* pOut, const int* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s32_to_s24(void* pOut, const int* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_s32_to_f32(float* pOut, const int* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_f32_to_u8(unsigned char* pOut, const float* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_f32_to_s16(short* pOut, const float* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_f32_to_s24(void* pOut, const float* pIn, unsigned int count);
void mal_pcm_f32_to_s32(int* pOut, const float* pIn, unsigned int count);

void mal_pcm_convert(void* pOut, mal_format formatOut, const void* pIn, mal_format formatIn, unsigned int sampleCount)
{
    if (formatOut == formatIn) {
        mal_copy_memory(pOut, pIn, sampleCount * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(formatOut));
        return;
    }

    switch (formatIn)
    {
        case mal_format_u8:
        {
            switch (formatOut)
            {
                case mal_format_s16: mal_pcm_u8_to_s16((short*)pOut, (const unsigned char*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_s24: mal_pcm_u8_to_s24(        pOut, (const unsigned char*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_s32: mal_pcm_u8_to_s32(  (int*)pOut, (const unsigned char*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_f32: mal_pcm_u8_to_f32((float*)pOut, (const unsigned char*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                default: break;
            }
        } break;

        case mal_format_s16:
        {
            switch (formatOut)
            {
                case mal_format_u8:  mal_pcm_s16_to_u8( (unsigned char*)pOut, (const short*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_s24: mal_pcm_s16_to_s24(                pOut, (const short*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_s32: mal_pcm_s16_to_s32(          (int*)pOut, (const short*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_f32: mal_pcm_s16_to_f32(        (float*)pOut, (const short*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                default: break;
            }
        } break;

        case mal_format_s24:
        {
            switch (formatOut)
            {
                case mal_format_u8:  mal_pcm_s24_to_u8( (unsigned char*)pOut, pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_s16: mal_pcm_s24_to_s16(        (short*)pOut, pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_s32: mal_pcm_s24_to_s32(          (int*)pOut, pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_f32: mal_pcm_s24_to_f32(        (float*)pOut, pIn, sampleCount); return;
                default: break;
            }
        } break;

        case mal_format_s32:
        {
            switch (formatOut)
            {
                case mal_format_u8:  mal_pcm_s32_to_u8( (unsigned char*)pOut, (const int*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_s16: mal_pcm_s32_to_s16(        (short*)pOut, (const int*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_s24: mal_pcm_s32_to_s24(                pOut, (const int*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_f32: mal_pcm_s32_to_f32(        (float*)pOut, (const int*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                default: break;
            }
        } break;

        case mal_format_f32:
        {
            switch (formatOut)
            {
                case mal_format_u8:  mal_pcm_f32_to_u8( (unsigned char*)pOut, (const float*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_s16: mal_pcm_f32_to_s16(        (short*)pOut, (const float*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_s24: mal_pcm_f32_to_s24(                pOut, (const float*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                case mal_format_s32: mal_pcm_f32_to_s32(          (int*)pOut, (const float*)pIn, sampleCount); return;
                default: break;
            }
        } break;

        default: break;
    }
}


static void mal_rearrange_channels_u8(mal_uint8* pFrame, mal_uint32 channels, mal_uint8 channelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS])
{
    mal_uint8 temp[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS];
    mal_copy_memory(temp, pFrame, sizeof(temp[0]) * channels);

    switch (channels) {
        case 18: pFrame[17] = temp[channelMap[17]];
        case 17: pFrame[16] = temp[channelMap[16]];
        case 16: pFrame[15] = temp[channelMap[15]];
        case 15: pFrame[14] = temp[channelMap[14]];
        case 14: pFrame[13] = temp[channelMap[13]];
        case 13: pFrame[12] = temp[channelMap[12]];
        case 12: pFrame[11] = temp[channelMap[11]];
        case 11: pFrame[10] = temp[channelMap[10]];
        case 10: pFrame[ 9] = temp[channelMap[ 9]];
        case  9: pFrame[ 8] = temp[channelMap[ 8]];
        case  8: pFrame[ 7] = temp[channelMap[ 7]];
        case  7: pFrame[ 6] = temp[channelMap[ 6]];
        case  6: pFrame[ 5] = temp[channelMap[ 5]];
        case  5: pFrame[ 4] = temp[channelMap[ 4]];
        case  4: pFrame[ 3] = temp[channelMap[ 3]];
        case  3: pFrame[ 2] = temp[channelMap[ 2]];
        case  2: pFrame[ 1] = temp[channelMap[ 1]];
        case  1: pFrame[ 0] = temp[channelMap[ 0]];
    }
}

static void mal_rearrange_channels_s16(mal_int16* pFrame, mal_uint32 channels, mal_uint8 channelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS])
{
    mal_int16 temp[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS];
    mal_copy_memory(temp, pFrame, sizeof(temp[0]) * channels);

    switch (channels) {
        case 18: pFrame[17] = temp[channelMap[17]];
        case 17: pFrame[16] = temp[channelMap[16]];
        case 16: pFrame[15] = temp[channelMap[15]];
        case 15: pFrame[14] = temp[channelMap[14]];
        case 14: pFrame[13] = temp[channelMap[13]];
        case 13: pFrame[12] = temp[channelMap[12]];
        case 12: pFrame[11] = temp[channelMap[11]];
        case 11: pFrame[10] = temp[channelMap[10]];
        case 10: pFrame[ 9] = temp[channelMap[ 9]];
        case  9: pFrame[ 8] = temp[channelMap[ 8]];
        case  8: pFrame[ 7] = temp[channelMap[ 7]];
        case  7: pFrame[ 6] = temp[channelMap[ 6]];
        case  6: pFrame[ 5] = temp[channelMap[ 5]];
        case  5: pFrame[ 4] = temp[channelMap[ 4]];
        case  4: pFrame[ 3] = temp[channelMap[ 3]];
        case  3: pFrame[ 2] = temp[channelMap[ 2]];
        case  2: pFrame[ 1] = temp[channelMap[ 1]];
        case  1: pFrame[ 0] = temp[channelMap[ 0]];
    }
}

static void mal_rearrange_channels_s32(mal_int32* pFrame, mal_uint32 channels, mal_uint8 channelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS])
{
    mal_int32 temp[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS];
    mal_copy_memory(temp, pFrame, sizeof(temp[0]) * channels);

    switch (channels) {
        case 18: pFrame[17] = temp[channelMap[17]];
        case 17: pFrame[16] = temp[channelMap[16]];
        case 16: pFrame[15] = temp[channelMap[15]];
        case 15: pFrame[14] = temp[channelMap[14]];
        case 14: pFrame[13] = temp[channelMap[13]];
        case 13: pFrame[12] = temp[channelMap[12]];
        case 12: pFrame[11] = temp[channelMap[11]];
        case 11: pFrame[10] = temp[channelMap[10]];
        case 10: pFrame[ 9] = temp[channelMap[ 9]];
        case  9: pFrame[ 8] = temp[channelMap[ 8]];
        case  8: pFrame[ 7] = temp[channelMap[ 7]];
        case  7: pFrame[ 6] = temp[channelMap[ 6]];
        case  6: pFrame[ 5] = temp[channelMap[ 5]];
        case  5: pFrame[ 4] = temp[channelMap[ 4]];
        case  4: pFrame[ 3] = temp[channelMap[ 3]];
        case  3: pFrame[ 2] = temp[channelMap[ 2]];
        case  2: pFrame[ 1] = temp[channelMap[ 1]];
        case  1: pFrame[ 0] = temp[channelMap[ 0]];
    }
}

static void mal_rearrange_channels_f32(float* pFrame, mal_uint32 channels, mal_uint8 channelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS])
{
    float temp[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS];
    mal_copy_memory(temp, pFrame, sizeof(temp[0]) * channels);

    switch (channels) {
        case 18: pFrame[17] = temp[channelMap[17]];
        case 17: pFrame[16] = temp[channelMap[16]];
        case 16: pFrame[15] = temp[channelMap[15]];
        case 15: pFrame[14] = temp[channelMap[14]];
        case 14: pFrame[13] = temp[channelMap[13]];
        case 13: pFrame[12] = temp[channelMap[12]];
        case 12: pFrame[11] = temp[channelMap[11]];
        case 11: pFrame[10] = temp[channelMap[10]];
        case 10: pFrame[ 9] = temp[channelMap[ 9]];
        case  9: pFrame[ 8] = temp[channelMap[ 8]];
        case  8: pFrame[ 7] = temp[channelMap[ 7]];
        case  7: pFrame[ 6] = temp[channelMap[ 6]];
        case  6: pFrame[ 5] = temp[channelMap[ 5]];
        case  5: pFrame[ 4] = temp[channelMap[ 4]];
        case  4: pFrame[ 3] = temp[channelMap[ 3]];
        case  3: pFrame[ 2] = temp[channelMap[ 2]];
        case  2: pFrame[ 1] = temp[channelMap[ 1]];
        case  1: pFrame[ 0] = temp[channelMap[ 0]];
    }
}

static void mal_rearrange_channels_generic(void* pFrame, mal_uint32 channels, mal_uint8 channelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS], mal_format format)
{
    mal_uint32 sampleSizeInBytes = mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(format);

    mal_uint8 temp[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS * 8];   // x8 to ensure it's large enough for all formats.
    mal_copy_memory(temp, pFrame, sampleSizeInBytes * channels);

    switch (channels) {
        case 18: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + (17 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[17] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case 17: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + (16 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[16] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case 16: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + (15 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[15] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case 15: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + (14 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[14] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case 14: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + (13 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[13] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case 13: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + (12 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[12] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case 12: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + (11 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[11] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case 11: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + (10 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[10] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case 10: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + ( 9 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[ 9] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case  9: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + ( 8 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[ 8] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case  8: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + ( 7 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[ 7] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case  7: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + ( 6 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[ 6] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case  6: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + ( 5 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[ 5] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case  5: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + ( 4 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[ 4] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case  4: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + ( 3 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[ 3] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case  3: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + ( 2 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[ 2] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case  2: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + ( 1 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[ 1] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
        case  1: mal_copy_memory((mal_uint8*)pFrame + ( 0 * sampleSizeInBytes), &temp[channelMap[ 0] * sampleSizeInBytes], sampleSizeInBytes);
    }
}

static void mal_rearrange_channels(void* pFrame, mal_uint32 channels, mal_uint8 channelMap[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS], mal_format format)
{
    switch (format)
    {
    case mal_format_u8:  mal_rearrange_channels_u8( (mal_uint8*)pFrame, channels, channelMap); break;
    case mal_format_s16: mal_rearrange_channels_s16((mal_int16*)pFrame, channels, channelMap); break;
    case mal_format_s32: mal_rearrange_channels_s32((mal_int32*)pFrame, channels, channelMap); break;
    case mal_format_f32: mal_rearrange_channels_f32(    (float*)pFrame, channels, channelMap); break;
    default:             mal_rearrange_channels_generic(pFrame, channels, channelMap, format); break;
    }
}

static void mal_dsp_mix_channels__dec(float* pFramesOut, mal_uint32 channelsOut, const mal_uint8 channelMapOut[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS], const float* pFramesIn, mal_uint32 channelsIn, const mal_uint8 channelMapIn[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS], mal_uint32 frameCount, mal_channel_mix_mode mode)
{
    mal_assert(pFramesOut != NULL);
    mal_assert(channelsOut > 0);
    mal_assert(pFramesIn != NULL);
    mal_assert(channelsIn > 0);
    mal_assert(channelsOut < channelsIn);

    (void)channelMapOut;
    (void)channelMapIn;

    if (mode == mal_channel_mix_mode_basic) {
        // Basic mode is where we just drop excess channels.
        for (mal_uint32 iFrame = 0; iFrame < frameCount; ++iFrame) {
            switch (channelsOut) {
                case 17: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+16] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+16];
                case 16: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+15] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+15];
                case 15: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+14] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+14];
                case 14: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+13] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+13];
                case 13: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+12] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+12];
                case 12: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+11] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+11];
                case 11: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+10] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+10];
                case 10: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 9] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 9];
                case  9: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 8] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 8];
                case  8: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 7] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 7];
                case  7: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 6] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 6];
                case  6: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 5] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 5];
                case  5: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 4] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 4];
                case  4: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 3] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 3];
                case  3: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 2] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 2];
                case  2: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 1] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 1];
                case  1: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 0] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 0];
            }
        }
    } else {
        // Blend mode is where we just use simple averaging to blend based on spacial locality.
        if (channelsOut == 1) {
            for (mal_uint32 iFrame = 0; iFrame < frameCount; ++iFrame) {
                float total = 0;
                switch (channelsIn) {
                    case 18: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+17];
                    case 17: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+16];
                    case 16: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+15];
                    case 15: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+14];
                    case 14: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+13];
                    case 13: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+12];
                    case 12: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+11];
                    case 11: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+10];
                    case 10: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 9];
                    case  9: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 8];
                    case  8: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 7];
                    case  7: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 6];
                    case  6: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 5];
                    case  5: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 4];
                    case  4: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 3];
                    case  3: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 2];
                    case  2: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 1];
                    case  1: total += pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 0];
                }

                pFramesOut[iFrame+0] = total / channelsIn;
            }
        } else if (channelsOut == 2) {
            // TODO: Implement proper stereo blending.
            mal_dsp_mix_channels__dec(pFramesOut, channelsOut, channelMapOut, pFramesIn, channelsIn, channelMapIn, frameCount, mal_channel_mix_mode_basic);
        } else {
            // Fall back to basic mode.
            mal_dsp_mix_channels__dec(pFramesOut, channelsOut, channelMapOut, pFramesIn, channelsIn, channelMapIn, frameCount, mal_channel_mix_mode_basic);
        }
    }
}

static void mal_dsp_mix_channels__inc(float* pFramesOut, mal_uint32 channelsOut, const mal_uint8 channelMapOut[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS], const float* pFramesIn, mal_uint32 channelsIn, const mal_uint8 channelMapIn[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS], mal_uint32 frameCount, mal_channel_mix_mode mode)
{
    mal_assert(pFramesOut != NULL);
    mal_assert(channelsOut > 0);
    mal_assert(pFramesIn != NULL);
    mal_assert(channelsIn > 0);
    mal_assert(channelsOut > channelsIn);

    (void)channelMapOut;
    (void)channelMapIn;

    if (mode == mal_channel_mix_mode_basic) {\
        // Basic mode is where we just zero out extra channels.
        for (mal_uint32 iFrame = 0; iFrame < frameCount; ++iFrame) {
            switch (channelsIn) {
                case 17: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+16] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+16];
                case 16: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+15] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+15];
                case 15: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+14] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+14];
                case 14: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+13] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+13];
                case 13: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+12] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+12];
                case 12: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+11] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+11];
                case 11: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+10] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+10];
                case 10: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 9] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 9];
                case  9: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 8] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 8];
                case  8: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 7] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 7];
                case  7: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 6] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 6];
                case  6: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 5] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 5];
                case  5: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 4] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 4];
                case  4: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 3] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 3];
                case  3: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 2] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 2];
                case  2: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 1] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 1];
                case  1: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 0] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+ 0];
            }

            // Zero out extra channels.
            switch (channelsOut - channelsIn) {
                case 17: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+16] = 0;
                case 16: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+15] = 0;
                case 15: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+14] = 0;
                case 14: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+13] = 0;
                case 13: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+12] = 0;
                case 12: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+11] = 0;
                case 11: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+10] = 0;
                case 10: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 9] = 0;
                case  9: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 8] = 0;
                case  8: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 7] = 0;
                case  7: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 6] = 0;
                case  6: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 5] = 0;
                case  5: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 4] = 0;
                case  4: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 3] = 0;
                case  3: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 2] = 0;
                case  2: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 1] = 0;
                case  1: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 0] = 0;
            }
        }
    } else {
        // Using blended mixing mode. Basically this is just the mode where audio is distributed across all channels
        // based on spacial locality.
        if (channelsIn == 1) {
            for (mal_uint32 iFrame = 0; iFrame < frameCount; ++iFrame) {
                switch (channelsOut) {
                    case 18: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+17] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case 17: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+16] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case 16: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+15] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case 15: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+14] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case 14: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+13] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case 13: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+12] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case 12: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+11] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case 11: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+10] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case 10: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 9] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case  9: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 8] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case  8: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 7] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case  7: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 6] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case  6: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 5] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case  5: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 4] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case  4: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 3] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case  3: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 2] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case  2: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 1] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                    case  1: pFramesOut[iFrame*channelsOut+ 0] = pFramesIn[iFrame*channelsIn+0];
                }
            }
        } else if (channelsIn == 2) {
            // TODO: Implement an optimized stereo conversion.
            mal_dsp_mix_channels__dec(pFramesOut, channelsOut, channelMapOut, pFramesIn, channelsIn, channelMapIn, frameCount, mal_channel_mix_mode_basic);
        } else {
            // Fall back to basic mixing mode.
            mal_dsp_mix_channels__dec(pFramesOut, channelsOut, channelMapOut, pFramesIn, channelsIn, channelMapIn, frameCount, mal_channel_mix_mode_basic);
        }
    }
}

static void mal_dsp_mix_channels(float* pFramesOut, mal_uint32 channelsOut, const mal_uint8 channelMapOut[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS], const float* pFramesIn, mal_uint32 channelsIn, const mal_uint8 channelMapIn[MAL_MAX_CHANNELS], mal_uint32 frameCount, mal_channel_mix_mode mode)
{
    if (channelsIn < channelsOut) {
        // Increasing the channel count.
        mal_dsp_mix_channels__inc(pFramesOut, channelsOut, channelMapOut, pFramesIn, channelsIn, channelMapIn, frameCount, mode);
    } else {
        // Decreasing the channel count.
        mal_dsp_mix_channels__dec(pFramesOut, channelsOut, channelMapOut, pFramesIn, channelsIn, channelMapIn, frameCount, mode);
    }
}


mal_uint32 mal_dsp__src_on_read(mal_src* pSRC, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut, void* pUserData)
{
    (void)pSRC;

    mal_dsp* pDSP = (mal_dsp*)pUserData;
    mal_assert(pDSP != NULL);

    return pDSP->onRead(pDSP, frameCount, pFramesOut, pDSP->pUserDataForOnRead);
}

mal_result mal_dsp_init(mal_dsp_config* pConfig, mal_dsp_read_proc onRead, void* pUserData, mal_dsp* pDSP)
{
    if (pDSP == NULL) return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;
    mal_zero_object(pDSP);
    pDSP->config = *pConfig;
    pDSP->onRead = onRead;
    pDSP->pUserDataForOnRead = pUserData;

    if (pDSP->config.cacheSizeInFrames > MAL_SRC_CACHE_SIZE_IN_FRAMES || pDSP->config.cacheSizeInFrames == 0) {
        pDSP->config.cacheSizeInFrames = MAL_SRC_CACHE_SIZE_IN_FRAMES;
    }

    if (pConfig->sampleRateIn != pConfig->sampleRateOut) {
        pDSP->isSRCRequired = MAL_TRUE;

        mal_src_config srcConfig;
        srcConfig.sampleRateIn = pConfig->sampleRateIn;
        srcConfig.sampleRateOut = pConfig->sampleRateOut;
        srcConfig.formatIn = pConfig->formatIn;
        srcConfig.formatOut = mal_format_f32;
        srcConfig.channels = pConfig->channelsIn;
        srcConfig.algorithm = mal_src_algorithm_linear;
        srcConfig.cacheSizeInFrames = pConfig->cacheSizeInFrames;
        mal_result result = mal_src_init(&srcConfig, mal_dsp__src_on_read, pDSP, &pDSP->src);
        if (result != MAL_SUCCESS) {
            return result;
        }
    }



    pDSP->isChannelMappingRequired = MAL_FALSE;
    if (pConfig->channelMapIn[0] != MAL_CHANNEL_NONE && pConfig->channelMapOut[0] != MAL_CHANNEL_NONE) {    // <-- Channel mapping will be ignored if the first channel map is MAL_CHANNEL_NONE.
        // When using channel mapping we need to figure out a shuffling table. The first thing to do is convert the input channel map
        // so that it contains the same number of channels as the output channel count.
        mal_uint32 iChannel;
        mal_uint32 channelsMin = mal_min(pConfig->channelsIn, pConfig->channelsOut);
        for (iChannel = 0; iChannel < channelsMin; ++iChannel) {
            pDSP->channelMapInPostMix[iChannel] = pConfig->channelMapIn[iChannel];
        }

        // Any excess channels need to be filled with the relevant channels from the output channel map. Currently we're justing filling it with
        // the first channels that are not present in the input channel map.
        if (pConfig->channelsOut > pConfig->channelsIn) {
            for (iChannel = pConfig->channelsIn; iChannel < pConfig->channelsOut; ++iChannel) {
                mal_uint8 newChannel = MAL_CHANNEL_NONE;
                for (mal_uint32 iChannelOut = 0; iChannelOut < pConfig->channelsOut; ++iChannelOut) {
                    mal_bool32 exists = MAL_FALSE;
                    for (mal_uint32 iChannelIn = 0; iChannelIn < pConfig->channelsIn; ++iChannelIn) {
                        if (pConfig->channelMapOut[iChannelOut] == pConfig->channelMapIn[iChannelIn]) {
                            exists = MAL_TRUE;
                            break;
                        }
                    }

                    if (!exists) {
                        newChannel = pConfig->channelMapOut[iChannelOut];
                        break;
                    }
                }

                pDSP->channelMapInPostMix[iChannel] = newChannel;
            }
        }

        // We only need to do a channel mapping if the map after mixing is different to the final output map.
        for (iChannel = 0; iChannel < pConfig->channelsOut; ++iChannel) {
            if (pDSP->channelMapInPostMix[iChannel] != pConfig->channelMapOut[iChannel]) {
                pDSP->isChannelMappingRequired = MAL_TRUE;
                break;
            }
        }

        // Now we need to create the shuffling table.
        if (pDSP->isChannelMappingRequired) {
            for (mal_uint32 iChannelIn = 0; iChannelIn < pConfig->channelsOut; ++iChannelIn) {
                for (mal_uint32 iChannelOut = 0; iChannelOut < pConfig->channelsOut; ++iChannelOut) {
                    if (pDSP->channelMapInPostMix[iChannelOut] == pConfig->channelMapOut[iChannelIn]) {
                        pDSP->channelShuffleTable[iChannelOut] = (mal_uint8)iChannelIn;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if (pConfig->formatIn == pConfig->formatOut && pConfig->channelsIn == pConfig->channelsOut && pConfig->sampleRateIn == pConfig->sampleRateOut && !pDSP->isChannelMappingRequired) {
        pDSP->isPassthrough = MAL_TRUE;
    } else {
        pDSP->isPassthrough = MAL_FALSE;
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_result mal_dsp_set_output_sample_rate(mal_dsp* pDSP, mal_uint32 sampleRateOut)
{
    if (pDSP == NULL) return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;

    // Must have a sample rate of > 0.
    if (sampleRateOut == 0) {
        return MAL_INVALID_ARGS;
    }

    pDSP->config.sampleRateOut = sampleRateOut;

    // If we already have an SRC pipeline initialized we do _not_ want to re-create it. Instead we adjust it. If we didn't previously
    // have an SRC pipeline in place we'll need to initialize it.
    if (pDSP->isSRCRequired) {
        if (pDSP->config.sampleRateIn != pDSP->config.sampleRateOut) {
            mal_src_set_output_sample_rate(&pDSP->src, sampleRateOut);
        } else {
            pDSP->isSRCRequired = MAL_FALSE;
        }
    } else {
        // We may need a new SRC pipeline.
        if (pDSP->config.sampleRateIn != pDSP->config.sampleRateOut) {
            pDSP->isSRCRequired = MAL_TRUE;

            mal_src_config srcConfig;
            srcConfig.sampleRateIn      = pDSP->config.sampleRateIn;
            srcConfig.sampleRateOut     = pDSP->config.sampleRateOut;
            srcConfig.formatIn          = pDSP->config.formatIn;
            srcConfig.formatOut         = mal_format_f32;
            srcConfig.channels          = pDSP->config.channelsIn;
            srcConfig.algorithm         = mal_src_algorithm_linear;
            srcConfig.cacheSizeInFrames = pDSP->config.cacheSizeInFrames;
            mal_result result = mal_src_init(&srcConfig, mal_dsp__src_on_read, pDSP, &pDSP->src);
            if (result != MAL_SUCCESS) {
                return result;
            }
        } else {
            pDSP->isSRCRequired = MAL_FALSE;
        }
    }

    // Update whether or not the pipeline is a passthrough.
    if (pDSP->config.formatIn == pDSP->config.formatOut && pDSP->config.channelsIn == pDSP->config.channelsOut && pDSP->config.sampleRateIn == pDSP->config.sampleRateOut && !pDSP->isChannelMappingRequired) {
        pDSP->isPassthrough = MAL_TRUE;
    } else {
        pDSP->isPassthrough = MAL_FALSE;
    }

    return MAL_SUCCESS;
}

mal_uint32 mal_dsp_read_frames(mal_dsp* pDSP, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut)
{
    return mal_dsp_read_frames_ex(pDSP, frameCount, pFramesOut, MAL_FALSE);
}

mal_uint32 mal_dsp_read_frames_ex(mal_dsp* pDSP, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut, mal_bool32 flush)
{
    if (pDSP == NULL || pFramesOut == NULL) return 0;

    // Fast path.
    if (pDSP->isPassthrough) {
        return pDSP->onRead(pDSP, frameCount, pFramesOut, pDSP->pUserDataForOnRead);
    }


    // Slower path - where the real work is done.
    mal_uint8 pFrames[2][MAL_MAX_CHANNELS * 512 * MAL_MAX_SAMPLE_SIZE_IN_BYTES];
    mal_format pFramesFormat[2];
    mal_uint32 iFrames = 0; // <-- Used as an index into pFrames and cycles between 0 and 1.

    mal_uint32 totalFramesRead = 0;
    while (frameCount > 0) {
        iFrames = 0;

        mal_uint32 framesToRead = mal_countof(pFrames[0]) / (mal_max(pDSP->config.channelsIn, pDSP->config.channelsOut) * MAL_MAX_SAMPLE_SIZE_IN_BYTES);
        if (framesToRead > frameCount) {
            framesToRead = frameCount;
        }

        // The initial filling of sample data depends on whether or not we are using SRC.
        mal_uint32 framesRead = 0;
        if (pDSP->isSRCRequired) {
            framesRead = mal_src_read_frames_ex(&pDSP->src, framesToRead, pFrames[iFrames], flush);
            pFramesFormat[iFrames] = pDSP->src.config.formatOut;  // Should always be f32.
        } else {
            framesRead = pDSP->onRead(pDSP, framesToRead, pFrames[iFrames], pDSP->pUserDataForOnRead);
            pFramesFormat[iFrames] = pDSP->config.formatIn;
        }

        if (framesRead == 0) {
            break;
        }


        // Channel mixing. The input format must be in f32 which may require a conversion.
        if (pDSP->config.channelsIn != pDSP->config.channelsOut) {
            if (pFramesFormat[iFrames] != mal_format_f32) {
                mal_pcm_convert(pFrames[(iFrames + 1) % 2], mal_format_f32, pFrames[iFrames], pDSP->config.formatIn, framesRead * pDSP->config.channelsIn);
                iFrames = (iFrames + 1) % 2;
                pFramesFormat[iFrames] = mal_format_f32;
            }

            mal_dsp_mix_channels((float*)(pFrames[(iFrames + 1) % 2]), pDSP->config.channelsOut, pDSP->config.channelMapOut, (const float*)(pFrames[iFrames]), pDSP->config.channelsIn, pDSP->config.channelMapIn, framesRead, mal_channel_mix_mode_blend);
            iFrames = (iFrames + 1) % 2;
            pFramesFormat[iFrames] = mal_format_f32;
        }


        // Channel mapping.
        if (pDSP->isChannelMappingRequired) {
            for (mal_uint32 i = 0; i < framesRead; ++i) {
                mal_rearrange_channels(pFrames[iFrames] + (i * pDSP->config.channelsOut * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pFramesFormat[iFrames])), pDSP->config.channelsOut, pDSP->channelShuffleTable, pFramesFormat[iFrames]);
            }
        }


        // Final conversion to output format.
        mal_pcm_convert(pFramesOut, pDSP->config.formatOut, pFrames[iFrames], pFramesFormat[iFrames], framesRead * pDSP->config.channelsOut);

        pFramesOut  = (mal_uint8*)pFramesOut + (framesRead * pDSP->config.channelsOut * mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pDSP->config.formatOut));
        frameCount -= framesRead;
        totalFramesRead += framesRead;
    }

    return totalFramesRead;
}


mal_uint32 mal_calculate_frame_count_after_src(mal_uint32 sampleRateOut, mal_uint32 sampleRateIn, mal_uint32 frameCountIn)
{
    double srcRatio = (double)sampleRateOut / sampleRateIn;
    double frameCountOutF = frameCountIn * srcRatio;

    mal_uint32 frameCountOut = (mal_uint32)frameCountOutF;

    // If the output frame count is fractional, make sure we add an extra frame to ensure there's enough room for that last sample.
    if ((frameCountOutF - frameCountOut) > 0.0) {
        frameCountOut += 1;
    }

    return frameCountOut;
}

typedef struct
{
    const void* pDataIn;
    mal_format formatIn;
    mal_uint32 channelsIn;
    mal_uint32 totalFrameCount;
    mal_uint32 iNextFrame;
} mal_convert_frames__data;

mal_uint32 mal_convert_frames__on_read(mal_dsp* pDSP, mal_uint32 frameCount, void* pFramesOut, void* pUserData)
{
    (void)pDSP;

    mal_convert_frames__data* pData = (mal_convert_frames__data*)pUserData;
    mal_assert(pData != NULL);
    mal_assert(pData->totalFrameCount >= pData->iNextFrame);

    mal_uint32 framesToRead = frameCount;
    mal_uint32 framesRemaining = (pData->totalFrameCount - pData->iNextFrame);
    if (framesToRead > framesRemaining) {
        framesToRead = framesRemaining;
    }

    mal_uint32 frameSizeInBytes = mal_get_sample_size_in_bytes(pData->formatIn) * pData->channelsIn;
    mal_copy_memory(pFramesOut, (const mal_uint8*)pData->pDataIn + (frameSizeInBytes * pData->iNextFrame), frameSizeInBytes * framesToRead);

    pData->iNextFrame += framesToRead;
    return framesToRead;
}

mal_uint32 mal_convert_frames(void* pOut, mal_format formatOut, mal_uint32 channelsOut, mal_uint32 sampleRateOut, const void* pIn, mal_format formatIn, mal_uint32 channelsIn, mal_uint32 sampleRateIn, mal_uint32 frameCountIn)
{
    if (frameCountIn == 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    mal_uint32 frameCountOut = mal_calculate_frame_count_after_src(sampleRateOut, sampleRateIn, frameCountIn);
    if (pOut == NULL) {
        return frameCountOut;
    }

    mal_convert_frames__data data;
    data.pDataIn = pIn;
    data.formatIn = formatIn;
    data.channelsIn = channelsIn;
    data.totalFrameCount = frameCountIn;
    data.iNextFrame = 0;

    mal_dsp_config config;
    mal_zero_object(&config);
    config.formatIn = formatIn;
    config.channelsIn = channelsIn;
    config.sampleRateIn = sampleRateIn;
    config.formatOut = formatOut;
    config.channelsOut = channelsOut;
    config.sampleRateOut = sampleRateOut;

    mal_dsp dsp;
    if (mal_dsp_init(&config, mal_convert_frames__on_read, &data, &dsp) != MAL_SUCCESS) {
        return 0;
    }

    return mal_dsp_read_frames_ex(&dsp, frameCountOut, pOut, MAL_TRUE);
}

mal_dsp_config mal_dsp_config_init(mal_format formatIn, mal_uint32 channelsIn, mal_uint32 sampleRateIn, mal_format formatOut, mal_uint32 channelsOut, mal_uint32 sampleRateOut)
{
    mal_dsp_config config;
    mal_zero_object(&config);
    config.formatIn = formatIn;
    config.channelsIn = channelsIn;
    config.sampleRateIn = sampleRateIn;
    config.formatOut = formatOut;
    config.channelsOut = channelsOut;
    config.sampleRateOut = sampleRateOut;

    return config;
}




//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Miscellaneous Helpers
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

const char* mal_get_backend_name(mal_backend backend)
{
    switch (backend)
    {
        case mal_backend_null:      return "Null";
        case mal_backend_wasapi:    return "WASAPI";
        case mal_backend_dsound:    return "DirectSound";
        case mal_backend_winmm:     return "WinMM";
        case mal_backend_alsa:      return "ALSA";
        //case mal_backend_pulse:     return "PulseAudio";
        //case mal_backend_jack:      return "JACK";
        //case mal_backend_coreaudio: return "Core Audio";
        case mal_backend_oss:       return "OSS";
        case mal_backend_opensl:    return "OpenSL|ES";
        case mal_backend_openal:    return "OpenAL";
        case mal_backend_sdl:       return "SDL";
        default:                    return "Unknown";
    }
}

const char* mal_get_format_name(mal_format format)
{
    switch (format)
    {
        case mal_format_unknown: return "Unknown";
        case mal_format_u8:      return "8-bit Unsigned Integer";
        case mal_format_s16:     return "16-bit Signed Integer";
        case mal_format_s24:     return "24-bit Signed Integer (Tightly Packed)";
        case mal_format_s32:     return "32-bit Signed Integer";
        case mal_format_f32:     return "32-bit IEEE Floating Point";
        default:                 return "Invalid";
    }
}

void mal_blend_f32(float* pOut, float* pInA, float* pInB, float factor, mal_uint32 channels)
{
    for (mal_uint32 i = 0; i < channels; ++i) {
        pOut[i] = mal_mix_f32(pInA[i], pInB[i], factor);
    }
}



//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
//
//
// AUTO-GENERATED
//
//
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// FORMAT CONVERSION
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void mal_pcm_u8_to_s16(short* pOut, const unsigned char* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = pIn[i];
        r = x - 128;
        r = r << 8;
        pOut[i] = (short)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_u8_to_s24(void* pOut, const unsigned char* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = pIn[i];
        r = x - 128;
        r = r << 16;
        ((unsigned char*)pOut)[(i*3)+0] = (unsigned char)(r & 0xFF); ((unsigned char*)pOut)[(i*3)+1] = (unsigned char)((r & 0xFF00) >> 8); ((unsigned char*)pOut)[(i*3)+2] = (unsigned char)((r & 0xFF0000) >> 16);
    }
}

void mal_pcm_u8_to_s32(int* pOut, const unsigned char* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = pIn[i];
        r = x - 128;
        r = r << 24;
        pOut[i] = (int)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_u8_to_f32(float* pOut, const unsigned char* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    float r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = pIn[i];
        r = x * 0.00784313725490196078f;
        r = r - 1;
        pOut[i] = (float)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_s16_to_u8(unsigned char* pOut, const short* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = pIn[i];
        r = x >> 8;
        r = r + 128;
        pOut[i] = (unsigned char)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_s16_to_s24(void* pOut, const short* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = pIn[i];
        r = x << 8;
        ((unsigned char*)pOut)[(i*3)+0] = (unsigned char)(r & 0xFF); ((unsigned char*)pOut)[(i*3)+1] = (unsigned char)((r & 0xFF00) >> 8); ((unsigned char*)pOut)[(i*3)+2] = (unsigned char)((r & 0xFF0000) >> 16);
    }
}

void mal_pcm_s16_to_s32(int* pOut, const short* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = pIn[i];
        r = x << 16;
        pOut[i] = (int)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_s16_to_f32(float* pOut, const short* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    float r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = pIn[i];
        r = (float)(x + 32768);
        r = r * 0.00003051804379339284f;
        r = r - 1;
        pOut[i] = (float)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_s24_to_u8(unsigned char* pOut, const void* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = ((int)(((unsigned int)(((unsigned char*)pIn)[i*3+0]) << 8) | ((unsigned int)(((unsigned char*)pIn)[i*3+1]) << 16) | ((unsigned int)(((unsigned char*)pIn)[i*3+2])) << 24)) >> 8;
        r = x >> 16;
        r = r + 128;
        pOut[i] = (unsigned char)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_s24_to_s16(short* pOut, const void* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = ((int)(((unsigned int)(((unsigned char*)pIn)[i*3+0]) << 8) | ((unsigned int)(((unsigned char*)pIn)[i*3+1]) << 16) | ((unsigned int)(((unsigned char*)pIn)[i*3+2])) << 24)) >> 8;
        r = x >> 8;
        pOut[i] = (short)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_s24_to_s32(int* pOut, const void* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = ((int)(((unsigned int)(((unsigned char*)pIn)[i*3+0]) << 8) | ((unsigned int)(((unsigned char*)pIn)[i*3+1]) << 16) | ((unsigned int)(((unsigned char*)pIn)[i*3+2])) << 24)) >> 8;
        r = x << 8;
        pOut[i] = (int)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_s24_to_f32(float* pOut, const void* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    float r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = ((int)(((unsigned int)(((unsigned char*)pIn)[i*3+0]) << 8) | ((unsigned int)(((unsigned char*)pIn)[i*3+1]) << 16) | ((unsigned int)(((unsigned char*)pIn)[i*3+2])) << 24)) >> 8;
        r = (float)(x + 8388608);
        r = r * 0.00000011920929665621f;
        r = r - 1;
        pOut[i] = (float)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_s32_to_u8(unsigned char* pOut, const int* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = pIn[i];
        r = x >> 24;
        r = r + 128;
        pOut[i] = (unsigned char)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_s32_to_s16(short* pOut, const int* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = pIn[i];
        r = x >> 16;
        pOut[i] = (short)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_s32_to_s24(void* pOut, const int* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = pIn[i];
        r = x >> 8;
        ((unsigned char*)pOut)[(i*3)+0] = (unsigned char)(r & 0xFF); ((unsigned char*)pOut)[(i*3)+1] = (unsigned char)((r & 0xFF00) >> 8); ((unsigned char*)pOut)[(i*3)+2] = (unsigned char)((r & 0xFF0000) >> 16);
    }
}

void mal_pcm_s32_to_f32(float* pOut, const int* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    float r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        int x = pIn[i];
        double t;
        t = (double)(x + 2147483647);
        t = t + 1;
        t = t * 0.0000000004656612873077392578125;
        r = (float)(t - 1);
        pOut[i] = (float)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_f32_to_u8(unsigned char* pOut, const float* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        float x = pIn[i];
        float c;
        c = ((x < -1) ? -1 : ((x > 1) ? 1 : x));
        c = c + 1;
        r = (int)(c * 127.5f);
        pOut[i] = (unsigned char)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_f32_to_s16(short* pOut, const float* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        float x = pIn[i];
        float c;
        c = ((x < -1) ? -1 : ((x > 1) ? 1 : x));
        c = c + 1;
        r = (int)(c * 32767.5f);
        r = r - 32768;
        pOut[i] = (short)r;
    }
}

void mal_pcm_f32_to_s24(void* pOut, const float* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        float x = pIn[i];
        float c;
        c = ((x < -1) ? -1 : ((x > 1) ? 1 : x));
        c = c + 1;
        r = (int)(c * 8388607.5f);
        r = r - 8388608;
        ((unsigned char*)pOut)[(i*3)+0] = (unsigned char)(r & 0xFF); ((unsigned char*)pOut)[(i*3)+1] = (unsigned char)((r & 0xFF00) >> 8); ((unsigned char*)pOut)[(i*3)+2] = (unsigned char)((r & 0xFF0000) >> 16);
    }
}

void mal_pcm_f32_to_s32(int* pOut, const float* pIn, unsigned int count)
{
    int r;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        float x = pIn[i];
        float c;
        mal_int64 t;
        c = ((x < -1) ? -1 : ((x > 1) ? 1 : x));
        c = c + 1;
        t = (mal_int64)(c * 2147483647.5);
        t = t - 2147483647;
        r = (int)(t - 1);
        pOut[i] = (int)r;
    }
}

#endif


// REVISION HISTORY
// ================
//
// v0.x - xxxx-xx-xx
//   - Improvements to the build system for the OpenAL backend.
//   - Documentation fixes.
//
// v0.6 - 2017-12-08
//   - API CHANGE: Expose and improve mutex APIs. If you were using the mutex APIs before this version you'll
//     need to update.
//   - API CHANGE: SRC and DSP callbacks now take a pointer to a mal_src and mal_dsp object respectively.
//   - API CHANGE: Improvements to event and thread APIs. These changes make these APIs more consistent.
//   - Add support for SDL and Emscripten.
//   - Simplify the build system further for when development packages for various backends are not installed.
//     With this change, when the compiler supports __has_include, backends without the relevant development
//     packages installed will be ignored. This fixes the build for old versions of MinGW.
//   - Fixes to the Android build.
//   - Add mal_convert_frames(). This is a high-level helper API for performing a one-time, bulk conversion of
//     audio data to a different format.
//   - Improvements to f32 -> u8/s16/s24/s32 conversion routines.
//   - Fix a bug where the wrong value is returned from mal_device_start() for the OpenSL backend.
//   - Fixes and improvements for Raspberry Pi.
//   - Warning fixes.
//
// v0.5 - 2017-11-11
//   - API CHANGE: The mal_context_init() function now takes a pointer to a mal_context_config object for
//     configuring the context. The works in the same kind of way as the device config. The rationale for this
//     change is to give applications better control over context-level properties, add support for backend-
//     specific configurations, and support extensibility without breaking the API.
//   - API CHANGE: The alsa.preferPlugHW device config variable has been removed since it's not really useful for
//     anything anymore.
//   - ALSA: By default, device enumeration will now only enumerate over unique card/device pairs. Applications
//     can enable verbose device enumeration by setting the alsa.useVerboseDeviceEnumeration context config
//     variable.
//   - ALSA: When opening a device in shared mode (the default), the dmix/dsnoop plugin will be prioritized. If
//     this fails it will fall back to the hw plugin. With this change the preferExclusiveMode config is now
//     honored. Note that this does not happen when alsa.useVerboseDeviceEnumeration is set to true (see above)
//     which is by design.
//   - ALSA: Add support for excluding the "null" device using the alsa.excludeNullDevice context config variable.
//   - ALSA: Fix a bug with channel mapping which causes an assertion to fail.
//   - Fix errors with enumeration when pInfo is set to NULL.
//   - OSS: Fix a bug when starting a device when the client sends 0 samples for the initial buffer fill.
//
// v0.4 - 2017-11-05
//   - API CHANGE: The log callback is now per-context rather than per-device and as is thus now passed to
//     mal_context_init(). The rationale for this change is that it allows applications to capture diagnostic
//     messages at the context level. Previously this was only available at the device level.
//   - API CHANGE: The device config passed to mal_device_init() is now const.
//   - Added support for OSS which enables support on BSD platforms.
//   - Added support for WinMM (waveOut/waveIn).
//   - Added support for UWP (Universal Windows Platform) applications. Currently C++ only.
//   - Added support for exclusive mode for selected backends. Currently supported on WASAPI.
//   - POSIX builds no longer require explicit linking to libpthread (-lpthread).
//   - ALSA: Explicit linking to libasound (-lasound) is no longer required.
//   - ALSA: Latency improvements.
//   - ALSA: Use MMAP mode where available. This can be disabled with the alsa.noMMap config.
//   - ALSA: Use "hw" devices instead of "plughw" devices by default. This can be disabled with the
//     alsa.preferPlugHW config.
//   - WASAPI is now the highest priority backend on Windows platforms.
//   - Fixed an error with sample rate conversion which was causing crackling when capturing.
//   - Improved error handling.
//   - Improved compiler support.
//   - Miscellaneous bug fixes.
//
// v0.3 - 2017-06-19
//   - API CHANGE: Introduced the notion of a context. The context is the highest level object and is required for
//     enumerating and creating devices. Now, applications must first create a context, and then use that to
//     enumerate and create devices. The reason for this change is to ensure device enumeration and creation is
//     tied to the same backend. In addition, some backends are better suited to this design.
//   - API CHANGE: Removed the rewinding APIs because they're too inconsistent across the different backends, hard
//     to test and maintain, and just generally unreliable.
//   - Added helper APIs for initializing mal_device_config objects.
//   - Null Backend: Fixed a crash when recording.
//   - Fixed build for UWP.
//   - Added support for f32 formats to the OpenSL|ES backend.
//   - Added initial implementation of the WASAPI backend.
//   - Added initial implementation of the OpenAL backend.
//   - Added support for low quality linear sample rate conversion.
//   - Added early support for basic channel mapping.
//
// v0.2 - 2016-10-28
//   - API CHANGE: Add user data pointer as the last parameter to mal_device_init(). The rationale for this
//     change is to ensure the logging callback has access to the user data during initialization.
//   - API CHANGE: Have device configuration properties be passed to mal_device_init() via a structure. Rationale:
//     1) The number of parameters is just getting too much.
//     2) It makes it a bit easier to add new configuration properties in the future. In particular, there's a
//        chance there will be support added for backend-specific properties.
//   - Dropped support for f64, A-law and Mu-law formats since they just aren't common enough to justify the
//     added maintenance cost.
//   - DirectSound: Increased the default buffer size for capture devices.
//   - Added initial implementation of the OpenSL|ES backend.
//
// v0.1 - 2016-10-21
//   - Initial versioned release.


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